With Japan the United States has had one of its most important and most difficult trading relationships. Japan ranks second to Canada as the largest U.S. export market. It is also the second largest single source of imports to the United States. Trade issues are likely to become even more important as the whole U.S.-Japanese relationship changes in the post-Cold War period. How each country views and reacts to the other is changing as economic issues replace foreign policy and national security issues as the driving force of the relationship.

Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry was used for in situ determination of uranium and thorium concentrations in soil at 80 sampling sites in the Sewage Treatment Plant area. This work was performed by the Environmental Technology Development Program of the Ames Laboratory using a completely self-contained mobile laboratory. This laboratory, the mobile demonstration laboratory for environmental screening technologies and the robotic sampling accessory, were designed and constructed by the Ames Laboratory during FY 1992. The instrumentation is capable of analyzing each sample for twenty operator-defined elements simultaneously. Using the MDLEST/RSA, the uranium concentrations in the soil at the 80 sampling sites were found to range from <20 parts-per-million (ppM)(<13.5 pCi/g) to 303 ppM (205 pCi/g). The 95% confidence interval for these field determined values range from 80 to 110 ppM. Bore hole samples from two sites were analyzed. No measurable uranium concentration was detected below the one foot depth. Seven samples taken from sites within an area currently under remediation were analyzed and found to contain uranium concentrations ranging from 101 ppM (68.3 pCi/g) to 788 ppM (532 pCi/g). Soil samples were taken from twelve of the 80 sampling sites in the field, using conventional sampling techniques. These samples …

An explosive model has recently been designed and added to MACH2 to enable that code to be used as a tool for studying explosive magnetic flux compression generators. This report describes this model and gives examples of its use in both one- and two-dimensional simulations. A description of the model is given and one-dimensional simulations will be discussed. Also, we show examples of two-dimensional simulations. Appendices contain input decks for the one- and two-dimensional simulations and a listing of the modifications made to MACH2 for this purpose.

This report covers the period from October 1, 1992 to March 1, 1993. The overall goals of the program task are to provide a final synthesis of six deep seismic reflection profiles and other geological and geophysical data from the southern Washington Cascades region where a probable extensive deep sedimentary basin has been discovered. This deep sedimentary basin is hypothesized from geological, regional magnetotelluric (MT), gravity, magnetic , and seismic reflection data as described in the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) article by Stanley and others (1992). This report analyzed three seismic reflection profiles acquired by the Morgantown Energy Technology Centers in combination with the extensive MT and other data to outline a probable geological model for a thick conductive section of rocks in the southern Washington Cascades (called the Southern Washington Cascades conductor, SWCC). Earlier MT models suggested that the section consisted of an east-dipping package that extended to depths of as much as 20 km but appeared to surface in the Bear Canyon area near Morton, Washington and along the axis of the Carbon River and Morton anticlines. Interpretation of the first three DOE seismic reflection approximately confirmed the MT interpretation and added new information on anticlinal …

Research in progress and plans for future investigations are briefly summarized for the following areas: light-ion structure and reactions; nuclear structure; peripheral heavy-ion reactions at medium and high energy; medium-energy heavy-ion collisions and properties of highly excited nuclear matter; and high-energy heavy-ion collisions and QCD plasma.

Research in progress and plans for future investigations are briefly summarized for the following areas: light-ion structure and reactions; nuclear structure; peripheral heavy-ion reactions at medium and high energy; medium-energy heavy-ion collisions and properties of highly excited nuclear matter; and high-energy heavy-ion collisions and QCD plasma.

Sluggish U.S. economic growth over the past few years has raised concern in the United States over the state of U.S. "living standards." The focus of this concern is often centered on the position of U.S. "living standards" compared with those of other industrialized nations. However, there is no clear and precise definition of the standard of living concept, especially one that allows for international comparisons. This report analyzes the standard of living concept within an economic framework, where a nation's standard of living is measured according to its gross domestic product (GDP) on a per capita basis. For the purposes of international comparisons, per capita, GDP data are converted to a common currency using purchasing power parities. Based on this measurement, data indicate that the The United States currently maintains the highest standard of living among the world's top seven industrialized powers, also known as the G-7 countries, although it appears that other industrialized countries, including Japan, are quickly closing the gap.

A thermal analysis of the horizontal shipping container (HSC) was performed to determine the temperatures at the outer surface of the inner container during normal conditions of transport with incident solar radiation. There are two methods by which this analysis can be performed: (1) it can be run as a steady-state problem where it is assumed that the incident solar radiation is applied to the package 24 hours per day, or (2) it can be run as a cyclic transient problem where the incident solar radiation is applied for 12 hours per day and the other 12 hours there is assumed to be no incident solar radiation. The steady-state method was initially attempted, but the temperatures determined from this analysis were judged to be significantly higher than one would find in the cyclic case. Thus, it was deemed necessary to perform a transient analysis to determine a more realistic temperature distribution within the HSC during normal conditions of transport. The heat transfer code HEATING 7.1 was used to perform these calculations. HEATING 7.1 is a heat conduction code capable of handling radiation, convection (forced and natural), and heat flux boundary conditions. Heat generation within a material is also possible with …

During the first quarter of the above contract, all the elements of Task 1 were completed. The first quarterly report presented an overview of a wetland and its increasing use in industrial wastewater treatment. An idealized, reaction engineering description of wetlands was presented to demonstrate how the various processes that occur in a wetland can be modeled. Previous work on the use of wetlands to remove BOD, TSS, Phosphorus and Nitrogen was reviewed. Recent literature on the application of wetland technology to the treatment of petroleum-related wastewater was critically evaluated and an outline of the research plans for the first year was delineated. Further, our literature search (nominally completed under Task 1) unearthed more recent studies (some unpublished) and a summary was included in the second quarterly report. In the second quarterly report, results of our efforts on the construction of a laboratory-type wetland were also reported. Initial studies on the use of wetland amendments such as modified-clays and algae cells were presented and discussed. Adsorption of heavy metal ions, Cu{sup 2+} and Cr(VI) onto soils drawn from the laboratory-type wetland built as a part of this contract has been undertaken and these results are presented and discussed in this …

The Instrument and External Dosimetry Section provides the calibration service for all portable radiation monitoring measuring and test equipment used on the Hanford Site. This document outlines the quality assurance (QA) plan for the Instrument Calibration and Evaluation Program. The scope of the QA plan in outlined, requirement specifications are provided, and QA program/organization and impact level are discussed.

OAK-B135 Annual report Rockwell International Hot Laboratory decommissioning GFY 1992

Currently, most users at remote sites connect to the Fermilab network via dial-up over analog modems using a dumb terminal or a personal computer emulating a dumb terminal. This level of connectivity is suitable for accessing a single, character-based application. The power of personal computers that are becoming ubiquitous is under-utilized. National HEPnet Management (NHM) has been monitoring and experimenting with remote access via the integrated services digital network (ISDN) for over two years. Members of NHM felt that basic rate ISDN had the potential for providing excellent remote access capability. Initially ISDN was not able to achieve this, but recently the situation has improved. The authors feel that ISDN can now provide, at a remote site such as a user`s home, a computing environment very similar to that which is available at Fermilab. Such an environment can include direct LAN access, windowing systems, graphics, networked file systems, and demanding software applications. This paper proposes using ethernet bridging over ISDN for remote connectivity. With ISDN remote bridging, a remote Macintosh, PC, X-terminal, workstation, or other computer will be transparently connected to the Fermilab LAN. Except for a slight speed difference, the remote machine should function just as if it were …

We are interested in the construction of the unit normal and the curvatures on some surface which is represented by finite elements. We shall start with the usual definitions for the unit normal and the first and second curvatures on a continuous surface. The unit normal on some surface defined by {var_phi}(x) = 0 is given by {cflx n} = {del} {phi}/{vert_bar}{del} {phi}{vert_bar}, where {del} signifies the familiar three-dimensional gradient operator in space, rather than the two-dimensional gradient on the a surface, which is commonly utilized in differential geometry. The first and second curvatures, J and K, which involve invariant functions of this normal, may be expressed in the form: 2J={del}{center_dot}{cflx n} and 2K={del}{center_dot}[{cflx n}({del}{center_dot}{cflx n}) + {cflx n} {times} ({del} {times} {cflx n}]. The expression for J has the same formal appearance regardless of which gradient operator is used, but the expression for K differs from the two-dimensional version because of the expansion for the Laplacian of a vector.

Pressure sensors from ten MKS series 390 and 690 Baratron{reg_sign} capacitance manometers were hydrostatically burst tested by the Engineering and Materials Technology Department (E&MT). Four MKS series 390 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}10 torr sensors had an average case burst pressure of 915 psig. Five MKS series 690 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}1 torr sensors had an average case burst pressure of 1301 psig, and one MKS series 690 Baratron{reg_sign} 0{minus}1000 torr sensor had a case burst pressure of 938 psig.

This publication presents an annual summary of statistics at the national, Census division, State, electric utility, and plant levels regarding the quantity, quality, and cost of fossil fuels used to produce electricity. The purpose of this publication is to provide energy decision-makers with accurate and timely information that may be used in forming various perspectives on issues regarding electric power.

This engineering note documents the calculations done to determine the vacuum pumping speed for the D-Zero solenoid. The raw calculations are attached. A summary of the results are listed. The vacuum pumping speed of the solenoid is determined by the conductance of the pumping path. At higher pressure ranges during initial pumpdown, the conductances will be rather high. Calculations were not done for the transient pumpdown period, only the steady state type pumping situation. The pressure is assumed to be on the order of 10E-7 torr. This is the free molecular flow regime based on Knudsen number. This pressure regime is also where the pumping speed would be least. The conductances were calculated based on pumping helium gas at a temperature of 300 Kelvin. The total conductance of the pumping path from the solenoid to the inlet of the turbomolecular pump is 11.8 L/s. The effective pumping speed of a 1000 L/s turbo pump attached to this pumping path is 11.7 L/s. The minimum required pumping speed for design purposes was set at 4.3 L/s. This value was arrived at by assuming a warm leak size (10E-8 atm-cc/sec) was not detected during fabrication of the solenoid. It is then assumed …

The proposed action is to recycle slightly activated copper that is currently stored in a warehouse leased by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) to a scrap metal dealer. Subsequent reutilization of the copper would be unrestricted. This document addresses the potential environmental effects of recycling and reutilizing the activated copper. In addition, the potential environmental effects of possible future uses by the dealer are addressed. Direct environmental effects from the proposed action are assessed, such as air emissions from reprocessing the activated copper, as well as indirect beneficial effects, such as averting air emissions that would result from mining and smelting an equivalent quantity of copper ore. Evaluation of the human health impacts of the proposed action focuses on the pertinent issues of radiological doses and protection of workers and the public. Five alternatives to the proposed action are considered, and their associated potential impacts are addressed. The no-action alternative is the continued storage of the activated copper at the LBL warehouse. Two recycling alternatives are considered: recycling the activated copper at the Scientific Ecology Group (SEG) facility for re-use at a DOE facility and selling or giving the activated copper to a foreign government. In addition, two disposal alternatives evaluate …

Japan emerged as the largest foreign direct investor in the U.S. economy in 1992, despite a sharp drop in the total value and number of U.S. businesses acquired and established by foreign investors. This change in Japan's status was spurred by a slight increase in investment spending by Japanese investors combined with a decrease in the British investment position. The foreign direct investment position in U.S. businesses and real estate - or the accumulated book value of all foreign investments - increased by $5 billion in 1992, the smallest change in two decades. Economists generally believe that foreign direct investment yields positive net benefits to both the host and the investing countries. For some American firms, the foreign investment inflows have been especially beneficial because they supplied the firms with funds during times when many U.S. commercial banks were unwilling to finance them.

Forty-four abstracts are presented of research projects in radiation chemistry, photochemistry, and related topics.

Compilation of monthly reports from departments in the city of San Antonio, Texas providing statistics, project updates, and other information about services and activities.

The apparatus used for ammonia saturation and TPD (=temperature programmed desorption?) testing was modified to avoid repeated injections of NH{sub 3}. Saturation and TPD results are presented for potassium-doped {gamma}-alumina. In order to examine effects of Mo oxide promotion on catalytic activity of alumina-supported Rh catalyst, additional samples of Rh/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} and Rh-Mo/{gamma}-Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} have been synthesized. 2 tabs, 3 figs.

In September 1989, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) issued a final ruling on lockout/tagout procedures. This ruling became effective in January 1990 and was eventually incorporated into the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of these procedures is to safeguard employees from hazardous energy while performing service or maintenance activities on machines and equipment. Approximately 39 million workers are protected by lockout/tagout procedures in general industry. OSHA estimates that adherence to the requirements in lockout/tagout procedures will eliminate nearly two percent of all workplace deaths. A lockout/tagout program is essential to the safe operation of all Department of Energy (DOE) facilities. The program outlined in this document consists of energy-control procedures, employee training and periodic inspections, and establishes the minimum requirements for lockout/tagout of equipment or system-energy sources that could cause injury to personnel. Because serious consequences can occur due to a lack of understanding and improper administration of this program, this document also includes a method for: Providing guidance for the control of hazardous energy, protecting employees from injury, defining responsibilities, and protecting equipment and facilities from damage.

The study on forgings characterized machinability of the material by varying cutting speeds and feedrates utilizing four tools for the roughing operation and four tools for the semi-finish operation. Tools tested were obtained from four manufacturers. Twelve parts were machined utilizing an experimental design to determine all possible interactions between cutting speeds and feedrates. To evaluate the machinability of the material, quantitative measures in tool life, tool wear, surface finish, chip control, and material removal rates were analyzed. Benefits gained from this study are: higher material removal rates, longer tool life, minimal tool wear, improved chip control and reliability, increased productivity, and cost minimization.

A grant was awarded to us by the Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, in May 1987 to support the design and performance analysis of a large grain data-driven multiprocessor system for numerical applications. The basic idea of the work is to apply the data-driven principles of execution at a more appropriate level than conventional ``atomic`` instructions. For this purpose, a level such as that of vector operations was under study. This document represents the final report concerning the results of the research supported by this grant. The goals of the project entailed an analysis of Partial Differential Equation solvers on data-driven environments, a preliminary design of our multi-level architecture, an in-depth study of some of the mechanisms of execution, and a design of the software environment. As enumerated in the original proposal, our work has yielded results in three different domain: Specifications of the application programs; design of the general concepts of the architecture and simulation; implementation of a translating environment; and we discuss each of the above items and examine specific research results.