Research was done on the biaxial stress problem accomplished in the first half of the second year. All of the work done was preparatory to magnetic measurements. Issues addressed were: construction of a model for extracting changes in the magnetic properties of a specimen from the readings of an indirect sensor; initial development of a model for how biaxial stress alters the intrinsic magnetic properties of thespecimen; use of finite element stress analysis modeling to determine a detailed shape for the cruciform biaxial stress specimen; and construction of the biaxial stress loading apparatus.

Objective of this project is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the effects of neutron embrittlement and biaxial stress on magnetic properties in steels, using various magnetic measurement techniques. If neutron embrittlement and biaxial stress can be measured via changes in magnetic properties, this should ultimately assist in safety monitoring of nuclear power plants and of gas and oil pipelines. This first-year report addresses the issue of using magnetic property changes to detect neutron embrittlement. The magnetic measurements were all done on irradiated specimens previously broken in two in a Charpy test to determine their embrittlement. The magnetic properties of the broken charpy specimens from D.C. Cook did not correlate well with fluence or embrittlement parameters, possible due to metallurgical reasons. correlation was better with Indian Point 2 specimens, with the nonlinear harmonic amplitudes showing the best correlation (R[sup 2][approximately]0.7). However, correlation was not good enough. It is recommended that tests be done on unbroken irradiated Charpy specimens, for which magnetic characterization data prior to irradiation is available, if possible.

Objective of this project is to investigate experimentally and theoretically the effects of neutron embrittlement and biaxial stress on magnetic properties in steels, using various magnetic measurement techniques. If neutron embrittlement and biaxial stress can be measured via changes in magnetic properties, this should ultimately assist in safety monitoring of nuclear power plants and of gas and oil pipelines. This first-year report addresses the issue of using magnetic property changes to detect neutron embrittlement. The magnetic measurements were all done on irradiated specimens previously broken in two in a Charpy test to determine their embrittlement. The magnetic properties of the broken charpy specimens from D.C. Cook did not correlate well with fluence or embrittlement parameters, possible due to metallurgical reasons. correlation was better with Indian Point 2 specimens, with the nonlinear harmonic amplitudes showing the best correlation (R{sup 2}{approximately}0.7). However, correlation was not good enough. It is recommended that tests be done on unbroken irradiated Charpy specimens, for which magnetic characterization data prior to irradiation is available, if possible.

Research was done on the biaxial stress problem accomplished in the first half of the second year. All of the work done was preparatory to magnetic measurements. Issues addressed were: construction of a model for extracting changes in the magnetic properties of a specimen from the readings of an indirect sensor; initial development of a model for how biaxial stress alters the intrinsic magnetic properties of thespecimen; use of finite element stress analysis modeling to determine a detailed shape for the cruciform biaxial stress specimen; and construction of the biaxial stress loading apparatus.

Seeds of most species of the Umbelliferae (Apiaciae), Araliaceae, and Garryaceae families are characterized by their high content of the unusual C[sub 18] monounsaturated fatty acid petroselinic acid (18:l[Delta][sup 6cis]). Prior to a recent report of this lab, little was known of the biosynthetic origin of the cis[Delta][sup 6] double bond of petroselinic acid. Such knowledge may be of both biochemical and biotechnological significance. Because petroselinic acid is potentially the product of a novel desaturase, information regarding its synthesis may contribute to an understanding of fatty acid desaturation mechanisms in plants. Through chemical cleavage at its double bond, petroselinic acid can be used as a precursor of lauric acid (12:0), a component of detergents and surfactants, and adipic acid (6:0 dicarboxylic), the monomeric component of nylon 6,6. Therefore, the development of an agronomic source of an oil rich in petroselinic acid is of biotechnological interest. As such, studies of petroselinic acid biosynthesis may provide basic information required for any attempt to genetically engineer the production and accumulation of this fatty acid in an existing oilseed.

Seeds of most species of the Umbelliferae (Apiaciae), Araliaceae, and Garryaceae families are characterized by their high content of the unusual C{sub 18} monounsaturated fatty acid petroselinic acid (18:l{Delta}{sup 6cis}). Prior to a recent report of this lab, little was known of the biosynthetic origin of the cis{Delta}{sup 6} double bond of petroselinic acid. Such knowledge may be of both biochemical and biotechnological significance. Because petroselinic acid is potentially the product of a novel desaturase, information regarding its synthesis may contribute to an understanding of fatty acid desaturation mechanisms in plants. Through chemical cleavage at its double bond, petroselinic acid can be used as a precursor of lauric acid (12:0), a component of detergents and surfactants, and adipic acid (6:0 dicarboxylic), the monomeric component of nylon 6,6. Therefore, the development of an agronomic source of an oil rich in petroselinic acid is of biotechnological interest. As such, studies of petroselinic acid biosynthesis may provide basic information required for any attempt to genetically engineer the production and accumulation of this fatty acid in an existing oilseed.

The Texas A M University (TAMU) has been awarded a DOE contract to study dynamic properties and atomization characteristics of coal-water slurry (CWS) fuels. Additives are essential for better mixing and stable suspension of coal powders and these additives change CWS properties. Dynamic properties will have major effects on CWS fuel atomization, which constitutes highly dynamic processes, and will determine the combustion as well as the pollutant formation behaviors. The dynamic surface tension of CWS fuels can be much higher than the corresponding static surface tension. Experimental study of correlating the atomization characteristics and dynamic properties of CWS fuels will be performed during the contract period. The research projects consists of five tasks. Task 1 selects appropriate additives and surfactants for CWS fuels by measuring the stabilizing characteristics and critical micelle concentrations (CMC). Task 2 implements the dynamic surface tensiometer operating based on the formation of maximum bubble pressure. Task 3 measures dynamic properties of CWS fuels as functions of bubble frequency while the fuel parameters are varied. The fuel parameters include coal loading, type of stabilizer and type of surfactant. Task 4 will devise a CWS fuel spray system and Task 5 will measure the spray droplet sizes using …

The Texas A&M University (TAMU) has been awarded a DOE contract to study dynamic properties and atomization characteristics of coal-water slurry (CWS) fuels. Additives are essential for better mixing and stable suspension of coal powders and these additives change CWS properties. Dynamic properties will have major effects on CWS fuel atomization, which constitutes highly dynamic processes, and will determine the combustion as well as the pollutant formation behaviors. The dynamic surface tension of CWS fuels can be much higher than the corresponding static surface tension. Experimental study of correlating the atomization characteristics and dynamic properties of CWS fuels will be performed during the contract period. The research projects consists of five tasks. Task 1 selects appropriate additives and surfactants for CWS fuels by measuring the stabilizing characteristics and critical micelle concentrations (CMC). Task 2 implements the dynamic surface tensiometer operating based on the formation of maximum bubble pressure. Task 3 measures dynamic properties of CWS fuels as functions of bubble frequency while the fuel parameters are varied. The fuel parameters include coal loading, type of stabilizer and type of surfactant. Task 4 will devise a CWS fuel spray system and Task 5 will measure the spray droplet sizes using a …

Macro-encapsulation, the regulatory treatment for radioactively contaminated lead (mixed) waste has been conceptually and experimentally evaluated for practical application. Epoxy encapsulants molded around lead billets have proven to be exceptionally rugged, easily applied, have high radiation and chemical stability, and minimize required process equipment and production of secondary wastes. This technology can now be considered developed, and can be applied as discussed in this report.

Macro-encapsulation, the regulatory treatment for radioactively contaminated lead (mixed) waste has been conceptually and experimentally evaluated for practical application. Epoxy encapsulants molded around lead billets have proven to be exceptionally rugged, easily applied, have high radiation and chemical stability, and minimize required process equipment and production of secondary wastes. This technology can now be considered developed, and can be applied as discussed in this report.

Progress reports are presented for project 2-supersaturation, critical saturation and residual gas saturation in porous media and for project 5-simulation of fractured reservoirs. Under project 2, a visual high-pressure core-holder has been designed and constructed to be used in critical gas saturation and some other measurements. The apparatus has been used to measure critical gas saturation for a low viscosity mixture. These measurements reconfirm the investigators` previously published data that critical gas saturation for low viscosity fluids are low-around 1 percent. The apparatus is being currently used to measure critical gas saturation of an 11 API oil. Unlike light oils, heavy oil reservoirs, especially fractured heavy oil reservoirs might have an extremely high recovery efficiency with solution gas-drive. The critical gas saturation is an important element of recovery efficiency for such reservoirs.

Annual report of the Texas Racing Commission describing goals, activities, and accomplishments during calendar year 1992.

Studies of a variety of adsorbates on Ni have been completed; adsorption energies were determined for CH, CH[sub 2], CH[sub 3], H, NH[sub 3], H[sub 2]O, and C[sub 6]H[sub 6] on Ni(111). A refined calculation of the reaction of methane with Ni was completed. Other studies included H[sub 2] and SiH[sub 4] adsorption/decomposition on Si surfaces, Si-Si dimer bond length, activity energy barriers for reaction of CH[sub 4]and CH[sub 3]F with Si(111). Studies were begun on deposition of C on Ni(111). New directions were explored for reaction of methane with transition metal surfaces; work was completed for a Ni(111) surface containing a substitutional iron atom. Twenty abstracts of papers are presented.

Studies of a variety of adsorbates on Ni have been completed; adsorption energies were determined for CH, CH{sub 2}, CH{sub 3}, H, NH{sub 3}, H{sub 2}O, and C{sub 6}H{sub 6} on Ni(111). A refined calculation of the reaction of methane with Ni was completed. Other studies included H{sub 2} and SiH{sub 4} adsorption/decomposition on Si surfaces, Si-Si dimer bond length, activity energy barriers for reaction of CH{sub 4}and CH{sub 3}F with Si(111). Studies were begun on deposition of C on Ni(111). New directions were explored for reaction of methane with transition metal surfaces; work was completed for a Ni(111) surface containing a substitutional iron atom. Twenty abstracts of papers are presented.

A study to determine the acute and chronic toxicity of uranyl nitrate, hydrogen uranyl phosphate, and uranium dioxide to the organism Ceriodaphnia dubia was conducted. The toxicity tests were conducted by two independent environmental consulting laboratories. Part of the emphasis for this determination was based on concerns expressed by SCDHEC, which was concerned that a safety factor of 100 must be applied to the previous 1986 acute toxicity result of 0.22 mg/L for Daphnia pulex, This would have resulted in the LETF release limits being based on an instream concentration of 0.0022 mg/L uranium. The NPDES Permit renewal application to SCDHEC utilized the results of this study and recommended that the LETF release limit for uranium be based an instream concentration of 0.004 mg/L uranium. This is based on the fact that the uranium releases from the M-Area LETF will be in the hydrogen uranyl phosphate form, or a uranyl phosphate complex at the pH (6--10) of the Liquid Effluent Treatment Facility effluent stream, and at the pH of the receiving stream (5.5 to 7.0). Based on the chronic toxicity of hydrogen uranyl phosphate, a lower uranium concentration limit for the Liquid Effluent Treatment Facility outfall vs. the existing NPDES …

During the present reporting period, the solubilities of hydrogen in naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene were measured at temperatures from 373.2 to 433.2 K (212.0 to 320.0 {degrees}F) and pressures to 21.7 MPa (3,147 psia). These data are described with root-mean-square (RMS) errors typically less than 0.001 in mole fraction by the Soave-Redlich-Kwong and Peng-Robinson equations of state when a single interaction parameter, C{sub ij}, is used for each isotherm.

The Financial Statistics of Major Publicly Owned Electric Utilities publication presents summary and detailed financial accounting data on the publicly owned electric utilities. The objective of the publication is to provide Federal and State governments, industry, and the general public with data that can be used for policymaking and decisionmaking purposes relating to publicly owned electric utility issues.

Traditional thermal stress analysis is based on an uncoupled approach in which the thermal problem is solved on a fixed geometry, and the resulting temperatures are then used to load a mechanical problem. In contrast, a fully coupled thermomechanical analysis solves the thermal problem on the deforming geometry and incorporates thermal loads into the mechanical problem. Thermal contact, in which heat flow paths depend on the mechanical deformations of adjacent surfaces, is a major component of many fully coupled thermomechanical analyses. This paper describes the development of a Lagrangian finite element thermomechanical contact methodology. The paper focuses on the formulation and implementation of thermal contact in two dimensions. The proposed approach accommodates arbitrarily large relative motions of contact surfaces, fully unstructured meshes, pressure-dependent contact resistance, conduction across small gaps, and approximate models for convection and radiation. The proposed thermal contact formulation has been implemented in the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory public code PALM2D and has been used to solve a diverse set of thermomechanical problems. Examples frustrating the performance of this code on large deformation thermomechanical problems are presented and discussed.

The intent of this paper is to review how instability growth is modeled in ICF targets, and to identify the principal issues. Most of the material has been published previously, but is not familiar to a wide audience. Hydrodynamic instabilities are a key issue in ICF. Along with laser-plasma instabilities, they determine the regime in which ignition is possible. At higher laser energies, the same issues determine the achievable gain. Quantitative predictions are therefore of the utmost importance to planning the ICF program, as well as to understanding current Nova results. The key fact that underlies all this work is the stabilization of short wavelengths.

Development of Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome: Science, Ethics, and Public Policy followed the standard process of curriculum development at the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS), the process is described. The production of this module was a collaborative effort between BSCS and the American Medical Association (AMA). Appendix A contains a copy of the module. Copies of reports sent to the Department of Energy (DOE) during the development process are contained in Appendix B; all reports should be on file at DOE. Appendix B also contains copies of status reports submitted to the BSCS Board of Directors.

Last quarter, substantial progress has been made in the two general tasks advanced in our research proposal. The first task consists of the development of molecular homogeneous catalysts that can be used in the hydrogenation of coal liquids and in coal conversion processes. The second task concerns the activation of dihydrogen by basic catalysts in homogeneous reaction systems. With regards to the first task, we have prepared two organometallic rhodium (1) catalysts. These are the dimer of dichloropentamethylcyclopentadienylrhodium, [RhCl{sub 2}(C{sub 5}Me{sub 5})], and the dimer of chloro(1,5-hexadiene)rhodium We have subsequently investigated the hydrogenation of various aromatic organic compounds using these organometallic reagents as catalysts. Results showed that both catalysts effected the hydrogenation of the aromatic portions of a wide range of organic compounds, including aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic compounds containing the ether group, alkyl groups, amino and carbonyl groups. However, both compounds were totally ineffective in catalyzing the hydrogenation of sulfur-containing aromatic organic compounds. Nevertheless, both rhodium catalysts successfully catalyzed the hydrogenation of naphthalene even in the presence of the coal liquids. With regards to base-activated hydrogenation of organic compounds, we have found that hydroxide and alkoxide bases are capable of activating,dihydrogen, thereby leading to the hydrogenation of phenyl-substituted alkenes. …

The studies had as original objective the analysis of conditions for using liquid iron oxysulfide as a desulfuring agent during coal gasification. Ancillary was a comparison of iron oxysulfide with lime as sorbents under conditions where lime reacts with S-bearing gases to form Ca sulfate or sulfide. Primary thrust is to determine the thermodynamic requirements for desulfurization by iron additions (e.g., taconite concentrate) during combustion in gasifiers operating at high equivalence ratios. Thermodynamic analysis of lime-oxygen-sulfur system shows why lime is injected into burners under oxidizing conditions; reducing conditions forms CaS, requiring its removal, otherwise oxidation and release of S would occur. Iron as the oxysulfide liquid has a range of stability and can be used as a desulfurizing agent, if the burner/gasifier operates in a sufficiently reducing regime (high equivalence ratio); this operating range is given and is calculable for a coal composition, temperature, stoichiometry. High moisture or hydrogen contents of the coal yield a poorer degree of desulfurization. Kinetic tests on individual iron oxide particles on substrates or Pt cups with a TGA apparatus fail to predict reaction rates within a burner. Preliminary tests on the Dynamic Containment Burner with acetylene give some promise that this system can …

The ROPME Sea Area (RSA) is one of the most important commercial waterways in the world. However, the number of direct oceanographic observations is small. An international program to study the effect of the Iraqi oil spill on the environment was sponsored by the ROPME, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The purpose of this review of the Department of Energy`s personnel security program was to determine whether progress had been made in correcting long-standing problems in the program. These problems, as reported earlier, have included issuing too many clearances, granting clearances at too high a level, and not terminating clearances that were no longer needed. Other issues needing corrective action were those relating to slow processing of initial clearances and large reinvestigation backlogs.