We analyze the design of an high energy {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} collider based on electro-production of muons. We derive an expression for the luminosity in terms of analytic formulae for the electron-to-muon conversion efficiency and the electron beam power on the production target On the basis of studies of self-consistent sets of collider parameters under 'realistic' ('optimistic') assumptions about available technology with beam cooling, we find the luminosity limited to 10{sup 27} m{sup -2}s{sup -1} (10{sup 28} m{sup -2}s{sup -1}). We also identify major technological innovations that will be required before {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup -} colliders can offer sufficient luminosity (10{sup 30} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}) for high energy physics research.

In order to make measurements of the gluon spin or helicity distribution in the proton or the gluon spin average distribution in nuclei, both a barrel and an endcap electromagnetic calorimeter must be added to the STAR baseline detector. Information on the gluon will be obtained in inclusive direct-{gamma} + jet and jet + jet production. In order to be sensitive to the proper gluon kinematic regions, either the direct-{gamma} or the jet must be in the endcap electromagnetic calorimeter (EMC). However, the endcap EMC is not large enough to completely contain the jets, so that the barrel EMC is also needed. This note describes a conceptual design for the STAR endcap EMC. Constraints are imposed by the space available between the end of the time projection chamber (TPC) and the inside of the magnet pole tip iron. Severe constraints also occur near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1, where the barrel and endcap EMC`s meet. Cables from detectors inside the EMC, including those from the TPC, will exit from STAR near {vert_bar}{eta}{vert_bar} = 1. The constraints in this region have not yet been seriously studied since no decision on the detailed routing of these cables was available at the time this work …

With 68 radioactively contaminated excess Process Water Heat Exchangers the Savannah River Site launched its program to turn potential LLRW metal liabilities into assets. Each Heat Exchanger contains approximately 100 tons of 304 Stainless Steel and could be disposed as LLRW by land burial. Instead the 7000 tons of metal will be recycled into LLRW, HLW, and TRU waste containers thereby eliminating the need for near term land disposal and also eliminating the need to add more clean metal to the waste stream. Aspects of the partnership between DOE and Private Industry necessary to accomplish this new mission are described. A life cycle cost analysis associated with past practices of using carbon steel containers to indefinitely store material (contributing to the creation of today`s legacy waste problems) is presented. The avoided cost calculations needed to support the economics of the ``Indifference`` decision process in assessing the Beneficial Reuse option relative to the Burial option are described.

In today`s litigious society, it is important for both private parties and government to plan and conduct environmental investigations in a scientifically sound manner, documenting the purpose, methods, and results in a consistent fashion throughout the exercise. Planning documents are prepared during the initial phases of environmental investigations. Project objectives, including data quality requirements, specific work to be conducted to fulfill data needs, and operating procedures are specified. Regulatory agency approval of these documents is often required prior to plan implementation. These approvals are necessary and appropriate to fulfilling the agency`s mandated role. Many guidance documents prepared by regulatory agencies suggest the content and format of various scoping documents. These guidances help standardize thought processes and considerations in planning, and provide a template to ensure that both the plan and the proposed work will fulfill regulatory requirements. This work describes the preparation and use of guidance documents for planning environmental studies. The goals and some of the pitfalls of such documents are discussed. Guidance should include the following elements: the purpose of the guidance and a description of where it applies; the type of items to be addressed in planning; identification of requirements are applicable to all projects for which …

A new subkelvin refrigerator, the superfluid Stirling cycle refrigerator, uses a working fluid of {sup 3}He-{sup 4}He mixture in a Stirling cycle. The thermodynamically active components of the mixture are the {sup 3}He, which behaves like a Boltzman gas, and the phonon-roton gas in the {sup 4}He. The superfluid component of the liquid is inert. Two refrigerators have been built and temperatures of 340 mK have been achieved.

A new subkelvin refrigerator, the superfluid Stirling cycle refrigerator, uses a working fluid of [sup 3]He-[sup 4]He mixture in a Stirling cycle. The thermodynamically active components of the mixture are the [sup 3]He, which behaves like a Boltzman gas, and the phonon-roton gas in the [sup 4]He. The superfluid component of the liquid is inert. Two refrigerators have been built and temperatures of 340 mK have been achieved.

Aquaculture is broadly defined as the production of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in a controlled environment. This report discusses the growth of U.S. aquaculture in the decade preceding 1993, and the subsequent debate about what role, if any, the Federal Government should play in supporting the industry. Relevant legislation and policies are also discussed.

An experimental program has been completed which evaluated the effect of a flow obstruction in a heated channel on the onset of flow instability (OBI). The test channel was rectangular (80 {times} 3 mm), heated on one surface, and equipped with view ports. Tests were conducted in a flow controlled mode at heat fluxes of 370 kW/M{sup 2}, and 610 kW/m{sup 2}. Direct comparisons were made between the demand curve minimum for the unobstructed channel and a channel equipped with a 2.07 mm wide rib that was parallel to the flow and in contact with the heated surface. Data at OFI is presented in the nondimensional terms Of Q{sub ratio} (ratio of heat flux applied to heat flux required to achieve saturated liquid conditions at the exit), and the local Stanton number at the channel exit for each channel arrangement. The Q{sub ratio} and Stanton number values for the unobstructed channel and the rib equipped channel are then compared to produce an estimate of the rib effect.

This report describes some basic elements of the various Interlock and Control Systems associated with the Front Ends and Beamlines. Some systems serve only the Front Ends; other serve both the Front Ends and the Beamlines, while the Experimental Controls are for the Beamlines only. Specific system requirements and design specifications are not in the scope of this report. They will be presented in the descriptions of the Experimental Floor Personnel Safety System (XF-PSS or, more often, PSS) and Equipment Protection System (XF-EPS or EPS), which will expand on the overview presented here. The main focus here is on the PSS and EPS in the context of their interactions and interface to the Storage Ring Access Control Interlock System (ACIS), and Ring Controls. The other systems are only mentioned to make the cross section complete. This paper is the first in series of three reports that jointly provide a full description of sector interlocks. The second report describes the PSS, and the third -- the EPS.

The general objectives are to (1) to identify and develop gelled polymer systems which have potential to improve reservoir conformance of fluid displacement processes, (2) to determine the performance of these systems in bulk and in porous media, and (3) to develop methods to predict the capability of these systems to recover oil from petroleum reservoirs. This work focuses on three types of gel systems - an aqueous polysaccharide (KUSPI) system that gels as a function of pH, the chromium-based system where polyacrylamide and xanthan are crosslinked by CR(III) and an organic crosslinked system. Development of the KUSPI system and evaluation and identification of a suitable organic crosslinked system will be done. The laboratory research is directed at the fundamental understanding of the physics and chemistry of the gelation process in bulk form and in porous media. This knowledge will be used to develop conceptual and mathematical models of the gelation process. Mathematical models will then be extended to predict the performance of gelled polymer treatments in oil reservoirs. Accomplishments for this period are presented for the following tasks: development and selection of gelled polymer systems, physical and chemical characterization of gel systems; and mathematical modeling of gel systems.

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The experimental methods for determining high-temperature compatibility between structural alloys and molten metals, particularly braze alloys, have been established. The structural alloys of interest are formed or machined into small crucibles into which the metal to be melted is placed. This system is placed in a furnace which typically will have a vacuum or inert gas environment; other atmospheres are possible as well. Multiple crucibles are exposed for various times and temperatures. Following cooling, a visual examination for loss of containment is performed. Each crucible is then sectioned and examined metallographically to document any loss in thickness of the crucible or any reactions between the materials. These procedures are fairly simple and require only common laboratory equipment; costs, therefore, are kept low. These experimental techniques were refined for use in determining the compatibility of both commercially pure vanadium and 21-6-9 stainless steel with a 92.5% Pb-5% In-2.5% Ag braze alloy. Both the vanadium and the stainless steel contained the molten Pb-In-Ag alloy for exposures ranging from 1000C for 10 minutes up to 1200C for 2 hours.

The immediate objective of this project is to characterize and purify the enzymes involved in degrading organic sulfur in coal from two well characterization organic sulfur degrading strains, of Rhodococces rhodochorous IGTS8 and K3B. We believe that characterization and purification of these enzymes may provide valuable information that will lead to developing or isolating better strains for desulfurization of coal. Our recent results imply that the IGTS8 enzymes are firmly attached to the cell wall. For coal desulfurization it is better to have a microorganism that can secrete its desulfurization enzymes into the medium. The enzymes could permeate into coal much better than a bacterial cell. We seek that the isolation of a mutant of IGTS8 which can release the desulfurization enzymes in the cultural medium. During this period, we carried out more electron microscope analysis of IGTS8 and related species. These strains grow very poorly in DBT medium as well as in medium containing high sulfate concentration. Cells used for EM analysis were cultured in rich medium with glucose but found that there is no protruding structures on the cells of R. rhodochorous 184 and 13808. We believe that we should also examine the 183 and 13808 cells that …

The immediate objective of this project is to characterize and purify the enzymes involved in degrading organic sulfur in coal from two well characterization organic sulfur degrading strains, of Rhodococces rhodochorous IGTS8 and K3B. We believe that characterization and purification of these enzymes may provide valuable information that will lead to developing or isolating better strains for desulfurization of coal. Our recent results imply that the IGTS8 enzymes are firmly attached to the cell wall. For coal desulfurization it is better to have a microorganism that can secrete its desulfurization enzymes into the medium. The enzymes could permeate into coal much better than a bacterial cell. We seek that the isolation of a mutant of IGTS8 which can release the desulfurization enzymes in the cultural medium. During this period, we carried out more electron microscope analysis of IGTS8 and related species. These strains grow very poorly in DBT medium as well as in medium containing high sulfate concentration. Cells used for EM analysis were cultured in rich medium with glucose but found that there is no protruding structures on the cells of R. rhodochorous 184 and 13808. We believe that we should also examine the 183 and 13808 cells that …

The solid solution region and reaction kinetics of the Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub y} (2212) superconductor were examined as a function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure. Crystallization studies from the glassy and molten states were undertaken to determine the phase transformation and kinetics associated with the formation of 2212 and other competing phases. Crystallization of nominal 2212 glasses was found to proceed in two steps with the formation of Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2{minus}x}Ca{sub x}CuO{sub y} (2201) and Cu{sub 2}O followed by Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 3{minus}x}Ca{sub x}O{sub y}, CaO, and SrO. The 2212 phase converts from the 2201 phase with increasing temperatures. However, its formation below 800 C was kinetically limited. At 800 C and above, a nearly full conversion to the 2212 phase was achieved after only one minute although considerably longer anneal times were necessary for the system to reach equilibrium. In low oxygen partial pressures, the solidus is reduced to approximately 750 C. Solidification studies revealed an eutectic structure separating the incongruently melting 2212/2201 phases at high oxygen partial pressures from the congruently melting Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 3{minus}x}Ca{sub x}O{sub y} (23x) and Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2{minus}x}Ca{sub x}O{sub y} (22x) phases present at low oxygen partial pressures. During solidification in various oxygen …

I consider here the optimization of the two component neutron source, allowing beam species and energy to vary. A simple model is developed, based on the earlier publications, that permits the optimum to be obtained simply. The two component plasma, with one species of hot ion (D{sup +} or T{sup +}) and the complementary species of cold ion, is easy to analyze in the case of a spatially uniform cold plasma, as to good approximation the total number of hot ions is important but not their spatial distribution. Consequently, the optimization can ignore spatial effects. The problem of a plasma with both types of hot ions and cold ions is rather more difficult, as the neutron production by hot-hot interactions is sensitive to their spatial distributions. Consequently, consideration of this problem will be delayed to a future memorandum. The basic model is that used in the published articles on the two-component, beam-plasma mirror source. I integrate the Fokker-Planck equation analytically, obtaining good agreement with previous numerical results. This simplifies the optimization, by providing a functional form for the neutron production. The primary result is expressed in terms of the power efficiency: watts of neutrons/watts of primary power. The latter includes …

An accelerating RF cavity usually requires accessory devices such as a tuner, a coupler, and a damper to perform properly. Since a device is attached to the wall of the cavity to have certain electrical coupling of the cavity field through the opening. RF power dissipation is involved. In a high power accelerating cavity, the RF power coupled and dissipated in the opening and in the device must be estimated to design a proper cooling system for the device. The single cell cavities of the APS storage ring will use the same accessories. These cavities are rotationally symmetric and the fields around the equator can be approximated with the fields of the cylindrical pillbox cavity. In the following, the coupled and dissipated fundamental mode RF power in a waveguide attached to a pillbox cavity is discussed. The waveguide configurations are (1) aperture-coupled cylindrical waveguide with matched load termination; (2) short-circuited cylindrical waveguide; and (3) E-probe or H-loop coupled coaxial waveguide. A short-circuited, one-wavelength coaxial structure is considered for the fundamental frequency rejection circuit of an H-loop damper.

An accelerating RF cavity usually requires accessory devices such as a tuner, a coupler, and a damper to perform properly. Since a device is attached to the wall of the cavity to have certain electrical coupling of the cavity field through the opening. RF power dissipation is involved. In a high power accelerating cavity, the RF power coupled and dissipated in the opening and in the device must be estimated to design a proper cooling system for the device. The single cell cavities of the APS storage ring will use the same accessories. These cavities are rotationally symmetric and the fields around the equator can be approximated with the fields of the cylindrical pillbox cavity. In the following, the coupled and dissipated fundamental mode RF power in a waveguide attached to a pillbox cavity is discussed. The waveguide configurations are (1) aperture-coupled cylindrical waveguide with matched load termination; (2) short-circuited cylindrical waveguide; and (3) E-probe or H-loop coupled coaxial waveguide. A short-circuited, one-wavelength coaxial structure is considered for the fundamental frequency rejection circuit of an H-loop damper.

The work performed on this Environmental Monitors Line-Loss Study has been performed under Contract Numbers MLW-SVV-073750 and MFH-SVV-207554. Work on the task was initiated mid-December 1991, and this report documents and summarizes the work performed through January 18, 1993. The sections included in this report summarize the work performed on the Environmental Monitors Line-Loss Study. The sections included in this report are arranged to reflect individual sub-tasks and include: descriptions of measurement systems and procedures used to obtain cascade impactor samples and laser spectrometer measurements from multiple stacks and locations; information on data acquisition, analyses, assessment, and software; discussion of the analyses and measurement results from the cascade impactor and laser spectrometer systems and software used; discussion on the development of general test methods and procedures for line-loss determinations; an overall summary and specific conclusions that can be made with regard to efforts performed on this task during FY 1992 and FY 1993. Supporting information for these sections is included in this report as appendices.

This study evaluates hydraulic retrieval (sluicing) of the waste in single-shell tank 241-C-106 with respect to the likelihood of tank leaks, gross volumes of potential leaks, and their consequences. A description of hydraulic retrieval is developed to establish a baseline for the study. Leak models are developed based on postulated leak mechanisms to estimate the amount of waste that could potentially leak while sluicing. Transport models describe the movement of the waste constituents in the surrounding soil and groundwater after a leak occurs. Environmental impact and risk associated with tank leaks are evaluated. Transport of leaked material to the groundwater is found to be dependent on the rate of recharge of moisture in the soil for moderate-sized leaks. Providing a cover over the tank and surrounding area would eliminate the recharge. The bulk of any leaked material would remain in the vicinity of the tank for remedial action.

Polyamines are small positively charged compounds that have been hypothesized to be involved in a wide variety of plant physiological and development functions. The regulation of the polyamine synthesis pathway is uniquely interesting because of the existence of two pathways to putrescine synthesis, and the consequent questions of how these two pathways are compartmentalized and how they interact with each other. The specific directions our research is taking are: (1) A characterization of arginine decarboxylase regulation; we have discovered two post-translational mechanisms for regulating arginine decarboxylase activity. One of these is a novel protease that clips the arginine decarboxylase pre-protein to activate it. We would like to understand this activating protease better, determine its mechanism of action, and determine its importance in the overall scheme of arginine decarboxylase regulation. (2) We have begun a similar characterization of ornithine decarboxylase by purifying it from plants. (3) We are characterizing the polyamine mutant collection we have developed. (4) Finally, we have begun to characterize the evolution of arginine decarboxylase, as an additional approach that could shed light on its functions in plants. Our intent is to understand arginine decarboxylase structure and regulation in detail, and then to further explore regulatory differences between …

The rate and mechanism of decay of chemical agents in the environment was studied via live agent field trials at the chemical and Biological Defence Establishment, Porton Down, UK. The plan was to deposit the agents GD (Soman), VX, and H (sulfur mustard) on separate l-m{sup 2} plots on three successive days; i.e., Tuesday through Thursday. The depositions were to be made so as to give an areal concentration of 10 g/m{sup 2}. Four felt pads of approximately 25 cm{sup 2} each were placed at the corners of each of the test plots. These were subsequently extracted and analyzed by CBDE to determine the actual agent concentration. Samples for LLNL (two different types of soil, disks of silicone rubber gasket material, and short cylinders of concrete were to be contaminated and analyzed. Results are described.

The objective is to determine the strength of the optical fibers to be used in the VLPC cassette. Strength tests were done on optical fibers that are to be used in the VLPC cassette. A number of the fibers will hang vertically and support a suspended copper isotherm. Concern was expressed over whether one fiber could support the entire weight of the isotherm (8 ounces) if uneven shrinkage of the fibers occurs at cryogenic temperatures. The fibers have a polystyrene core and testing done at room temperature showed that one fiber can support the isotherm with a factor of safety of 13.2 before fracture will occur from a uniaxial load. Data in Cryogenic Engineering by Scott shows that the strength of plastics increases (although polystyrene is not listed) as they are cooled. Two tests done to the fibers with liquid nitrogen support this. The safety factor of 13.2 will only increase at cryogenic temperatures. These results were determined through three tests whose summaries are given.