Advanced steady-state operating scenarios (open access)

Advanced steady-state operating scenarios

The goal for advanced steady-state operation in ITER should be to demonstrate the operation of the plasma core for a steady-state fusion reactor. To accomplish this the authors must develop steady-state operating scenarios at high beta for high fusion power density, low auxiliary power requirements (Q{sub CD} {ge} 25, where Q{sub CD} {triple_bond}P fusion/P{sub CD} and P{sub DC} is the power required for sustaining the plasma current) for low recirculating power requirements, and at moderate safety factor (q{sub {psi}} {le} 4.5) to minimize the cost for the tokamak core of a steady-state demonstration power reactor based on the operating modes demonstrated in ITER. The key to achieving steady-state operation at high fusion power in ITER will be the development of operating scenarios with very high bootstrap current fractions (f{sub BS} {ge} 90%) in which the radial profile of the bootstrap current density is well aligned with that of the total plasma current density, and for which the MHD {beta}-limit exceeds {beta}{sub n}{sup *} = 0.05 T{minus}m/MA. They are in the process of developing such operating modes for ITER. In {section}1 they propose two advanced steady-state operating points; a preliminary operating point that was the basis for the MHD studies reported …
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: Nevins, W. M.; Bulmer, R. H.; Pearlstein, L. D.; Haney, S. W. & Manickam, J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Energy information sheets (open access)

Energy information sheets

The National Energy Information Center (NEIC), as part of its mission, provides energy information and referral assistance to Federal, State, and local governments, the academic community, business and industrial organizations, and the general public. Written for the general public, the EIA publication Energy Information Sheets was developed to provide information on various aspects of fuel production, prices, consumption and capability. The information contained herein pertains to energy data as of December 1991. Additional information on related subject matter can be found in other EIA publications as referenced at the end of each sheet.
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Material properties and fracture mechanics in relation to ceramic machining (open access)

Material properties and fracture mechanics in relation to ceramic machining

Material removal rate, surface finish, and subsurface damage are largely governed by fracture mechanics and plastic deformation, when ceramics are machined using abrasive methods. A great deal of work was published on the fracture mechanics of ceramics in the late 1970s and early 1980s, although this work has never resulted in a comprehensive model of the fixed abrasive grinding process. However, a recently published model describes many of the most important features of the loose abrasive machining process, for example depth of damage, surface roughness, and material removal rate. Many of the relations in the loose abrasive machining model can be readily discerned from fracture mechanics models, in terms of material properties. By understanding the mechanisms of material removal, from a material properties perspective, we can better estimate how one material will machine in relation to another. Although the fracture mechanics models may have been developed for loose abrasive machining, the principles of crack initiation and propagation are equally valuable for fixed abrasive machining. This report provides a brief review of fracture in brittle materials, the stress distribution induced by abrasives, critical indenter loads, the extension of cracks, and the relation of the fracture process to material removal.
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: Griffith, L. V.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Riverland ERA maintenance pad site diesel contamination risk assessment (open access)

Riverland ERA maintenance pad site diesel contamination risk assessment

The maintenance pad site consists of a concrete pad and underlying soils, approximately 15 by 46 m in area, and a drainage ditch with dimensions of 2.4 by 91 m. The ditch is located approximately 60 m from the concrete pad and is oriented parallel to the pads long axis. The facility was built in 1943, at which time the concrete pad was the floor of a maintenance shed for railroad activities. In 1955, use of the facility as a maintenance shed was discontinued. Between 1955 and 1957, the facility was used as a radioactivity decontamination area for railroad cars; acetone-soaked rags were used to remove surface contamination from the cars. The concrete pad was washed down with a mixture of water and diesel fuel, which was then flushed via clay pipe to the drainage ditch. In 1963, the maintenance shed was torn down and the concrete pad covered with approximately one-half meter of fill. The concrete pad was re-exposed in 1993. The site was sampled for Toxicity Characteristic Leachate Procedure (TCLP) metals, volatile, and semi-volatile compounds, as well as for extractable fuel hydrocarbons. A total of 17 samples were collected from surface concrete, soil beneath surface concrete, and ditch …
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: Valcich, P. J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Winter Fuels Report: Week Ending November 26, 1993 (open access)

Winter Fuels Report: Week Ending November 26, 1993

The Winter Fuels Report is intended to provide concise, timely information to the industry, the press, policymakers, consumers, analysts, and State and local governments on the following topics: distillate fuel oil net production, imports and stocks on a US level and for all Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts (PADD) and product supplied on a US level; propane net production, imports and stocks on a US level and for PADD`s I, II, and III; natural gas supply and disposition and underground storage for the US and consumption for all PADD`s; as well as selected National average prices. Residential and wholesale pricing data for heating oil and propane for those States participating in the joint Energy Information Administration (EIA)/State Heating Oil and Propane Program; crude oil and petroleum price comparisons for the US and selected cities; and a 6--10 day, 30-day, and 90-day outlook for temperature and precipitation and US total heating degree-days by city.
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
X-324: An upgrade to the NSLS X-Ray Ring using B factory technology (open access)

X-324: An upgrade to the NSLS X-Ray Ring using B factory technology

Through much of the last decade, the NSLS has been America`s preeminent source of synchrotron radiation. In the near future, The NSLS will face formidable competition from the third generation light sources, designed to produce high brightness beams from undulators. Because of the lattice design of the NSLS rings and the limited number of straight sections for new undulators it will be impossible to compete with the new rings in brightness at short wavelengths. It is not clear, however, how many experiments really need brightness and how many just need flux. A good strategy could lie in keeping the NSLS the highest flux synchrotron light source in the country and leaving the brightness frontier to the third generation rings. By using the technology developed for the SLAC B factory we can simultaneously raise the X-Ray Ring energy to 3.0 GeV and the current to 2.4 Amp. From these parameters I am calling the proposed upgrade X-324. After the X-324 upgrade, the X-Ray Ring will produce twenty times more synchrotron radiation power than is produced by today`s 250 mA, 2.5 GeV beams. This is a qualitative change from today`s conditions and will place great demands on the RF and vacuum systems. …
Date: December 2, 1993
Creator: Blum, E. B.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Soil washwater treatment system operating procedure (open access)

Soil washwater treatment system operating procedure

This report describes the Met-Pro Physical Chemical Treatment System which incorporates numerous integrated processes either physical or chemical in nature. They include the following: coagulation with chemicals; rapid mixing to assure intimate contact of influent and coagulant; controlled flocculation for maximum flock growth via addition of polymer; extended time clarification for optimum settling of solids; solids collection and disposal, and recycle for seeding; filtration for additional suspended solids removal; and ion exchange removal of uranium and heavy metals.
Date: November 2, 1993
Creator: Green, J. W.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Welding of niobium to stainless (open access)

Welding of niobium to stainless

Experiences are reported of welding niobium to stainless steel for the TESLA accelerator superconducting cavities.
Date: November 2, 1993
Creator: Kuchnir, M. & Hiller, R. E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Design of a high activity and selectivity alcohol catalyst. Eleventh quarterly report, February 7, 1993--May 7, 1993 (open access)

Design of a high activity and selectivity alcohol catalyst. Eleventh quarterly report, February 7, 1993--May 7, 1993

The apparatus used for ammonia saturation and TPD (=temperature programmed desorption?) testing was modified to avoid repeated injections of NH{sub 3}. Saturation and TPD results are presented for potassium-doped {gamma}-alumina. In order to examine effects of Mo oxide promotion on catalytic activity of alumina-supported Rh catalyst, additional samples of Rh/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Rh-Mo/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} have been synthesized. 2 tabs, 3 figs.
Date: September 2, 1993
Creator: Foley, H. C. & Mills, G. A.
System: The UNT Digital Library
DOE lockout/tagout safety handbook (open access)

DOE lockout/tagout safety handbook

In September 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued a final ruling on lockout/tagout procedures. This ruling became effective in January 1990 and was eventually incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of these procedures is to safeguard employees from hazardous energy while performing service or maintenance activities on machines and equipment. Approximately 39 million workers are protected by lockout/tagout procedures in general industry. OSHA estimates that adherence to the requirements in lockout/tagout procedures will eliminate nearly two percent of all workplace deaths. A lockout/tagout program is essential to the safe operation of all Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. The program outlined in this document consists of energy-control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections, and establishes the minimum requirements for lockout/tagout of equipment or system-energy sources that could cause injury to personnel. Because serious consequences can occur due to a lack of understanding and improper administration of this program, this document also includes a method for: Providing guidance for the control of hazardous energy, protecting employees from injury, defining responsibilities, and protecting equipment and facilities from damage.
Date: September 2, 1993
Creator: Ulm, B.
System: The UNT Digital Library
JBK-75 stainless steel machinability study (open access)

JBK-75 stainless steel machinability study

The study on forgings characterized machinability of the material by varying cutting speeds and feedrates utilizing four tools for the roughing operation and four tools for the semi-finish operation. Tools tested were obtained from four manufacturers. Twelve parts were machined utilizing an experimental design to determine all possible interactions between cutting speeds and feedrates. To evaluate the machinability of the material, quantitative measures in tool life, tool wear, surface finish, chip control, and material removal rates were analyzed. Benefits gained from this study are: higher material removal rates, longer tool life, minimal tool wear, improved chip control and reliability, increased productivity, and cost minimization.
Date: September 2, 1993
Creator: McManigle, A. P. & Simonis, A. W.
System: The UNT Digital Library
A multi-level data-flow architecture for signal and data processing applications. Final report (open access)

A multi-level data-flow architecture for signal and data processing applications. Final report

A grant was awarded to us by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, in May 1987 to support the design and performance analysis of a large grain data-driven multiprocessor system for numerical applications. The basic idea of the work is to apply the data-driven principles of execution at a more appropriate level than conventional ``atomic`` instructions. For this purpose, a level such as that of vector operations was under study. This document represents the final report concerning the results of the research supported by this grant. The goals of the project entailed an analysis of Partial Differential Equation solvers on data-driven environments, a preliminary design of our multi-level architecture, an in-depth study of some of the mechanisms of execution, and a design of the software environment. As enumerated in the original proposal, our work has yielded results in three different domain: Specifications of the application programs; design of the general concepts of the architecture and simulation; implementation of a translating environment; and we discuss each of the above items and examine specific research results.
Date: September 2, 1993
Creator: Gaudiot, J. L.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Burst testing of low pressure MKS Baratron{reg_sign} sensors (open access)

Burst testing of low pressure MKS Baratron{reg_sign} sensors

Pressure sensors from ten MKS series 390 and 690 Baratron{reg_sign} capacitance manometers were hydrostatically burst tested by the Engineering and Materials Technology Department (E&MT). Four MKS series 390 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}10 torr sensors had an average case burst pressure of 915 psig. Five MKS series 690 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}1 torr sensors had an average case burst pressure of 1301 psig, and one MKS series 690 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}1000 torr sensor had a case burst pressure of 938 psig.
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: Wermer, J. R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Cost and quality of fuels for electric utility plants, 1992 (open access)

Cost and quality of fuels for electric utility plants, 1992

This publication presents an annual summary of statistics at the national, Census division, State, electric utility, and plant levels regarding the quantity, quality, and cost of fossil fuels used to produce electricity. The purpose of this publication is to provide energy decision-makers with accurate and timely information that may be used in forming various perspectives on issues regarding electric power.
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
D0 Solenoid Upgrade Project: Vacuum Pumping Calculations for the D0 Solenoid (open access)

D0 Solenoid Upgrade Project: Vacuum Pumping Calculations for the D0 Solenoid

This engineering note documents the calculations done to determine the vacuum pumping speed for the D-Zero solenoid. The raw calculations are attached. A summary of the results are listed. The vacuum pumping speed of the solenoid is determined by the conductance of the pumping path. At higher pressure ranges during initial pumpdown, the conductances will be rather high. Calculations were not done for the transient pumpdown period, only the steady state type pumping situation. The pressure is assumed to be on the order of 10E-7 torr. This is the free molecular flow regime based on Knudsen number. This pressure regime is also where the pumping speed would be least. The conductances were calculated based on pumping helium gas at a temperature of 300 Kelvin. The total conductance of the pumping path from the solenoid to the inlet of the turbomolecular pump is 11.8 L/s. The effective pumping speed of a 1000 L/s turbo pump attached to this pumping path is 11.7 L/s. The minimum required pumping speed for design purposes was set at 4.3 L/s. This value was arrived at by assuming a warm leak size (10E-8 atm-cc/sec) was not detected during fabrication of the solenoid. It is then assumed …
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: Rucinski, R.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Environmental assessment for the recycling of slightly activated copper coil windings from the 184-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California (open access)

Environmental assessment for the recycling of slightly activated copper coil windings from the 184-Inch Cyclotron at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, California

The proposed action is to recycle slightly activated copper that is currently stored in a warehouse leased by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) to a scrap metal dealer. Subsequent reutilization of the copper would be unrestricted. This document addresses the potential environmental effects of recycling and reutilizing the activated copper. In addition, the potential environmental effects of possible future uses by the dealer are addressed. Direct environmental effects from the proposed action are assessed, such as air emissions from reprocessing the activated copper, as well as indirect beneficial effects, such as averting air emissions that would result from mining and smelting an equivalent quantity of copper ore. Evaluation of the human health impacts of the proposed action focuses on the pertinent issues of radiological doses and protection of workers and the public. Five alternatives to the proposed action are considered, and their associated potential impacts are addressed. The no-action alternative is the continued storage of the activated copper at the LBL warehouse. Two recycling alternatives are considered: recycling the activated copper at the Scientific Ecology Group (SEG) facility for re-use at a DOE facility and selling or giving the activated copper to a foreign government. In addition, two disposal alternatives evaluate …
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.: Japan as Number One (open access)

Foreign Direct Investment in the U.S.: Japan as Number One

Japan emerged as the largest foreign direct investor in the U.S. economy in 1992, despite a sharp drop in the total value and number of U.S. businesses acquired and established by foreign investors. This change in Japan's status was spurred by a slight increase in investment spending by Japanese investors combined with a decrease in the British investment position. The foreign direct investment position in U.S. businesses and real estate - or the accumulated book value of all foreign investments - increased by $5 billion in 1992, the smallest change in two decades. Economists generally believe that foreign direct investment yields positive net benefits to both the host and the investing countries. For some American firms, the foreign investment inflows have been especially beneficial because they supplied the firms with funds during times when many U.S. commercial banks were unwilling to finance them.
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: Jackson, James K.
System: The UNT Digital Library
[Research at the Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory]. Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1993 (open access)

[Research at the Notre Dame Radiation Laboratory]. Quarterly report, April 1--June 30, 1993

Forty-four abstracts are presented of research projects in radiation chemistry, photochemistry, and related topics.
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: unknown
System: The UNT Digital Library
San Antonio Monthly Reports: July 1993 (open access)

San Antonio Monthly Reports: July 1993

Compilation of monthly reports from departments in the city of San Antonio, Texas providing statistics, project updates, and other information about services and activities.
Date: August 2, 1993
Creator: San Antonio (Tex.)
System: The Portal to Texas History
Annual report Rockwell International Hot Laboratory decommissioning GFY 1992 (open access)

Annual report Rockwell International Hot Laboratory decommissioning GFY 1992

OAK-B135 Annual report Rockwell International Hot Laboratory decommissioning GFY 1992
Date: July 2, 1993
Creator: Larson, E. M.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Proposal for Fermilab remote access via ISDN (Ver. 1.0) (open access)

Proposal for Fermilab remote access via ISDN (Ver. 1.0)

Currently, most users at remote sites connect to the Fermilab network via dial-up over analog modems using a dumb terminal or a personal computer emulating a dumb terminal. This level of connectivity is suitable for accessing a single, character-based application. The power of personal computers that are becoming ubiquitous is under-utilized. National HEPnet Management (NHM) has been monitoring and experimenting with remote access via the integrated services digital network (ISDN) for over two years. Members of NHM felt that basic rate ISDN had the potential for providing excellent remote access capability. Initially ISDN was not able to achieve this, but recently the situation has improved. The authors feel that ISDN can now provide, at a remote site such as a user`s home, a computing environment very similar to that which is available at Fermilab. Such an environment can include direct LAN access, windowing systems, graphics, networked file systems, and demanding software applications. This paper proposes using ethernet bridging over ISDN for remote connectivity. With ISDN remote bridging, a remote Macintosh, PC, X-terminal, workstation, or other computer will be transparently connected to the Fermilab LAN. Except for a slight speed difference, the remote machine should function just as if it were …
Date: July 2, 1993
Creator: Lidinsky, W.P. & Martin, D.E.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Studies on the implementation of normals and curvatures: 1, The first or mean curvature (open access)

Studies on the implementation of normals and curvatures: 1, The first or mean curvature

We are interested in the construction of the unit normal and the curvatures on some surface which is represented by finite elements. We shall start with the usual definitions for the unit normal and the first and second curvatures on a continuous surface. The unit normal on some surface defined by {var_phi}(x) = 0 is given by {cflx n} = {del} {phi}/{vert_bar}{del} {phi}{vert_bar}, where {del} signifies the familiar three-dimensional gradient operator in space, rather than the two-dimensional gradient on the a surface, which is commonly utilized in differential geometry. The first and second curvatures, J and K, which involve invariant functions of this normal, may be expressed in the form: 2J={del}{center_dot}{cflx n} and 2K={del}{center_dot}[{cflx n}({del}{center_dot}{cflx n}) + {cflx n} {times} ({del} {times} {cflx n}]. The expression for J has the same formal appearance regardless of which gradient operator is used, but the expression for K differs from the two-dimensional version because of the expansion for the Laplacian of a vector.
Date: July 2, 1993
Creator: Rosenkilde, C.
System: The UNT Digital Library
PNL-MA-70 QA Plan (open access)

PNL-MA-70 QA Plan

The Instrument and External Dosimetry Section provides the calibration service for all portable radiation monitoring measuring and test equipment used on the Hanford Site. This document outlines the quality assurance (QA) plan for the Instrument Calibration and Evaluation Program. The scope of the QA plan in outlined, requirement specifications are provided, and QA program/organization and impact level are discussed.
Date: June 2, 1993
Creator: Ethridge, L. J.
System: The UNT Digital Library
Thermal analysis of the horizontal shipping container for normal conditions of transport with solar insolation (open access)

Thermal analysis of the horizontal shipping container for normal conditions of transport with solar insolation

A thermal analysis of the horizontal shipping container (HSC) was performed to determine the temperatures at the outer surface of the inner container during normal conditions of transport with incident solar radiation. There are two methods by which this analysis can be performed: (1) it can be run as a steady-state problem where it is assumed that the incident solar radiation is applied to the package 24 hours per day, or (2) it can be run as a cyclic transient problem where the incident solar radiation is applied for 12 hours per day and the other 12 hours there is assumed to be no incident solar radiation. The steady-state method was initially attempted, but the temperatures determined from this analysis were judged to be significantly higher than one would find in the cyclic case. Thus, it was deemed necessary to perform a transient analysis to determine a more realistic temperature distribution within the HSC during normal conditions of transport. The heat transfer code HEATING 7.1 was used to perform these calculations. HEATING 7.1 is a heat conduction code capable of handling radiation, convection (forced and natural), and heat flux boundary conditions. Heat generation within a material is also possible with …
Date: April 2, 1993
Creator: Stumpfl, E.; Feldman, M. R. & Anderson, J. C.
System: The UNT Digital Library