Newsletter of Lee College discussing news, events, and other updates.

The work was directed in two complementary directions, the D0 experiment at Fermilab, and the GEM detector for the SSC. Efforts have been towards the data taking and analysis with the newly commissioned D0 detector at Fermilab in the [bar p]p Collider run that started in May 1992 and ended on June 1, 1993. We involved running and calibration of the calorimeter and tracking chambers, the second level trigger development, and various parts of the data analysis, as well as studies for the D0 upgrade planned in the second half of this decade. Another major accomplishment was the delivery'' of the Technical Design Report for the GEM SSC detector. Efforts to the overall detector and magnet design, design of the facilities, installation studies, muon system coordination, muon chamber design and tests, muon system simulation studies, and physics simulation studies. In this document we describe these activities separately.

A Texas Instruments (TI) TMS320C30-based S-Bus digital signal processing (DSP) module was used to accelerate a wavelet-based compression and decompression algorithm applied to high-resolution fingerprint images. The law enforcement community, together with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NISI), is adopting a standard based on the wavelet transform for the compression, transmission, and decompression of scanned fingerprint images. A two-dimensional wavelet transform of the input image is computed. Then spatial/frequency regions are automatically analyzed for information content and quantized for subsequent Huffman encoding. Compression ratios range from 10:1 to 30:1 while maintaining the level of image quality necessary for identification. Several prototype systems were developed using SUN SPARCstation 2 with a 1280 {times} 1024 8-bit display, 64-Mbyte random access memory (RAM), Tiber distributed data interface (FDDI), and Spirit-30 S-Bus DSP-accelerators from Sonitech. The final implementation of the DSP-accelerated algorithm performed the compression or decompression operation in 3.5 s per print. Further increases in system throughput were obtained by adding several DSP accelerators operating in parallel.

This report discusses the scientific and economic feasibility of fusion energy, especially in regards to the tokamak reactor.

Preliminary sketches of the furnace setting with dimensions and other appropriate data was distributed to appropriate boiler design groups. The purpose of this work was to define and/or establish unique mechanical and support requirements and furnace water circulation requirements. A preliminary convection pass arrangement and heating surface requirements were established. Initial computer runs indicate, as expected, that establishing even a preliminary arrangement to meet steam duty requirements was going to be a challenge. This due to slightly lower furnace exit gas temperatures (result of NO{sub x} control conditions) and higher final steam temperatures (results increasing plant efficiency) than typical of conventional design. Work on the furnace and convection pass design for the base preliminary unit was completed only to the extent necessary to identify design deficiencies, prepare an arrangement drawing and determine budgetary cost. Engineering work has been completed to the extent planned in this subtask for the base preliminary unit, Advanced Overfire Air, including preliminary designs for the furnace, convection pass, pulverizers, airheaters, flues and ducts, preliminary general arrangement drawings, and budgetary cost estimates. Work is nearly complete on design of the LEBS unit control system based on control methods and philosophy established in the NO{sub x} Control Subsystems. …

In the standard Richtmyer-Meshkov instability, perturbations at a shocked interface grow after the passage of a shock. Freeze-out refers to the phenomenon whereby the perturbations do not grow, i.e., freeze-out, after the passage of a shock. This is fairly straightforward, at least theoretically (no experiments have been done so far) in a doubly shocked system. The first shock induces a growth which can be completely neutralized by a second shock, provided that the direction and the strength and timing of the second shock are properly chosen. This type of double-shock freeze-out occurs in compressible as well as incompressible fluids, and is easy to understand. Somewhat more subtle is single-shock freeze-out; in the pursuit of this phenomenon, the author found that in certain cases Richtmyer`s prescription fails to give the correct growth rate.

This project is aimed at development of a process that, by using ultra fine magnetite suspension, would expand the application of heavy media separation technology to processing fine, {minus}28 mesh coals. These coal fines, produced during coal mining and crushing, are separated in the conventional coal preparation plant and generally impounded in a tailings pond. Development of an economic process for processing these fines into marketable product will expand the utilization of coal for power production in an environmentally acceptable and economically viable way. This process has been successfully researched at PETC but has not been studied on a continuous bench-scale unit, which is a necessary step towards commercial development of this promising technology. The goal of the program is to investigate the technology in a continuous circuit at a reasonable scale to provide a design basis for larger plants and a commercial feasibility data. The project is divided into eight tasks which include design, construction, operation and testing, sample analysis, evaluation, and decommissioning. Coal will be received from three different mines and processed through the bench scale{backslash}e plant. Testing has been split into three phases: (1) Component Testing which will examine each of the major components independently, optimize, and …

So far the only experimental evidence for CP violation is the 1964 discovery of K{sub L}{yields}2{pi} where the two mass eigenstates produced by neutral meson mixing both decay into the same CP eigenstate. This result is described by two parameters {epsilon} and {epsilon}{prime}. Today {epsilon} {approx} its 1964 value, {epsilon}{prime} data are still inconclusive and there is no new evidence for CP violation. One might expect to observe similar phenomena in other systems and also direct CP violation as charge asymmetries between decays of charge conjugate hadrons H{sup {+-}} {yields} f{sup {+-}}. Why is it so hard to find CP violation? How can B Physics help? Does CP lead beyond the standard model? The author presents a pedestrian symmetry approach which exhibits the difficulties and future possibilities of these two types of CP-violation experiments, neutral meson mixing and direct charge asymmetry: what may work, what doesn`t work and why.

A phase 2 study has been initiated to investigate surfactant- assisted coal liquefaction, with the objective of quantifying the enhancement in liquid yields and product quality. This report covers the fourth quarter of work. The major accomplishments were (1) Completion of coal liquefaction autoclave reactor runs and related analysis with Illinois {number_sign}6 coal with time as a variable at 375{degree}C, and pressures of 1800 psig; (2) an investigation into the mechanism of the effect that the lignosulfonate surfactant has in enhancing liquefaction yields; and (3) completion of a bench-scale test with the surfactant in the continuous flow Catalytic Two Stage Liquefaction Process (CTSL) reactor at HRI.

Low rank coals (lignite and subbituminous) contain exchangeable cations. A sample of {minus}20+200 mesh Argonne Premium Wyodak coal was washed with nitric acid in a burette fitted with a coarse glass frit at the base of the graduations to remove the exchangeable cations from the system. The eluent was passed to a flow-through pH electrode and a titration curve was obtained on a computer file. A series of electrodes (pH, calcium, sodium and potassium) were used in separate experiments to follow the elution from the coal. Some implications for coal structure are also indicated.

This CARM program has successfully demonstrated the first ever long-pulse CARM oscillator operation; these results demonstrate the potential of CARMs as an alternative source of millimeter waves to the gyrotron for ECRH plasma heating. The result of 1.8 MW at 27.8 GHz and 0.5 {mu}s pulse width in the TE{sub 11} mode represent a clear demonstration of the capabilities of the CARM oscillator for the production of high powers with large frequency upshift. It is hoped that this successful proof-of-principle demonstration.will lead to further development of the CARM as an ECRH source by the DOE Office of Fusion Energy, Development and Technology Division. This success is a direct outcome of this support of the Advanced Energy Projects Office of DOE in the form of this program. The CARM amplifier component of the program, although unsuccessful at obtaining CARM amplifier operation at 17 GHz, has succeeded by furthering the understanding of the limitations and difficulties that lie ahead for continued CARM amplifier development. The amplifier component of the program has successfully demonstrated a high power second and third harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier. Up to 5 MW of power at 17.1 GHz and >50dB gain have been obtained. These results should be viewed …

The serious environmental problems of the South Urals Region of Russia have been broadly described in a report coauthored by Russian weapons scientists. The importance of taking the first steps to prevent further environmental damage and adverse public health effects has been recognized by the international scientific community. Scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have initiated a project to assist the Russians in their pollution prevention efforts. The specific objectives of this project are to: (1) conduct a pragmatic survey of the industrial and governmental pollution sources in a limited geographic region of the South Urals and (2) identify the priorities for pollution prevention and for food and water supply improvements at distribution points. The emphasis is on preventing adverse impacts to human health and improving industrial productivity. This project focuses on immediate pollution problems resulting from current operations and their solutions, not on long-term research related to the large-scale cleanup of legacy wastes. The project emphasizes near-term cost effective solutions to prevent pollution while longer term research aimed at contamination from past practices is pursued by other scientists. The project is being conducted in collaboration with environmental and physical scientists from institutes associated with the Ural Branch of …

Has any progress been made on understanding and predicting the 13 parameters which describe the observed masses and mixing angles of the quarks and leptons? Arguments are given in favor of pursuing schemes in which grand unified and family symmetries provide many relations among these 13 parameters. A sequence of simple assumptions leads to a supersymmetric SO(10) theory with 8 predictions: tan {beta}, M{sub t}, V{sub cb}, M{sub s},M{sub s}/M{sub d}, M{sub u}/M{sub d}, V{sub ub} and the amount of CP violation J. These predictions are presented, together with experiments which will test them.

One of the major obstacles to the economical use of coal is managing the behavior of its mineral matter. Ash size and composition are of critical importance for a variety of reasons. Fly ash size and emissivity affect radiant furnace heat transfer. Heat transfer is also affected by the tendency of ash to adhere to heat transfer surfaces, and the properties of these deposits. Removal of ash from flue gas by electrostatic precipitators is influenced by both particle size and particle resistivity. The efficiency of fabric filter-based cleaning devices is also influenced by ash size. Both types of devices have reduced collection efficiencies for smaller-sized particles, which corresponds to the size most efficiently retained in the alveolar region of the human lung. Laboratory work and studies of full-scale coal-fired boilers have identified two general mechanisms for ash production. The vast majority of the ash is formed from mineral matter that coalesces as the char burns, yielding particles that are normally larger than 0.5 {mu}m. The second major mechanism is the generation of a submicron aerosol through a vaporization/condensation mechanism. Although these particles represent a relatively small fraction of the mass, they can present a large fraction of the surface area. …

This paper presents a new approach for the automatic definition and treatment of mechanical contact in explicit nonlinear finite element analysis. Automatic contact offers the benefits of significantly reduced model construction time and fewer opportunities for user error, but faces significant challenges in reliability and computational costs. Key aspects of the proposed new method include automatic identification of adjacent and opposite surfaces in the global search phase, and the use of a well-defined surface normal which allows a consistent treatment of shell intersection and corner contact conditions without a ad-hoc rules. The paper concludes with three examples which illustrate the performance of the newly proposed algorithm in the public DYNA3D code.

Sisal is a general-purpose functional language that hides the complexity of parallel processing, expedites parallel program development, and guarantees determinacy. Parallelism and management of concurrent tasks are realized automatically by the compiler and runtime system. Spatial domain decomposition is a widely-used method that focuses computational resources on the most active, or important, areas of a domain. Many complex programming issues are introduced in paralleling this method including: dynamic spatial refinement, dynamic grid partitioning and fusion, task distribution, data distribution, and load balancing. In this paper, we describe a spatial domain decomposition algorithm programmed in Sisal. We explain the compilation process, and present the execution performance of the resultant code on two different multiprocessor systems: a multiprocessor vector supercomputer, and cache-coherent scalar multiprocessor.

After extensive investigations over three decades, the linear-coupling model and its equivalents have become the standard microscopic models for quantum harmonic Brownian motion, in which a harmonically bound Brownian particle is coupled to a quantum dissipative heat bath of general type modeled by infinitely many harmonic oscillators. The dynamics of these models have been studied by many authors using the quantum Langevin equation, the path-integral approach, quasi-probability distribution functions (e.g., the Wigner function), etc. However, the quantum Langevin equation is only applicable to some special problems, while other approaches all involve complicated calculations due to the inevitable reduction (i.e., contraction) operation for ignoring/eliminating the degrees of freedom of the heat bath. In this dissertation, the author proposes an improved methodology via a modified phase-space approach which employs the characteristic function (the symplectic Fourier transform of the Wigner function) as the representative of the density operator. This representative is claimed to be the most natural one for performing the reduction, not only because of its simplicity but also because of its manifestation of geometric meaning. Accordingly, it is particularly convenient for studying the time evolution of the Brownian particle with an arbitrary initial state. The power of this characteristic function is …

Ultra-shallow, box-like impurity profiles are produced using Gas Immersion Laser Doping (GILD) and then analyzed by spreading resistance profilometry (SRP) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) to determine the impurity distribution. At high concentrations, the profiles obtained by SRP exhibit the expected box-like shape over the entire range of junction depths: The measured concentration within the junction region is uniform while the dopant gradient at the junction exceeds 0.5 decades/nm. In comparison, the same profiles analyzed by SIMS show a broader transition at the metallurgical junction. Caused by knock-ons and ion mixing during the sputtering process, this inaccuracy is reduced, but not eliminated by lowering the acceleration energy of the primary Cs{sup +} ion beam. At lower concentrations (< 10{sup 19}/cm{sup 3}), profiles analyzed by SRP exhibit shallower junctions than expected. Electrical measurements of diodes and Hall structures show that high-quality, ultra-shallow n{sup +}p, np and pn are fabricated with good dose control using GILD. For complete characterization of GILD, accurate measurement of both chemical and electrically-active dopant profiles are required. At present, neither SIMS nor SRP provides an entirely accurate impurity profile.

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AGS beam losses at transition are now tolerable ({lt}5%), but as the present improvement plans are implemented and the intensity is increased, new mechanisms will become important and the losses will increase. This Note describes studies directed towards minimizing these losses. Werner Hardt has studied these losses at the CERN PS. In particular, he found that by sharply reducing the time spent going through transition he could reduce the losses. Hardt visited Brookhaven in early June, 1986, in order to help us better understand the AGS. As a result of work inspired by his visit, we now believe that intensities of {approximately}5x10{sup 13} circulating protons are attainable in the AGS without significant losses at transition.

The objective of Phase 1 of this program is to develop a novel low NO{sub x} pulverized coal burner, which offers near-term commercialization potential, uses preheated combustion air of up to 1000{degree}F, and which can be applied to high-temperature industrial heating furnaces, chemical process furnaces, fired heaters, and boilers. In the low NO{sub x} coal burner concept, the flue gas is recycled to the burner by jet pump action provided by the momentum of the primary air flow. The recycled flue gas is used to convey the pulverized coal to the jet pump where mixing with the primary air takes place. Ignition occurs downstream of the jet mixing section. The recycled flue gas is at high temperature. When the pulverized coal is entrained, it is heated by conduction from the flue gas. The coal is pyrolyzed to a large extent before being mixed with the primary air. These pyrolysis products are the source of energy for the downstream flame. In this process, the fuel nitrogen associated with pyrolysis products can be converted to molecular nitrogen in the pyrolysis flame if the oxygen is held to substoichiometric concentrations based upon the burning species (pyrolysis products and some char). Pyrolysis products combustion …

This report describes the modifications and repairs made to the 200 ton absorption refrigeration pilot plant since April 1992, when Clarkson University assumed responsibility for it. Current operating problems and the performance of the plant, achieved to date, are detailed. Performance has been limited by small air leaks into the absorption section of the plant and by plugging in a heat exchanger which has limited the flow of purified glycol to the absorber. Nonetheless, the plant has been operated for periods of over eight hours with sustained cooling loads of 40 tons. Chilled water has been produced at a temperature as low as 38 degrees Fahrenheit. The principal leak sources have been pinpointed. Plans are described for achieving plant operation at designed levels.

The Alaska Power Administration (APA) has prepared an Environmental Assessment (EA) (DOE/EA-0862) evaluating the Marketing Plan for the Eklutna Project that establishes long-term allocation and sales of power. The proposed long-term sales contract will replace long-term agreements that expire at the end of December, 1993. The EA evaluates the proposed alternative and the no action alternative. The proposed alternative replaces the expiring contracts with new 20-year contracts with the same terms, conditions and allocations as the previous long-term contracts. No other alternatives were developed, as the three preference utilities are the only ones in the marketing area, and the ratio of power allocations with proposed alternative are the same as those contained in a divestiture purchase agreement signed among the power customers. The divestiture of this Federal project is expected to be approved by Congress; the power contracts signed under the marketing plan would remain in force after the sale to the three existing customers, who would then own the project in the same ratio as the power sales contracts. The EA identified no actions associated with the proposal that will cause significant environmental or socioeconomic impacts. The Marketing Plan for the Eklutna Project deals with replacement of expiring contracts.

CIRCE is an efficient beam dynamics code developed to facilitate the design and analysis of heavy-ion accelerators. The code combines an envelope description of the beam transverse dynamics with a fluid-like treatment of longitudinal dynamics, and terms are included to account for the effects of space charge, emittance, and image forces. CIRCE is currently being adapted to model the Induction Linac Systems Experiments (ILSE) facility, a proposed heavy-ion accelerator designed to test aspects of an inertial-fusion driver. The numerical model in the code is discussed, and changes needed for modeling ILSE are outlined. Preliminary work is presented on beam matching along the ILSE lattice and on transport around the ILSE achromatic bend.