Precipitated iron catalysts are expected to be used in next generation slurry reactors for large-scale production of transportation fuels from synthesis gas. These reactors are expected to operate at higher temperatures and lower H{sub 2}:CO ratios relative to the Sasol Arge reactor (Table 1A). The feasibility of using iron catalysts has been demonstrated under relatively mild Arge-type conditions but not under more severe slurry conditions. Possibly, an improvement in catalytic stability will be needed to make iron catalysts suitable for slurry operation. This program was aimed at identifying the chemical principles governing the deactivation of precipitated iron catalysts during Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and use of these chemical principles in the design of more stable catalysts. A new precipitated Fe catalyst was developed in this program for slurry reactor operation. The new Fe catalyst is predicted to perform slightly below the performance targets for slurry bubble column operation. Stability targets appear to be achievable. This catalyst did not noticeably deactivate during 1,740 hours on-stream. Compared to the selectivity target, an excess of 2% C{sub 1} + C{sub 2} was formed at 265{degrees}C. Based on the initial catalyst inventory in the autoclave, the catalyst seems to be short of the activity target by …

This report documents the results of the corrosion tests that were performed to aid in the selection of the construction materials for multi-function waste tanks to be built in the U.S. Department of Energy Hanford Site. Two alloys were tested: 304L and Alloy 20 austenitic stainless steel. The test media were aqueous solutions formulated to represent the extreme of the chemical compositions of waste to be stored in the tanks. The results summerized by alloy are as follows: For 304L the tests showed no stress-corrosion cracking in any of the nine test solutions. The tests showed pitting in on of the solutions. There were no indications of any weld heat-tint corrosion, nor any sign of preferential corrosion in the welded areas. For Alloy 20 the tests showed no general, pitting, or stress-corrosion cracking. One crevice corrosion coupon cracked at the web between a hole and the edge of the coupon in one of the solutions. Mechanical tests showed some possible crack extension in the same solution. Because of the failure of both alloys to meet test acceptance criteria, the tank waste chemistry will have to be restricted or an alternative alloy tested.

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The Super Collider is a high-energy scientific instrument composed of a 53-mile-long ring of proton accelerators designed to collide protons and evaluate the emanating particles. The Oak Ridge Y-12 Plant is under contract to perform work for the Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL) and has been asked to develop manufacturing processes for components of the gammas, electrons, muons (GEM) detector. Three welded subassemblies are involved in the fabrication of these conductors. The superconducting cable is enclosed in a stainless steel conduit, which is then enclosed in an aluminum sheath. The ends of the conductor are terminated with a connector assembly joined to the superconductor, the conduit, and the sheath. Initially, the conduit weld was to be a single-pass, autogenous gas-tungsten arc weld. The authors made a great effort to get full penetration without root reinforcement on the inside of the tube. When the authors were unable to meet all of the weld requirements with an autogenous weld, they shifted development efforts to making the weld using an automatic gas-tungsten arc tube welding head with an integral wire feeder. Because reinforcement at the root continued to be a problem, the authors decided to make the weld in two passes. To achieve …

The main advantage of the project is that it allowed PTI to gain knowledge and experience about the proper approach, methods and hardware required to properly optimize and control column flotation performance. Many operational problems were incurred during the project, some of that PTI was able to solve during the project and other that must be overcome as the technology is further developed and commercialized. The key operating problems experienced with the KEN-FLOTE{sup TM} Column that must be further researched and overcome include: (1)The low concentrate solids content which limited the throughput capacity of the column, due to high froth washing requirements. The low concentrate solids content also lead to difficulty obtaining accurate On-Line Monitor measurements, due to the poor measurement sensitivity obtained with low solids content samples (particularly less than 5.0 wt %). (2) The higher-than-anticipated reagent dosages that undoubtedly contributed to the low solids content listed above, and also caused foaming problems within PTI`s On-Line Monitor. A defoaming reagent addition (Nalco 7810) was required to provide consistent sample size and reproducible On-Line Monitor counts for the concentrate samples collected within the circuit. PTI and UK`s CAER staff will continue to research alternative column design, particularly alternative air bubble …

The composites industry employs a method of high speed continuous reinforcement lay-down called filament winding. This is a process where resin impregnated tows, bundles of filament, are wound over a rotating mandrel. The tows, hereafter referred to as filament, are laid down over the rotating mandrel at a prescribed wind angle. Consider a cylindrical filament winding mandrel with conical features such that the filament is tangent to both the cylinder and the cone simultaneously. A gap is formed between the points of tangency. The gap distance measured along a line normal to the filament and intersecting the mandrel`s axis of rotation. The maximum distance occurs between the filament and a point on the intersection of the cylinder and the cone. The problems this paper addresses are: given a cylindrical filament winding mandrel with conical features, what is the gap size for a given wind angle; conversely what is the wind angle for a given gap size; and what does the geometry need to be in the mandrel transition area between the cylinder cone such that the filament remains in contact with the mandrel at all times?

The International Petroleum Statistics Report presents data on international oil production, demand, imports, exports, and stocks. The report has four sections. Section 1 contains time series data on world oil production, and on oil demand and stocks in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This section contains annual data beginning in 1980, and monthly data for the most recent two years. Section 2 presents an oil supply/demand balance for world. This balance is presented in quarterly intervals for the most recent two years. Section 3 presents data on oil imports by OECD countries. This section contains annual data for the most recent year, quarterly data for the most recent two quarters, and monthly data for the most recent twelve months. Section 4 presents annual time series data on world oil production and oil stocks, demand, and trade in OECD countries. World oil production and OECD demand data are for the years 1970 through 1992; OECD stocks from 1982 through 1992.

The Inventory of Power Plants in the United States is prepared annually by the Survey Management Division, Office of Coal, Nuclear, Electric and Alternate Fuels, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of Energy (DOE). The purpose of this publication is to provide year-end statistics about electric generating units operated by electric utilities in the United States (the 50 States and the District of Columbia). The publication also provides a 10-year outlook of future generating unit additions. Data summarized in this report are useful to a wide audience including Congress, Federal and State agencies, the electric utility industry, and the general public. Data presented in this report were assembled and published by the EIA to fulfill its data collection and dissemination responsibilities as specified in the Federal Energy Administration Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-275) as amended. The report is organized into the following chapters: Year in Review, Operable Electric Generating Units, and Projected Electric Generating Unit Additions. Statistics presented in these chapters reflect the status of electric generating units as of December 31, 1992.

Providing air conditioning for electric vehicles (EVs) represents an important challenge, because vapor compression air conditioners, which are common in gasoline powered vehicles, may consume a substantial part of the total energy stored in the EV battery. This report consists of two major parts. The first part is a cooling and heating load calculation for electric vehicles. The second part is an evaluation of several systems that can be used to provide the desired cooling and heating in EVs. Four cases are studied. Short range and full range EVs are each analyzed twice, first with the regular vehicle equipment, and then with a fan and heat reflecting windows, to reduce hot soak. Recent legislation has allowed the use of combustion heating whenever the ambient temperature drops below 5{degrees}C. This has simplified the problem of heating, and made cooling the most important problem. Therefore, systems described in this project are designed for cooling, and their applicability to heating at temperatures above 5{degrees}C is described. If the air conditioner systems cannot be used to cover the whole heating load at 5{degrees}C, then the vehicle requires a complementary heating system (most likely a heat recovery system or electric resistance heating). Air conditioners are …

This Technical Progress Report for the quarter ending 09/30/93 describes work on two tasks which are part of nuclear magnetic resonance studies of granular flows. (1) Research has been directed toward improving concentration measurements under reasonably fast conditions. (2) The process continues of obtaining comprehensive velocity, concentration, and diffusion information at several angular velocities of the cylinder for seeds (mustard, sesame, and sunflower seeds) flowing in a half-filled cylinder.

The progress during 1992--1993 with respect to ER 60533 is summarized in this report under three headings: The development of two-dimensional DNA gels for the detection of mutation, the mitochondrial DNA of American Indians, and molecular verification of a suggested polyogeny for the eight most common phospheglucomutose-1 (POM1)alleles.

The purpose of this report is to provide input of thermodynamic data on actinide volatilities to EERC for use in their computer code for modeling of metal volatilities in incinerators. It is also anticipated that the data may be documented later in an EPA sponsored ``Metals Bible.`` It should be noted that only upper limits for the volatility of PuO{sub 2}(s) due to PuO{sub 3}(g) and PuO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2}(g) and the volatility of AmO{sub 2} in PuO{sub 2}(s) due to AmO{sub 3}(g) and AmO{sub 2}(OH){sub 2}(g) could be set. The data on the americium vapor species are intended for calculations where AmO{sub 2} is present as a solid solution in PuO{sub 2}(s).

The CZD process involves injecting a finely atomized slurry of reactive lime into the flue gas duct work of a coal-fired utility boiler. The principle of the confined zone is to form a wet zone of slurry droplets in the middle of the duct confined in an envelope of hot gas between the wet zone and the duct walls. The lime slurry reacts with part of the SO{sub 2} in the gas, and the reaction products dry to form solid particles. A solids collector, typically an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) downstream from the point of injection, captures the reaction products along with the fly ash entrained in the flue gas. The goal of this demonstration is to prove the technical and economic feasibility of the CZD technology on a commercial scale. The process is expected to achieve 50% SO{sub 2} removal at lower capital and O&M costs than other systems. To achieve its objectives, the project is divided into the following three phases: Phase 1: Design and Permitting, Phase 2: Construction and Start-up, Phase 3: Operation and Disposition. Phase 1 activities were completed on January 31, 1991. Phase 2 activities were essentially concluded on July 31, 1991, and Phase 3a, Parametric …

This report investigates the derivation of the Fokker-Planck equation which is commonly used to evaluate the evolution with time of an ensemble of particles under the effect of external rf forces, cooling and forces of stochastic nature like intrabeam scattering. The conventional approach based on the classical work by Chandrasekhar is first exposed, where the phase delay and the momentum error of the particle are used. The method is then extended to the case the distribution function is expressed in terms of the amplitude of motion instead of the original rectilinear variables. The new Fokker-Planck equation is obtained with an averaging process over the phase distribution instead of the time-averaging as it was usually performed earlier, to avoid the appearance of a singularity behavior. The solution of the Fokker-Planck equation is chosen in the proper form which makes easier the evaluation of the beam lifetime in the presence of the separatrix of the rf buckets. Finally the numerical applications apply the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC).

Components are being developed for plutonium casting in support of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. A vendor used a proprietary process to grow a nitrocarburized surface layer on a titanium alloy shot sleeve to be used in a prototype die casting machine. The shot sleeve was significantly out-of-round upon return from the vendor and could not be used. Purpose of this study was to determine whether the shape change could have been caused by this surface treatment. Visual observation of disk and ring samples exposed first to surface treatment alone temperature and then the actual nitrocarburizing environment revealed no gross warping in either case. Dimension measurements of each sample before and after both the thermal treatment and the nitrocarburizing revealed no significant changes. Visual examination of the shot sleeve revealed a surface flaw likely made during handling after machining at SRS and before the part was nitrocarburized. The out-of-roundness of the shot sleeve could be related to the damage observed on the surface, but the possibility of warping during the nitrocarburizing cannot be excluded. Nitrocarburization should remain a candidate method to protect titanium alloys from molten metals.

Neutron multiplication factors (k{sub eff}) have been calculated for arrays of three standard sizes of waste receptacles: 5, 30, and 55 gallon drums containing either 2% or 5% enriched uranium compounds mixed with either water or oil. The calculations demonstrate the effect of both the array pitch and the uranium concentration on k{sub eff} No container was subcritical for all possible sets of concentration and pitch. All were safe for both very low and very high uranium concentrations. Accident condition calculations, for which an extra drum is added to the system, show little effect on criticality.

This work had as its original goals the theoretical evaluation of a unique method of performing mixed field dosimetry by using focused and unfocused laser heating to extract dose information from the superficial layers, followed by the deeper layers, of a single, thick thermoluminescent detector (TLD). This report will review the original stated goals for this award, then review the results obtained during the first year of the grant. Software tools required to accomplish these goals were completed during the first year of the grant, and preliminary simulated data were obtained. A modification to the approach, utilizing sequential laser heating with different pulse powers and durations and deconvolution of the resulting glow curves was devised as a method for obtaining more complete depth dose information. Optimization and error analysis of the method will be accomplished in detail during Year 2.

The Natural Gas Monthly (NGM) is prepared in the Data Operations Branch of the Reserves and Natural Gas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, Energy Information Administration (EIA), US Department of Energy (DOE). The NGM highlights activities, events, and analyses of interest to public and private sector organizations associated with the natural gas industry. Volume and price data are presented each month for natural gas production, distribution, consumption, and interstate pipeline activities. Producer-related activities and underground storage data are also reported. From time to time, the NGM features articles designed to assist readers in using and interpreting natural gas information.

The most severe limitation to the muon production for a large-energy muon collider is the short time allowed for cooling the beam to dimensions small enough to provide reasonably high luminosity. The limitation is caused by the short lifetime of the particles that, for instance, at the energy of 100 GeV is of only 2.2 ms. Moreover, it appears to be desirable to accelerate the beam quickly, with very short bunches of about a millimeter so it can be made immediately available for the final collision. This paper describes the requirements of single-pass, fast stochastic cooling for very short bunches. Bandwidth, amplifier gain and Schottky power do not seem to be of major concern. Problems do arise with the ultimate low emittance that can be achieved, the value of which is seriously affected by the front-end thermal noise. Since mixing within the beam bunches is completely absent, methods are required for the regeneration of the beam signal with external and powerful magnetic-lenses. The feasibility of these methods are crucial for the development of the muon collider. These methods will be studied in a subsequent report.

A soil-gas survey was conducted near the 382 Pump House in the 300 Area of the Hanford Site. The objective of the soil-gas survey was to characterize the extent of petroleum product contamination in the soil beneath the 382-1 underground gasoline storage tank excavation. The tank was discovered to have leaked when it was removed in September 1992. The results of this soil-gas survey indicate petroleum products released from the 382-1 tank are probably contained in a localized region of soil directly beneath the tank excavation site. The soil-gas data combined with earlier tests of groundwater from a nearby downgradient monitoring well suggest the spilled petroleum hydrocarbons have not penetrated the soil profile to the water table.

This report is a critical evaluation of the effort for the restart of the Omega West reactor. It is divided into the following areas: progress made; difficulties in restart effort; current needs; and suggested detailed steps for improvement. A brief discussion is given for each area of study.

Worldwide efforts in fusion energy research are designed to develop fusion power as a safe, environmentally sound, and economically competitive source of energy. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) project is a worldwide effort to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion power. The European Community, Japan, the Russian Federation, and the United States are collaborating on ITER, with each of the four parties expected to equally share costs and benefits. Shared costs for the current engineering design phase of the project are estimated at $1 billion in 1989 dollars, excluding certain management and support costs to be absorbed by each partner, with an early estimate of $6 billion, also in 1989 dollars, for construction of the reactor. Engineering design formally began in July 1992, and this phase is in its formative stages. The US had already spent about $100 million since 1987 on ITER conceptual design activities and other preparatory activities in advance of the engineering design phase. Because of its cost significance, the importance of ITER to the US fusion energy program, and the project`s unique aspects which may provide a framework for future international endeavors, we initiated an audit of the ITER project. The purpose of …

This description of work (DOW) details the field activities associated with the vadose zone drilling and soil sampling in the 200-UP-2 Operable Unit (Task 2, 3, and 5) and will serve as a field guide for those performing the work. It will be used in conjunction with the 200-UP-2 RCRA Facility Investigation/Corrective Measures Study (DOE-RL 1993a,[LFI]) and Site Characterization Manual (WHC 1988a). Vadose zone borings are being constructed to characterize the vertical and horizontal extent of contaminants in sediments within and beneath the cribs. The locations for the proposed borings are presented in Figure 1. The contaminants of concern for the project are presented in Table 1.

We apply dual-band infrared (DBIR) imaging as a dynamic thermal tomography tool for wide area inspection of a Boeing 737 aircraft, and several Boeing KC-135 aircraft panels. Our analyses are discussed in this report. After flash-heating the aircraft skin, we record synchronized DBIR images every 40 ms, from onset to 8 seconds after the heat flash. We analyze selective DBIR image ratios which enhance surface temperature contrast and remove surface-emissivity clutter (from dirt, dents, tape, markings, ink, sealants, uneven paint, paint stripper, exposed metal and roughness variations). The Boeing 737 and KC-135 aircraft fuselage panels have varying percent thickness losses from corrosion. We established the correlation of percent thickness loss with surface temperature rise (above ambient) for a partially corroded F-18 wing box structure and several aluminum reference panels. Based on this correlation, lap splice temperatures rise 1{degrees}C per 24 {plus_minus} 5 % material loss at 0.4 s after the heat flash. We show tables, charts and temperature maps of typical lap splice material losses for the riveted (and bonded) Boeing 737, and the riveted (but unbonded) Boeing KC-135. We map the fuselage composite thermal inertia, based on the (inverse) slope of the surface temperature versus inverse square root of …