This multidisciplinary study is designed to provide improvements in advanced reservoir characterization techniques. This goal is to be accomplished through: (1) an examination of the spatial variation and anisotropy of relative permeability in the Tensleep Sandstone reservoirs of Wyoming; (2) the placement of that variation and anisotropy into paleogeographic, depositional, and diagenetic frameworks; (3) the development of pore-system imagery techniques for the calculation of relative permeability; and (4) reservoir simulations testing the impact of relative permeability anisotropy and spatial variation on Tensleep Sandstone reservoir enhanced oil recovery. Concurrent efforts are aimed at understanding the spatial and dynamic alteration in sandstone reservoirs that is caused by rock-fluid interaction during CO{sub 2} enhanced oil recovery processes. The work focuses on quantifying the interrelationship of fluid-rock interaction with lithologic characterization in terms of changes in relative permeability, wettability, and pore structure, and with fluid characterization in terms of changes in chemical composition and fluid properties. This work will establish new criteria for the susceptibility of Tensleep Sandstone reservoirs to formation alteration that results in a change in relative permeability and wellbore scale damage. This task will be accomplished by flow experiments using core material; examination of regional trends in water chemistry; examination of …

Ozone was investigated as a reagent to oxidize and destroy organic species present in simulated and genuine waste from Hanford Site Tank 241-SY-101 (Tank 101-SY). Two high-shear mixing apparatus were tested to perform the gas-to-solution mass transfer necessary to achieve efficient use of the ozone reagent. Oxidations of nitrite (to form nitrate) and organic species were observed. The organics oxidized to form carbonate and oxalate as well as nitrate and nitrogen gas from nitrogen associated with the organic. oxidations of metal species also were observed directly or inferred by solubilities. The chemical reaction stoichiometries were consistent with reduction of one oxygen atom per ozone molecule. Acetate, oxalate, and formate were found to comprise about 40% of the genuine waste`s total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. Ozonation was found to be chemically feasible for destroying organic species (except oxalate) present in the wastes in Tank 101-SY. The simulated waste formulation used in these studies credibly modelled the ozonation behavior of the genuine waste.

The National Energy Modeling System (NEMS) is a computer modeling system that produces a general equilibrium solution for energy supply and demand in the US energy markets. The model achieves a supply and demand balance in the end-use demand regions, defined as the nine Census Divisions, by solving for the prices of each energy type such that the quantities producers are willing to supply equal the quantities consumers wish to consume. The system reflects market economics, industry structure, and energy policies and regulations that influence market behavior. The NEMS Integrating Module is the central integrating component of a complex modeling system. As such, a thorough understanding of its role in the modeling process can only be achieved by placing it in the proper context with respect to the other modules. To that end, this document provides an overview of the complete NEMS model, and includes brief descriptions of the modules with which the Integrating Module interacts. The emphasis and focus, however, is on the structure and function of the Integrating Module of NEMS.

The goal of this project is the development of a commercially viable, cobalt-based Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) catalyst for use in a slurry bubble column reactor. Cobalt-based catalysts have long been known as being active for F-T synthesis. They typically possess greater activity than iron-based catalysts, historically the predominant catalyst being used commercially for the conversion of syngas based on coal, but possess two disadvantages that somewhat lessen its value: (1) cobalt tends to make more methane than iron does, and (2) cobalt is less versatile with low H2/CO ratio syngas due to its lack of water-gas shift activity. Therefore, the major objectives of this work are (1) to develop a cobalt-based F-T catalyst with low ( < 5 %) methane selectivity, (2) to develop a cobalt-based F-T catalyst with water-gas shift activity, and (3) to combine both these improvements into one catalyst. It will be demonstrated that these catalysts have the desired activity, selectivity, and life, and can be made reproducibly. Following this experimental work, a design and a cost estimate will be prepared for a plant to produce sufficient quantities of catalyst for scale-up studies.

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification; Whether the Texas Retirement System of Texas ("TRS") is reponsible for paying the early retirement incentive portion of its share of an annuity of a member who has transferred service credit from the TRS to the Employees Retirement System of Texas (RQ-600)

Letter opinion issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification; Whether regulations of the Texas Railroad Commission promulgated under article 911b, V.T.C.S., are preempted by federal law (RQ-632)

A weekly publication, the Texas Register serves as the journal of state agency rulemaking for Texas. Information published in the Texas Register includes proposed, adopted, withdrawn and emergency rule actions, notices of state agency review of agency rules, governor's appointments, attorney general opinions, and miscellaneous documents such as requests for proposals. After adoption, these rulemaking actions are codified into the Texas Administrative Code.

In the last report the effects of water, tetralin, and argon were discussed as media during the heating of Illinois No. 6 coal. In studies in which the temperature was ramped from ambient to 460{degrees}C at 30{degrees}C/min particles were observed to shrink in the case of both water and tetralin, and first swell and then collapse back to particles with their starting shapes in the case of argon. The result with tetralin was expected, but that for water was not. Similarly, the results in argon were not in accord with some models of coal pyrolysis which suggest that coals fully liquefy when heated (Solomon, et al.). The work described here includes discussion of additional work with Illinois No. 6 coal with argon and water, and new work with n-undecane as medium.

The Cold War has been won; won in part by superior technology; superior technology such as that found in the DOE national laboratories. However, new challenges face the country, for it is clear that our historic notions of national security have changed to include economic security as well as defense. Economic security means that our industries are able to successfully compete in international markets in order to provide a high domestic standard of living. It is also recognized that US industries must achieve and maintain a leadership in technology and that the technology base of the DOE national laboratories must now be mobilized to support US industry. Once again the laboratories are called upon to support the country in a time of need. Because of this need we are seeing a significant change in mission for the Department of Energy national laboratories in their role as problem solvers for the nation. In particular, the Defense Programs (DP) national labs (Lawrence Livermore, Los Alamos, Sandia National Laboratories, and Martin Marietta Energy Systems Y-12) are moving from dosed institutions to open centers with significant resources ready to support US industry more vigorously than ever before. The DP laboratories are enthusiastic about their …

This report is the minutes of the Solar Working group. The meeting was prompted by the Steering Group`s desire to resolve issues the Solar Working Group.

TFTR will soon enter its D-T phase with the introduction of tritium. This will result in the production of neutrons having 14-MeV energy which is significantly greater than the 2.5-MeV neutrons encountered during D-D operation. In preparation for the D-T phase, a calibration of the four neutron detection systems was performed using a 14-MeV neutron generator producing 10{sup 8} n/sec. To account for the spatial extent of the toroidally shaped plasma and for neutrons scattered from surrounding structures, detector responses were determined with the source positioned at many locations inside the vacuum vessel. Before the generator could be used as a calibration source, a characterization of its total yield and angular emission properties was obtained. The total yield was determined by aluminum activation methods to within {plus_minus}6%, while the angular emission was found to be anisotropic in the forward and reverse cones along the generator axis. After the characterization was performed, the generator was mounted on a moveable track inside the vacuum vessel, where it could be remotely moved across the view of each detector. This paper presents details of the methods and results of the source characterization, together with initial results of the in-vessel D-T neutron calibration.

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether an independent school district may use various assets to create an endowment fund (RQ-244)

Document issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a constable may, to collect delinquent child support payments, seize and sell personal property that sections 42.001, 42.002, and 42.0021 of the Property Code otherwise exempt from execution and seizure if the constable is acting pursuant to a writ of execution and related questions (RQ-518)

Letter opinion issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Authority of a district clerk to impose certain fees in a proceeding for the forfeiture of contraband (ID# 20522)

Letter opinion issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether a county generally may incur debt by executing a vendor’s lien note for the purchase of real property (ID# 19572)

Letter opinion issued by the Office of the Attorney General of Texas in Austin, Texas, providing an interpretation of Texas law. It provides the opinion of the Texas Attorney General, Dan Morales, regarding a legal question submitted for clarification: Whether, under section 113.901 of the Local Government Code, a county auditor may refuse to issue a requisition if the county already has ordered or received the goods requisitioned and related question (ID# 21878)

The Finney harmonic mean model for joint toxicity of ingredients in mixtures can be used to estimate the toxicity of the neat compound if one component can be substituted in potency-adjusted-doses for each of the other components. Chemical analysis data and relative potency values (computed according to the Rapid Screening of Hazard (RASH) method) were used to compare the toxicities as predicted from ingredients of cigarette smoke, PAHs in diesel exhaust, asphalt, coal tar, pitch, and creosote with the measured toxicities of the neat mixtures. Accuracy for cigarette smoke condensate, coal tar, pitch, and creosote were within a factor of three; asphalt within a factor of 18; but the PAC content of diesel particulate was inadequate to accurately describe the toxicity of diesel emissions.

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The human cerebral cortex contains approximately 10{sup 11} neurons and 10{sup 14} synapses. It thus seems logical that any technology intended to mimic human capabilities should have the ability to fabricate a very large number of neurons and even larger numbers of synapses. This paper describes an implementation of hardware neural networks using highly linear thin-film resistor technology and an 8-bit binary weight circuit to produce customizable artificial neural network chips and systems.

This progress report summarizes results, as of August, 1993, for DOE grant DE-FG-02-76ER60522 during the fiscal period 1/1/93 to 12/31/93, which is the first year of a 3-year grant cycle. The overall goals of the grant are to develop advanced x-ray detector technologies, especially as applicable for biological and materials research at the national laboratories, and to train graduate and post-doctoral students on the use of these technologies via the performance of original biological and materials research. As summarized below, there has been good progress toward achieving the research goals of the original 3-year proposal; in consequence, the research plan and the total budget for the rest of 1993 and beyond is still well described by the original proposal. Accomplishments since the last progress report include: (A) A 1k x 1k fiber optically coupled CCD detector was assembled, tested at CHESS and is slated for extended user trials this Fall. A 2k x 2k CCD detector is being assembled for permanent installation at CHESS. (B) X-ray detector phosphors, calibration techniques, and system software have been developed. (C) The design of a Pixel Array Detector, a collaborative project with the Advanced Photon Source, has been initiated. (D) The properties of biomembrane …

In this report, fluid flow through a three-dimensional model for the fibrous filters is examined. In this model, the three-dimensional Stokes equation with the appropriate periodic boundary conditions is solved using the finite volume method. In addition to the numerical solution, we attempt to model this flow analytically by using the two-dimensional extended analytic solution in each of the unit cells of the three-dimensional structure. Particle trajectories computed using the superimposed analytic solution of the flow field are closed to those computed using the numerical solution of the flow field. The numerical results show that the pressure drop is not affected significantly by the relative angle of rotation of the cylinders for the high porosity used in this study ({epsilon} = 0.8 and {epsilon} = 0.95). The numerical solution and the superimposed analytic solution are also compared in terms of the particle capture efficiency. The results show that the efficiency predictions using the two methods are within 10% for St = 0.01 and 5% for St = 100. As the the porosity decreases, the three-dimensional effect becomes more significant and a difference of 35% is obtained for {epsilon} = 0.8.

This paper describes a methodology for estimating energy externalities. These externalities are environmental, health, and other damages and benefits that traditionally have not been considered as part of the cost of producing and consuming goods and services. An example of externalities is the effect on human health from exposure to ozone formed by NO{sub x} and other emissions from electric power plants. These damages are valued adversely by individuals (and by society) but are not reflected in the price of electricity. The damage function approach is a methodology which is used for developing quantitative estimates of externalities. This paper describes the five major steps in the damage function approach, focuses on the use of ozone models in that framework, and points out the effects of meteorological variables on estimates of ozone concentrations.

This paper describes our work to produce ``smart`` equipment using a neural network to provide intelligence for process monitoring, adaptive control, metrology, and equipment diagnostics. This novel system will improve both quality and yield for critical thin films used in semiconductors, superconductors, high-density magnetic and optical storage, and advanced displays, all of which are critical to maintaining our leadership in the multibillion-dollar electronic and computer industries. The equipment will have on-line, real-time diagnostics capabilities to detect component problems early in order to minimize maintenance and downtime.

This document designed to give information and statistical data about a variety of crude oils and refined petroleum products. The publication provides statistics on crude oil costs and refined petroleum products sales for use by industry, government, private sector analysts, educational institutions, and consumers. Data on crude oil include the domestic first purchase price, the f.o.b. and landed cost of imported crude oil, and for the refiners` acquisition cost of crude oil. Sales data for motor gasoline, distillates, residuals, aviation fuels, kerosene, and propane are presented.