This report provides a complete description of the analytic and discretized equations for 2D deterministic radiation transport. This computational model has been checked against a wide variety of analytic test problems and found to give excellent results. We make extensive use of the discontinuous finite element method.

The utility of the arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) code format is evaluated in the context of use in simulating metal forming processes. Emphasis is on large deformation processes such as casting, forging and extrusion. The basic point at issue is whether the continual remapping capability inherent in the ALE approach can provide advantages relative to the more standard approach of using a Lagrangian mesh but allowing for isolated remeshing as required. A particular ALE implementation, ALE3D, is used as the basis for the discussion. Pros and cons for this approach are presented along with illustrations of its application to actual forming problems.

We have studied the effect of pulsed plasma discharges on gas mixtures simulating diesel engine exhaust by modeling and by experiment. Our modeling results have shown that the pulsed plasma can convert NO{sub x} to N{sub 2} using the nitrogen itself as a reductant. However, this process is energetically unfavorable for the plasma regime of our measurements. In our experiments we found that addition of hydrocarbons improves substantially the energy efficiency of pulsed plasma NO{sub x} reduction. Real exhaust gas contains some gaseous hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide that may prove sufficient for improving the energy efficiency of the ``right`` pulsed plasma reduction process.

A new type of electrodynamic balance was designed, constructed and applied to the study of the chemistry of macerals and the chemical reaction between CaO sorbent particles and SO[sub 2]. The single-particle device was coupled to a Raman spectrometer. With this balance a single electrically charged microparticle is suspended in visible and infrared laser beams by means of superposed ac and dc electrical fields. The apparatus was designed to permit gas flow through the chamber so that gas-solid and gas-liquid chemical reactions can be carried out. A visible laser beam was used to illuminate the particle for Raman and fluorescence measurements, and an infrared laser beam was used to heat the particle. An overview of the experimental system is presented in Figure 1. The levitated particles were heated from two sides using a CO[sub 2] laser operating at the infrared wavelength of 10.6 [mu]m. The optical system used to direct the heating laser beam to the target is shown in Figure 2. Infrared detectors indicated in Figure 1 were used to measure the particle temperature by two-color pyrometery. A new technique was explored to independently determine the particle temperature; the method involves measuring the ratio of the intensities of Stokes …

A new type of electrodynamic balance was designed, constructed and applied to the study of the chemistry of macerals and the chemical reaction between CaO sorbent particles and SO{sub 2}. The single-particle device was coupled to a Raman spectrometer. With this balance a single electrically charged microparticle is suspended in visible and infrared laser beams by means of superposed ac and dc electrical fields. The apparatus was designed to permit gas flow through the chamber so that gas-solid and gas-liquid chemical reactions can be carried out. A visible laser beam was used to illuminate the particle for Raman and fluorescence measurements, and an infrared laser beam was used to heat the particle. An overview of the experimental system is presented in Figure 1. The levitated particles were heated from two sides using a CO{sub 2} laser operating at the infrared wavelength of 10.6 {mu}m. The optical system used to direct the heating laser beam to the target is shown in Figure 2. Infrared detectors indicated in Figure 1 were used to measure the particle temperature by two-color pyrometery. A new technique was explored to independently determine the particle temperature; the method involves measuring the ratio of the intensities of Stokes …

In order to employ molecular dynamics (MD) methods, commonly used in condensed matter physics, we have derived the equations of motion for a beam of charged particles in the rotating rest frame of the reference particle. We include in the formalism that the particles are confined by the guiding and focusing magnetic fields, and that they are confined in a conducting vacuum pipe while interacting with each other via a Coulomb force. Numerical simulations using MD methods has been performed to obtain the equilibrium crystalline beam structure. The effect of the shearing force, centrifugal force, and azimuthal variation of the focusing strength are investigated. It is found that a constant gradient storage ring can not give a crystalline beam, but that an alternating-gradient (AG) structure can. In such a machine the ground state is, except for one-dimensional (1-D) crystals, time dependent. The ground state is a zero entropy state, despite the time-dependent, periodic variation of the focusing force. The nature of the ground state, similar to that found by Schiffer et al. depends upon the density and the relative focusing strengths in the transverse directions. At low density, the crystal is 1-D. As the density increases, it transforms into various …

During this period work has encompassed: (a) development of electropotential drop techniques to monitor the growth of cracks in steel specimens for a variety of specimen geometries; (b) micromechanical modeling of fracture using finite element calculations of crack and notch-tip stress and strain fields; (3) examining helium effects on radiation damage in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels; (4) analysis of the degradation of the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels for the purpose of assessing the feasibility of using these steels in ITER; (5) development of an integrated approach to integrity assessment; and (6) development of advanced methods of measuring fracture properties.

During this period work has encompassed: (a) development of electropotential drop techniques to monitor the growth of cracks in steel specimens for a variety of specimen geometries; (b) micromechanical modeling of fracture using finite element calculations of crack and notch-tip stress and strain fields; (3) examining helium effects on radiation damage in austenitic and ferritic stainless steels; (4) analysis of the degradation of the mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steels for the purpose of assessing the feasibility of using these steels in ITER; (5) development of an integrated approach to integrity assessment; and (6) development of advanced methods of measuring fracture properties.

This description of work (DOW) details the field activities associated with the test pit excavation and soil sampling at the 216- U-10 Pond (U-10 Pond) in the 200 West Area and will serve as a field guide for those performing the work. It will be used in conjunction with the 200-UP-2 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) Facility Investigation/Corrective Measures Study (DOE-RL 1993a, [LFI]) and Site Characterization Manual (WHC 1988a). Test pits will be constructed to characterize the vertical extent of contaminants in sediments within and beneath the former U-10 pond.

Hybrid technologies for the reduction of NO[sub x] emissions from coal-fired utility boilers have shown the potential to offer greater levels of NO[sub x] control than the sum of the individual technologies, leading to more cost effective emissions control strategies. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) has developed a hybrid NO[sub x] control strategy involving two proprietary concepts which has the potential to meet the US Department of Energy's NO[sub x] reduction goal at a significant reduction in cost compared to existing technology. The process has been named CombiNO[sub x]. CombiNO[sub x] is an integration of three technologies: modified reburning, promoted selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and methanol injection. These technologies are combined to achieve high levels of NO[sub x] emission reduction from coal-fired power plants equipped with S0[sub x] scrubbers. The first two steps, modified reburning and promoted SNCR are linked. It has been shown that performance of the SNCR agent is dependent upon local oxidation of CO. Reburning is used to generate the optimum amount of CO to promote the SNCR agent. Approximately 10 percent reburning is required, this represents half of that required for conventional reburning. If the reburn fuel is natural gas, the combination of reburning and …

Hybrid technologies for the reduction of NO{sub x} emissions from coal-fired utility boilers have shown the potential to offer greater levels of NO{sub x} control than the sum of the individual technologies, leading to more cost effective emissions control strategies. Energy and Environmental Research Corporation (EER) has developed a hybrid NO{sub x} control strategy involving two proprietary concepts which has the potential to meet the US Department of Energy`s NO{sub x} reduction goal at a significant reduction in cost compared to existing technology. The process has been named CombiNO{sub x}. CombiNO{sub x} is an integration of three technologies: modified reburning, promoted selective noncatalytic reduction (SNCR) and methanol injection. These technologies are combined to achieve high levels of NO{sub x} emission reduction from coal-fired power plants equipped with S0{sub x} scrubbers. The first two steps, modified reburning and promoted SNCR are linked. It has been shown that performance of the SNCR agent is dependent upon local oxidation of CO. Reburning is used to generate the optimum amount of CO to promote the SNCR agent. Approximately 10 percent reburning is required, this represents half of that required for conventional reburning. If the reburn fuel is natural gas, the combination of reburning and …

During the second quarter, we initiated Task 2 (Process and Catalyst Variable Study). This task involves an investigation of methods for vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalyst synthesis and activation as well as detailed testing of the catalysts produced for activity and selectivity in methane selective oxidation. As we initiated work on Task 2, three problem areas were identified: Preparation of catalysts with P:V ratio greater than 1. Activation of the precursor to produce the B-phase described in the patent literature. Achieving high (>95 percent) carbon balances in the bench-scale test unit. Each of these problems has been addressed and overcome during this quarter. Several catalysts with P:V ratios ranging from 0.95 to 1.1 have been prepared. Activation procedures are continuing to be investigated. We have found several procedures which yield catalysts having the desired X-ray diffraction pattern. The reactor system was modified and analytical procedures improved so that in a 7-day run using V{sub 2}O{sub 5} as the catalyst, carbon balances ranged from 95 to 105 percent.

Gamma-induced volatility of simulated DWPF high-level nuclear waste glasses is highly dependent upon the redox state of the glass. For oxidized glasses with an Fe{sup 2+}/(Fe{sup 2+} + Fe{sup 3+}) ratio < 0.1, no volatility was detected after gamma irradiation. Since the projected DWPF high-level radioactive waste glasses will be oxidized, no significant gamma-induced volatility is expected for these glasses upto the glass transition temperature. For larger pieces of highly-reduced DWPF simulated waste glass, no volatility was observed (using {approximately}100 mg pieces in the TGA) after gamma irradiation. However, for powdered samples of this reduced glass, volatility changes upon gamma radiation were detected at 350 and 475{degree}C. The volatility at 350{degree}C was due to changes at the glass surface whereas the change in volatility at 475{degree}C were due to interactions of gamma irradiation within the bulk of the glass. The glass transition temperatures of both oxidized and reduced glasses were unaffected by gamma irradiation but did increase upon a second heat cycle. Results are also presented which reveal that no significant change in redox level within the glass occurred as a result of gamma irradiation.

Gamma-induced volatility of simulated DWPF high-level nuclear waste glasses is highly dependent upon the redox state of the glass. For oxidized glasses with an Fe[sup 2+]/(Fe[sup 2+] + Fe[sup 3+]) ratio < 0.1, no volatility was detected after gamma irradiation. Since the projected DWPF high-level radioactive waste glasses will be oxidized, no significant gamma-induced volatility is expected for these glasses upto the glass transition temperature. For larger pieces of highly-reduced DWPF simulated waste glass, no volatility was observed (using [approximately]100 mg pieces in the TGA) after gamma irradiation. However, for powdered samples of this reduced glass, volatility changes upon gamma radiation were detected at 350 and 475[degree]C. The volatility at 350[degree]C was due to changes at the glass surface whereas the change in volatility at 475[degree]C were due to interactions of gamma irradiation within the bulk of the glass. The glass transition temperatures of both oxidized and reduced glasses were unaffected by gamma irradiation but did increase upon a second heat cycle. Results are also presented which reveal that no significant change in redox level within the glass occurred as a result of gamma irradiation.

The principal objective of this research is to determine the role that host petroleum-derived oils (1000 [degree]F[sup +]), as that of catalytically treated host oils, play when used as liquefaction solvents in coprocessing with coal. The host oils will be extensively characterized and then pretreated in a number of ways which involve catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and isomerization. The pretreated oils will then be characterized by elemental analysis, catalytic dehydrogenation, and NMR. The effects of the host oil on coprocessing with coal will be compared to those obtained using catalytically modified heavy oils. When appropriate, model compounds will be used to study specific reactions brought about by the pretreatments. A total of 18 pretreatment runs have been made on an AMOCO vacuum tower residuum, VTR, in an attempt to increase its hydrogen content from 10.2 wt % to a level of about 11.5%. This pretreatment resulted in a significant increase in the hydrogen content of the starting oil (10.2 wt % to 11.2%).

The principal objective of this research is to determine the role that host petroleum-derived oils (1000 {degree}F{sup +}), as that of catalytically treated host oils, play when used as liquefaction solvents in coprocessing with coal. The host oils will be extensively characterized and then pretreated in a number of ways which involve catalytic reactions such as hydrogenation, hydrocracking, and isomerization. The pretreated oils will then be characterized by elemental analysis, catalytic dehydrogenation, and NMR. The effects of the host oil on coprocessing with coal will be compared to those obtained using catalytically modified heavy oils. When appropriate, model compounds will be used to study specific reactions brought about by the pretreatments. A total of 18 pretreatment runs have been made on an AMOCO vacuum tower residuum, VTR, in an attempt to increase its hydrogen content from 10.2 wt % to a level of about 11.5%. This pretreatment resulted in a significant increase in the hydrogen content of the starting oil (10.2 wt % to 11.2%).

The Electronic Systems Contract Administration Payment And Invoicing Database (ESCAPAID) project is a cooperative effort to simplify and automate the contracting and billing of services between Digital Equipment Corporation (Digital) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).The ESCAPAID project is intended to improve productivity in both organizations by reducing the inaccuracies and the amount of manual effort in the current system. Within LANL, the project is intended to streamline operations for purchasing (N4AT Division), finance (FIN Division), and Laboratory personnel requesting maintenance contract services from Digital. In October 1992, Digital and LANL released a jointly developed Program Definition, which provides an overview of the proposed system and an eight-step strategy for implementing a preliminary model.The second step of this strategy calls for the development of a model plan, including a description of afl high-level tasks that need to be completed and a series of Gantt and PERT charts. In order to accomplish this step, representatives from Digital and LANL participated in a Joint Application Development (JAD) workshop on January 19 and 20, 1993. The results of the workshop are reflected in this document.

The Electronic Systems Contract Administration Payment And Invoicing Database (ESCAPAID) project is a cooperative effort to simplify and automate the contracting and billing of services between Digital Equipment Corporation (Digital) and Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).The ESCAPAID project is intended to improve productivity in both organizations by reducing the inaccuracies and the amount of manual effort in the current system. Within LANL, the project is intended to streamline operations for purchasing (N4AT Division), finance (FIN Division), and Laboratory personnel requesting maintenance contract services from Digital. In October 1992, Digital and LANL released a jointly developed Program Definition, which provides an overview of the proposed system and an eight-step strategy for implementing a preliminary model.The second step of this strategy calls for the development of a model plan, including a description of afl high-level tasks that need to be completed and a series of Gantt and PERT charts. In order to accomplish this step, representatives from Digital and LANL participated in a Joint Application Development (JAD) workshop on January 19 and 20, 1993. The results of the workshop are reflected in this document.

There is interest in eliminating the use of chlorinated solvents such as methyl chloroform at the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant for environmental reasons. Solvent 140 has been offered as an acceptable replacement. Methyl chloroform has frequently been used for the final cleaning of materials just prior to welding. Electron beam welds were made in an aluminum alloy to compare the potential contamination effect of Solvent 140 to that of methyl chloroform. Tests indicated that the Solvent 140 did not have an adverse effect on pumpdown time of electron beam welding equipment during normal handling. Solvent 140 resulted in significantly less weld porosity than; methyl chloroform in this test.

Despite the apparent simplicity of controlled fusion, there are many phenomena which have prevented its achievement. One phenomenon is laser-plasma instabilities. An investigation of one such instability, stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), is reported here. SBS is a parametric process whereby an electromagnetic wave (the parent wave) decays into another electromagnetic wave and an ion acoustic wave (the daughter waves). SBS impedes controlled fusion since it can scatter much or all of the incident laser light, resulting in poor drive symmetry and inefficient laser-plasma coupling. It is widely believed that SBS becomes convectively unstable--that is, it grows as it traverses the plasma. Though it has yet to be definitively tested, convective theory is often invoked to explain experimental observations, even when one or more of the theory`s assumptions are violated. In contrast, the experiments reported here not only obeyed the assumptions of the theory, but were also conducted in plasmas with peak densities well below quarter-critical density. This prevented other competing or coexisting phenomena from occurring, thereby providing clearly interpretable results. These are the first SBS experiments that were designed to be both a clear test of linear convective theory and pertinent to controlled fusion research. A crucial part of this …

A series of tornadoes struck the east Tennessee area on Sunday afternoon, February 21, 1993 around Knoxville, Lenoir City, and Oak Ridge causing millions of dollars worth of damage to both homes and businesses in the area, killing one, injuring a number of persons, and leaving a large area without power for many hours or even days due to damage to the local TVA transmission line network. One tornado touched down in the Department of Energy Oak Ridge Reservation near the Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant, continued through the Union Valley business district located just east of the plant, through the adjacent University of Tennessee Arboretum and then continued into the communities of Claxton and Powell. The path length of the tornado was approximately 13 miles. Damage to the Y-12 Plant was minimal, but the Union Valley business district was seriously damaged, including the Fusion Energy Design Center (FEDC) which houses a number of DOE related projects. The preliminary cost estimate of the damage to DOE facilities (both at Y-12 and at the FEDC) was around $520,000. This paper describes the local meteorological data, the tornado that struck near the Y-12 plant, the resulting damage both to the DOE facilities and …

This report covers the activities of the Geotechnical Board and its two national committees, the US National Committee for Rock Mechanics (USNC/RM) and the US National Committee on Tunneling Technology (USNC/TT), for the period from March 1, 1991 to June 30, 1992. The report covers a 16-month period, through June of this year, to bring the reporting period in line with the National Research Council`s (NRC) fiscal year. Subsequent reports will cover the 12-month period July 1--June 30, unless individual contracts require otherwise. A description of the Geotechnical Board and its committees within the context of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, as well as lists of current members of the board and national committees can be found in Attachment A.

We investigate the effects of secondary interactions in nucleus- nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions using a modified HIJET Monte Carlo generator. The effects of N[sup *] production is explored and it is found that the numbers of kaons can almost be explained by their inclusion. However the transverse momentum spectrum of the kaons is not explained, since their production in HIJET is a soft secondary scattering process and not a hot thermal process like the data.

We investigate the effects of secondary interactions in nucleus- nucleus and proton-nucleus collisions using a modified HIJET Monte Carlo generator. The effects of N{sup *} production is explored and it is found that the numbers of kaons can almost be explained by their inclusion. However the transverse momentum spectrum of the kaons is not explained, since their production in HIJET is a soft secondary scattering process and not a hot thermal process like the data.