States

Applications of Micellar Enzymology to Clean Coal Technology (open access)

Applications of Micellar Enzymology to Clean Coal Technology

This project is designed to develop methods for precombustion coal remediation by implementing recent advances in enzyme biochemistry. The novel approach of this study is incorporation of hydrophilic oxidative enzymes in reverse micelles in an organic solvent. Enzymes from commercial sources or microbial extracts are being investigated for their capacity to remove organic sulfur from coal by oxidation of the sulfur groups, splitting of C-S bonds and loss of sulfur as sulfuric acid. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and ethylphenylsulfide (EPS) are serving as models of organic sulfur-containing components of coal in initial studies. A goal of this project is to define a reverse micelle system that optimizes the catalytic activity of enzymes toward desulfurization of model compounds and ultimately coal samples. Studies by several groups (Martinek et al., 1981; Kabanov et al., 1988; Martinek, 1989; Verhaert et al., 1990) have shown that the surfactant AOT over a broad concentration range in organic solvents produces micelles, comparatively uniform in diameter, which incorporate hydrophilic enzymes. The activity (kcat) of certain enzymes in this system is higher than in aqueous solution. This surfactant is therefore being examined as a vehicle for enhancement of sulfoxidation reactions.
Date: March 9, 1993
Creator: Walsh, C. T.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Applications of Micellar Enzymology to Clean Coal Technology. Twelfth Quarterly Report (open access)

Applications of Micellar Enzymology to Clean Coal Technology. Twelfth Quarterly Report

This project is designed to develop methods for precombustion coal remediation by implementing recent advances in enzyme biochemistry. The novel approach of this study is incorporation of hydrophilic oxidative enzymes in reverse micelles in an organic solvent. Enzymes from commercial sources or microbial extracts are being investigated for their capacity to remove organic sulfur from coal by oxidation of the sulfur groups, splitting of C-S bonds and loss of sulfur as sulfuric acid. Dibenzothiophene (DBT) and ethylphenylsulfide (EPS) are serving as models of organic sulfur-containing components of coal in initial studies. A goal of this project is to define a reverse micelle system that optimizes the catalytic activity of enzymes toward desulfurization of model compounds and ultimately coal samples. Studies by several groups (Martinek et al., 1981; Kabanov et al., 1988; Martinek, 1989; Verhaert et al., 1990) have shown that the surfactant AOT over a broad concentration range in organic solvents produces micelles, comparatively uniform in diameter, which incorporate hydrophilic enzymes. The activity (kcat) of certain enzymes in this system is higher than in aqueous solution. This surfactant is therefore being examined as a vehicle for enhancement of sulfoxidation reactions.
Date: March 9, 1993
Creator: Walsh, C. T.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Aquaculture and the Federal Role (open access)

Aquaculture and the Federal Role

Aquaculture is broadly defined as the production of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in a controlled environment. This report discusses the growth of U.S. aquaculture in the decade preceding 1993, and the subsequent debate about what role, if any, the Federal Government should play in supporting the industry. Relevant legislation and policies are also discussed.
Date: September 9, 1993
Creator: Buck, Eugene H. & Becker, Geoffrey S.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Beneficially reusing LLRW the Savannah River Site Stainless Steel Program (open access)

Beneficially reusing LLRW the Savannah River Site Stainless Steel Program

With 68 radioactively contaminated excess Process Water Heat Exchangers the Savannah River Site launched its program to turn potential LLRW metal liabilities into assets. Each Heat Exchanger contains approximately 100 tons of 304 Stainless Steel and could be disposed as LLRW by land burial. Instead the 7000 tons of metal will be recycled into LLRW, HLW, and TRU waste containers thereby eliminating the need for near term land disposal and also eliminating the need to add more clean metal to the waste stream. Aspects of the partnership between DOE and Private Industry necessary to accomplish this new mission are described. A life cycle cost analysis associated with past practices of using carbon steel containers to indefinitely store material (contributing to the creation of today`s legacy waste problems) is presented. The avoided cost calculations needed to support the economics of the ``Indifference`` decision process in assessing the Beneficial Reuse option relative to the Burial option are described.
Date: September 9, 1993
Creator: Boettinger, W. L.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cartan calculus on quantum Lie algebras (open access)

Cartan calculus on quantum Lie algebras

A generalization of the differential geometry of forms and vector fields to the case of quantum Lie algebras is given. In an abstract formulation that incorporates many existing examples of differential geometry on quantum spaces we combine an exterior derivative, inner derivations, Lie derivatives, forms and functions au into one big algebra, the ``Cartan Calculus.``
Date: December 9, 1993
Creator: Schupp, P.; Watts, P. & Zumino, B.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
CERCLA Site Assessment questions and answers (Qs&As) (open access)

CERCLA Site Assessment questions and answers (Qs&As)

This documents contains commonly asked questions and corresponding answers (Qs&As) on the CERCLA Site Assessment process. These questions were derived from DOE element responses to a solicitation calling for the identification of (unresolved) issues associated with the conduct of CERCLA site assessments, and from inquiries received during a series of Site Assessment Workshops provided by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Office of Environmental Guidance, RCRA/CERCLA Division (EH-231). Answers to these questions were prepared by EH-231 in cooperation with the EPA Federal Facilities Team in Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Site Assessment Branch, and in coordination with the Office of Environmental Compliance, Facilities Compliance Division (EH-222).
Date: November 9, 1993
Creator: Traceski, T. T.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Changes in science: An example (open access)

Changes in science: An example

This report discusses the frontiers of science in today world.
Date: September 9, 1993
Creator: Slansky, R.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characteristics of a High Energy {mu sup +}{mu sup -} Collider Based on Electro-Production of Muons (open access)

Characteristics of a High Energy {mu sup +}{mu sup -} Collider Based on Electro-Production of Muons

We analyze the design of an high energy {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} collider based on electro-production of muons. We derive an expression for the luminosity in terms of analytic formulae for the electron-to-muon conversion efficiency and the electron beam power on the production target On the basis of studies of self-consistent sets of collider parameters under 'realistic' ('optimistic') assumptions about available technology with beam cooling, we find the luminosity limited to 10{sup 27} m{sup -2}s{sup -1} (10{sup 28} m{sup -2}s{sup -1}). We also identify major technological innovations that will be required before {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} colliders can offer sufficient luminosity (10{sup 30} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}) for high energy physics research.
Date: January 9, 1993
Creator: Barletta, W. A. & Sessler, Andrew M.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of the organic-sulfur-degrading enzymes (open access)

Characterization of the organic-sulfur-degrading enzymes

The immediate objective of this project is to characterize and purify the enzymes involved in degrading organic sulfur in coal from two well characterization organic sulfur degrading strains, of Rhodococces rhodochorous IGTS8 and K3B. We believe that characterization and purification of these enzymes may provide valuable information that will lead to developing or isolating better strains for desulfurization of coal. Our recent results imply that the IGTS8 enzymes are firmly attached to the cell wall. For coal desulfurization it is better to have a microorganism that can secrete its desulfurization enzymes into the medium. The enzymes could permeate into coal much better than a bacterial cell. We seek that the isolation of a mutant of IGTS8 which can release the desulfurization enzymes in the cultural medium. During this period, we carried out more electron microscope analysis of IGTS8 and related species. These strains grow very poorly in DBT medium as well as in medium containing high sulfate concentration. Cells used for EM analysis were cultured in rich medium with glucose but found that there is no protruding structures on the cells of R. rhodochorous 184 and 13808. We believe that we should also examine the 183 and 13808 cells that …
Date: March 9, 1993
Creator: Ho, N.W.Y.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of the organic-sulfur-degrading enzymes. [Quarterly] technical report, September 1, 1992--November 30, 1992 (open access)

Characterization of the organic-sulfur-degrading enzymes. [Quarterly] technical report, September 1, 1992--November 30, 1992

The immediate objective of this project is to characterize and purify the enzymes involved in degrading organic sulfur in coal from two well characterization organic sulfur degrading strains, of Rhodococces rhodochorous IGTS8 and K3B. We believe that characterization and purification of these enzymes may provide valuable information that will lead to developing or isolating better strains for desulfurization of coal. Our recent results imply that the IGTS8 enzymes are firmly attached to the cell wall. For coal desulfurization it is better to have a microorganism that can secrete its desulfurization enzymes into the medium. The enzymes could permeate into coal much better than a bacterial cell. We seek that the isolation of a mutant of IGTS8 which can release the desulfurization enzymes in the cultural medium. During this period, we carried out more electron microscope analysis of IGTS8 and related species. These strains grow very poorly in DBT medium as well as in medium containing high sulfate concentration. Cells used for EM analysis were cultured in rich medium with glucose but found that there is no protruding structures on the cells of R. rhodochorous 184 and 13808. We believe that we should also examine the 183 and 13808 cells that …
Date: March 9, 1993
Creator: Ho, N. W. Y.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Characterization of Zns-GaP Naon-composites (open access)

Characterization of Zns-GaP Naon-composites

It proved possible to produce consistent, high-quality nanocrystalline ZnS powders with grain sizes as small as 8 nm. These powders are nano-porous and are readily impregnated with GaP precursor, although inconsistently. Both crystal structure and small grain size of the ZnS can be maintained through the use of GaP. Heat treatment of the impregnated powders results in a ZnS-GaP composite structure where the grain sizes of the phases are on the order of 10--20 nm. Conventional powder processing should be able to produce optically dense ceramic compacts with improved mechanical properties and suitable IR transmission.
Date: December 9, 1993
Creator: Todd, V.
Object Type: Thesis or Dissertation
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cold Mass Support System for he D0 Solenoid (open access)

Cold Mass Support System for he D0 Solenoid

The support system is designed to support the gravitational, magnetic, and thermal contraction loads associated with the cold mass weighing 1.46 metric tons (3210 Ibm). The loading constraints are listed in Table 1. The support system consists of axial members (axial supports) to provide longitudinal stiffness and nearly tangential members (radial supports) to provide radial stiffness. The members connect the outer support cylinder to the flat annular bulkheads of the vacuum vessel. See Figures 1 through 3 for additional details on the supports. Six axial compression-tension supports are located on the chimney end of the cryostat only. Six radial tension supports are located on each end. Both types of members are fabricated of Inconel 718 and have a design safety factor of 4 on the ultimate strength at 300 K. The axial supports are also designed for a buckling safety factor of 4 for the operating loads. Shipping stops will be installed to prevent the axial supports from going into compression during transportation. Axial and radial contraction of the coil support cylinder is accommodated by spherical bearings on both ends ofeach support member.
Date: August 9, 1993
Creator: Squires, B.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
A conceptual design for the STAR endcap electromagnetic calorimeter (open access)

A conceptual design for the STAR endcap electromagnetic calorimeter

In order to make measurements of the gluon spin or helicity distribution in the proton or the gluon spin average distribution in nuclei, both a barrel and an endcap electromagnetic calorimeter must be added to the STAR baseline detector. Information on the gluon will be obtained in inclusive direct-{gamma} + jet and jet + jet production. In order to be sensitive to the proper gluon kinematic regions, either the direct-{gamma} or the jet must be in the endcap electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC). However, the endcap EMC is not large enough to completely contain the jets, so that the barrel EMC is also needed. This note describes a conceptual design for the STAR endcap EMC. Constraints are imposed by the space available between the end of the time projection chamber (TPC) and the inside of the magnet pole tip iron. Severe constraints also occur near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1, where the barrel and endcap EMC`s meet. Cables from detectors inside the EMC, including those from the TPC, will exit from STAR near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1. The constraints in this region have not yet been seriously studied since no decision on the detailed routing of these cables was available at the time this work …
Date: August 9, 1993
Creator: Bielick, E.; Fornek, T.; Spinka, H. & Underwood, D. G.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The decay of chemical weapons agents under environmental conditions (open access)

The decay of chemical weapons agents under environmental conditions

The rate and mechanism of decay of chemical agents in the environment was studied via live agent field trials at the chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Porton Down, UK. The plan was to deposit the agents GD (Soman), VX, and H (sulfur mustard) on separate l-m{sup 2} plots on three successive days; i.e., Tuesday through Thursday. The depositions were to be made so as to give an areal concentration of 10 g/m{sup 2}. Four felt pads of approximately 25 cm{sup 2} each were placed at the corners of each of the test plots. These were subsequently extracted and analyzed by CBDE to determine the actual agent concentration. Samples for LLNL (two different types of soil, disks of silicone rubber gasket material, and short cylinders of concrete were to be contaminated and analyzed. Results are described.
Date: April 9, 1993
Creator: McGuire, R. R.; Haas, J. S. & Eagle, R. J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Department of Energy Nevada Test Site Remote Area Monitoring System (open access)

The Department of Energy Nevada Test Site Remote Area Monitoring System

The Remote Area Monitoring System was developed by Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) for DOE test directors at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) to verify radiological conditions are safe after a nuclear test. In the unlikely event of a venting as a result of a nuclear test, this system provides radiological and meteorological data to Weather Service Nuclear Support Office (WSNSO) computers where mesoscale models are used to predict downwind exposure rates. The system uses a combination of hardwired radiation sensors and satellite based data acquisition units with their own radiation sensors to measure exposure rates in remote areas of the NTS. The satellite based data acquisition units are available as small, Portable Remote Area Monitors (RAMs) for rapid deployment, and larger, Semipermanent RAMs that can have meteorological towers. The satellite based stations measure exposure rates and transmit measurements to the GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) where they are relayed to Direct Readout Ground Stations (DRGS) at the NTS and Los Alamos. Computers process the data and display results in the NTS Operations Coordination Center. Los Alamos computers and NTS computers are linked together through a wide area network, providing remote redundant system capability. Recently, LANL, expanded the system to …
Date: June 9, 1993
Creator: Sanders, L. D. & Hart, O. F.
Object Type: Article
System: The UNT Digital Library
The design of data-structure-neutral libraries for the iterative solution of sparse linear systems (open access)

The design of data-structure-neutral libraries for the iterative solution of sparse linear systems

None
Date: March 9, 1993
Creator: Smith, B. F. & Gropp, W. D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Detection of greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change. Progress report, 1 December 1992--30 June 1993 (open access)

Detection of greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change. Progress report, 1 December 1992--30 June 1993

The aims of the US Department of Energy`s Carbon Dioxide Research Program are to improve assessments of greenhouse-gas-induced climatic change and to define and reduce uncertainties through selected research. The main research areas covered by this proposal are (b), First Detection and (c) Supporting Data. The project will also include work under area (a), Modeling: specifically, analysis of climate forcing factors, the development and refinement of transient response climate models, and the use of instrumental data in validating General Circulating Models (GCMs).
Date: July 9, 1993
Creator: Wigley, T. M. L. & Jones, P. D.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Determination of the compatibility between structural alloys and molten metals at high temperatures (open access)

Determination of the compatibility between structural alloys and molten metals at high temperatures

The experimental methods for determining high-temperature compatibility between structural alloys and molten metals, particularly braze alloys, have been established. The structural alloys of interest are formed or machined into small crucibles into which the metal to be melted is placed. This system is placed in a furnace which typically will have a vacuum or inert gas environment; other atmospheres are possible as well. Multiple crucibles are exposed for various times and temperatures. Following cooling, a visual examination for loss of containment is performed. Each crucible is then sectioned and examined metallographically to document any loss in thickness of the crucible or any reactions between the materials. These procedures are fairly simple and require only common laboratory equipment; costs, therefore, are kept low. These experimental techniques were refined for use in determining the compatibility of both commercially pure vanadium and 21-6-9 stainless steel with a 92.5% Pb-5% In-2.5% Ag braze alloy. Both the vanadium and the stainless steel contained the molten Pb-In-Ag alloy for exposures ranging from 1000C for 10 minutes up to 1200C for 2 hours.
Date: August 9, 1993
Creator: Henshall, G. A.; Wagner, L. M.; Westfall, B. A. & Kershaw, R. P.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
Development of biological coal gasification (MicGAS process). Eleventh quarterly report, [January 1, 1993--March 31, 1993] (open access)

Development of biological coal gasification (MicGAS process). Eleventh quarterly report, [January 1, 1993--March 31, 1993]

During this reporting period comparison was made between theoretical and actual biogas production in the upflow reactors, where Texas lignite (TxL) was loaded at 0% (control) and 10% solids loadings. Data for methane and total gas production from task 4 were used. Calculations were made on the assumption that Texas lignite contains 60% carbon and theoretically all of this carbon is converted to CH{sub 4} and CO{sub 2}. Analysis of the data obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that higher biogas production is due to more efficient biogasification of Texas lignite in bioreactor with reethanol (Table 1) . As it was previously mentioned, methanol (at 0.5% concentration of the total volume of reactants) can be used as hydrogen donor for biogasification (data presented in the 10th Quarterly report). Data in Table 1 clearly indicates, that the theoretical CH{sub 4} and biogas production from methanol is negligible and net biomethanation of TxL is enhanced by the addition of methanol. Observation of high methane production in the reactor where Texas lignite was supplemented with methanol, supports our hypothesis that methanol acts as an additional hydrogen donor.
Date: June 9, 1993
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The EC's Government Procurement Directive : Has "Fortress Europe" Arrived? (open access)

The EC's Government Procurement Directive : Has "Fortress Europe" Arrived?

None
Date: April 9, 1993
Creator: Harrison, Glennom J.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The effect of spacer ribs on Ledinegg type flow instabilities (open access)

The effect of spacer ribs on Ledinegg type flow instabilities

An experimental program has been completed which evaluated the effect of a flow obstruction in a heated channel on the onset of flow instability (OBI). The test channel was rectangular (80 {times} 3 mm), heated on one surface, and equipped with view ports. Tests were conducted in a flow controlled mode at heat fluxes of 370 kW/M{sup 2}, and 610 kW/m{sup 2}. Direct comparisons were made between the demand curve minimum for the unobstructed channel and a channel equipped with a 2.07 mm wide rib that was parallel to the flow and in contact with the heated surface. Data at OFI is presented in the nondimensional terms Of Q{sub ratio} (ratio of heat flux applied to heat flux required to achieve saturated liquid conditions at the exit), and the local Stanton number at the channel exit for each channel arrangement. The Q{sub ratio} and Stanton number values for the unobstructed channel and the rib equipped channel are then compared to produce an estimate of the rib effect.
Date: September 9, 1993
Creator: Coutts, D. A.
Object Type: Thesis or Dissertation
System: The UNT Digital Library
Engineering study of tank leaks related to hydraulic retrieval of sludge from tank 241-C-106. Revision 1 (open access)

Engineering study of tank leaks related to hydraulic retrieval of sludge from tank 241-C-106. Revision 1

This study evaluates hydraulic retrieval (sluicing) of the waste in single-shell tank 241-C-106 with respect to the likelihood of tank leaks, gross volumes of potential leaks, and their consequences. A description of hydraulic retrieval is developed to establish a baseline for the study. Leak models are developed based on postulated leak mechanisms to estimate the amount of waste that could potentially leak while sluicing. Transport models describe the movement of the waste constituents in the surrounding soil and groundwater after a leak occurs. Environmental impact and risk associated with tank leaks are evaluated. Transport of leaked material to the groundwater is found to be dependent on the rate of recharge of moisture in the soil for moderate-sized leaks. Providing a cover over the tank and surrounding area would eliminate the recharge. The bulk of any leaked material would remain in the vicinity of the tank for remedial action.
Date: June 9, 1993
Creator: Lowe, S. S.; Carlos, W. C.; Irwin, J. J.; Khaleel, R.; Kline, N. W.; Ludowise, J. D. et al.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview (open access)

The Executive Office of the President: An Historical Overview

This report provides an An Historical Overview about The Executive Office of the President. It consists of a group of federal agencies immediately serving the President.
Date: November 9, 1993
Creator: Relyea, Harold C.
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library
An external peer review of the U.S. Department of Energy`s assessment of ``damages and benefits of the fuel cycles: Estimation methods, impacts, and values``. Final report (open access)

An external peer review of the U.S. Department of Energy`s assessment of ``damages and benefits of the fuel cycles: Estimation methods, impacts, and values``. Final report

The need for better assessments of the ``external`` benefits and costs of environmental effects of various fuel cycles was identified during the development of the National Energy Strategy. The growing importance of this issue was emphasized by US Department of Energy (DOE) management because over half of the states were already pursuing some form of social costing in electricity regulation and a well-established technical basis for such decisions was lacking. This issue was identified as a major area of controversy--both scientifically and politically--in developing energy policies at the state and national level. In 1989, the DOE`s Office of Domestic and International Energy Policy commissioned a study of the external environmental damages and benefits of the major fuel cycles involved in electric power generation. Over the next 3-year period, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Resources for the Future conducted the study and produced a series of documents (fuel cycle documents) evaluating the costs of environmental damages of the coal, oil, natural gas, biomass, hydroelectric, and nuclear fuel cycles, as well as the Background Document on methodological issues. These documents described work that took almost 3 years and $2.5 million to complete and whose implications could be far reaching. In 1992, the …
Date: August 9, 1993
Creator: unknown
Object Type: Report
System: The UNT Digital Library