Crystallographic defects and phase transformations in the system Y{sub 2}Ba{sub 4}Cu{sub 6 + x}O{sub 14 + x}(0{le}{times}{le}4) are investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and static lattice, three dimensional Monte Carlo computer simulations. High resolution images of partially transformed (x = 2 to x = 1) material reveal a prevalence of CuO planar defects (stacking faults) associated with the transformation and an absence of disturbance to the perovskite Ba-Y-Ba blocks. An atomic mechanism involving the intercalculation and removal of extra CuO planes by partial dislocation climb, and requiring only a-b plane diffusion, is developed for the formation of such planar defects during changes in the layered YBaCuO crystal structure. Monte Carlo simulations based on the proposed transformation mechanism accurately reproduce the observed defects and known equilibrium structures. 24 refs., 4 figs.

The Savannah River Archaeological Research Program (SRARP) of the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of South Carolina, is funded through a direct contract with the United States Department of Energy to provide services required under federal law for the protection and management of archaeological resources on the Savannah River Site (SRS). Because the significance of most archaeological resources is dependent upon research potential, the SRARP is guided by research objectives. An on-going research program provides the problems, methods and means of assessing site significance within the compliance process specified by law. In addition, the SRARP maintains an active program of public education to disseminate knowledge about prehistory and history, and to enhance public awareness about historic preservation. The following report summarizes the management, research and public education activities of the SRARP during Fiscal Year 1990.

Radiation generated by relativistic charges can be analyzed and described in exquisite detail. One reason that such detailed analysis is possible is because the phases of radiated photons often are determined completely by the initial conditions of the relativistic charges and the radiating system. The phase relationships between the initial charges and the radiated photons represent coherence in the emitted radiation. A previous paper described how this coherence could affect the spatial and spectral distributions of radiation generated by a single charge in a periodic radiator. The present paper discusses a complementary issue; namely, how the temporal shape of a relativistic charge bunch can emphasize specific features of the radiation generated at a single interaction site. 3 refs., 4 figs.

The Experimental Boiling-Water Reactor (EBWR) was designed, built, and operated to provide experience and engineering data that would demonstrate the feasibility of the direct-cycle, boiling-water reactor and be applicable to improved, larger nuclear power stations; and was based on information obtained in the first test boiling-water reactors, the BORAX series. EBWR initially produced 20 MW(t), 5 MW(e); later modified and upgraded, as described and illustrated, it was operated at up to 100 MW(t). The facility fulfilled its primary mission - demonstrating the practicality of the direct-boiling concept - and, in fact, was the prototype of some of the first commercial plants and of reactor programs in some other countries. After successful completion of the Water-Cooled Reactor Program, EBWR was utilized in the joint Argonne-Hanford Plutonium Recycle Program to develop data for the utilization of plutonium as a fuel in light-water thermal systems. Final shutdown of the EBWR facility followed the termination of the latter program.

A comprehensive set of elementary functions has been implemented portably in Ada. The high accuracy of the implementation has been confirmed by rigorous analysis. Moreover, we present new test methods that are efficient and offer a high resolution of 0.005 unit in the last place. These test methods have been implemented portably here and confirm the accuracy of our implemented functions. Reports on the accuracy of other function libraries obtained by our test programs are also presented.

A conference at Argonne National Laboratory for executives and technical personnel in small and medium-size manufacturing companies summarized how materials evaluation and inspection by nondestructive methods are changing and broadening. The application of these rapidly emerging techniques in maintaining and improving the quality and competitiveness of manufactured products was stressed. Individual papers have been cataloged separately.

In horizontal flow through a rectangular channel, the channel cross section can be oriented so that the long side is either vertical or horizontal. The effect of cross-section orientation on the fluid dynamic characteristics of two-phase flow is of interest in plate-fin heat exchanger design because a heat exchanger can be similarly oriented to operate in either of the two orientations. An earlier study of two-phase flow patterns and frictional pressure gradients in a small rectangular channel with the channel cross section oriented with the long side vertical was performed and reported. This report presents the results of a complementary study of the same channel, but with the channel cross section oriented so that the long side was horizontal. Flow patterns were studied and a flow pattern map, using superficial gas and liquid velocities as co-ordinates, was developed. Measured two-phase frictional pressure drops were analyzed using the concept of two--phase flow multipliers. Results from the two channel orientations were compared. While there are some notable differences in flow patterns at low mass qualities and low mass fluxes, in the practical range of interest for plate-fin heat exchanger design the effects on frictional pressure gradient are minimal and the modified correlation …

Six alloys have been selected as candidate container materials for the storage of high-level nuclear waste at the proposed Yucca Mountain site in Nevada. These materials are Type 304L stainless steel (SS), Type 316L SS, Incoloy 825, P-deoxidized Cu, Cu-30%Ni, and Cu-7%A1. The present program has been initiated to determine whether any of these materials can survive for 300 years in the site environment without developing through-wall stress corrosion cracks, and to assess the relative resistance of these materials to stress corrosion cracking (SCC). A series of slow-strain-rate tests (SSRTs) jn simulated Well J-13 water which is representative of the groundwater present at the Yucca Mountain site has been completed, and crack-growth-rate (CGR) tests are also being conducted under the same environmental conditions.

Midterm Syrian Hamster embryo (SHE) cells were employed to study high LET-radiation induced tumorigenesis. Normal SHE cells (secondary passage) were irradiated with accelerated helium ions at an incident energy of 22 MeV/u (9--10 keV/{mu}m). Transformed clones were isolated after growth in soft agar of cells obtained from the foci of the initial monolayer plated postirradiation. To study the progression process of malignant transformation, the transformed clones were followed by monolayer subculturing for prolonged periods of time. Subsequently, neoplasia tests in nude mice were done. In this work, however, we have focused on karyotypic changes in the banding patterns of the chromosomes during the early part of the progressive process of cell transformation for helium ion-induced transformed cells. 26 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

The Nb-93(n,n{prime})Nb-93m reaction plays an important role in nuclear energy applications. Because of its low threshold energy and relatively long half-life, it is a desirable reaction for long-term neutron fluence dosimetry in nuclear fission reactors. An evaluation of the differential cross section for this reaction was completed in 1985 by this laboratory as part of a comprehensive effort involving all neutron cross sections for niobium. The objective was to provide input for ENDF/B-VI. It was difficult to produce a reliable evaluation for this reaction in 1985 because the information available then was sparse and quite uncertain. In fact, that evaluation was based entirely on nuclear model calculations. The evaluated cross sections below 0.7 MeV were derived from calculations carried out in this laboratory, while the higher energy values were obtained from the work of Strohmaier and co-workers. In 1985 there was only one published experimental differential cross section value to consider for this reaction. Even the half-life of Nb-93m was in serious doubt. During the five years between the completion of the earlier evaluation and the finalization of ENDF/B-VI there have been some significant improvements and additions to the experimental database for this reaction. Also, new model calculations have been …

Development Service Order {number sign}90025 requested recommendations for computer hardware, operating systems, and software development utilities based on current and future SIMON software requirements. Since SIMON's main objective is to be dispatched on missions by an operator with little computer experience, user friendly'' hardware and software interfaces are required. Other design criteria include: a fluid software development environment, and hardware and operating systems with minimal maintenance requirements. Also, the hardware should be expandable; extra processor boards should be easily integrated into the existing system. And finally, the use of well established standards for hardware and software should be implemented where practical.

The objectives of the Project are to demonstrate: (1) the Modified In- Situ (MIS) shale oil extraction process and (2) the application of CFBC technology using oil shale, coal and waste gas streams as fuels. The project will focus on evaluating and improving the efficiency and environmental performance of these technologies. The project will be modest by commercial standards. A 17-retort MIS system is planned in which two retorts will be processed simultaneously. Production of 1206-barrels per calendar day of raw shale oil and 46-megawatts of electricity is anticipated. West Virginia University coordinated an Environmental Analysis Program for the Project. Experts from around the country were retained by WVU to prepare individual sections of the report. These experts were exposed to all of OOSI's archives and toured Tract C-b and Logan Wash. Their findings were incorporated into this report. In summary, no environmental obstacles were revealed that would preclude proceeding with the Project. One of the most important objectives of the Project was to verify the environmental acceptability of the technologies being employed. Consequently, special attention will be given to monitoring environmental factors and providing state of the art mitigation measures. Extensive environmental and socioeconomic background information has been compiled …

Stability of the positron closed orbit is a requirement for successful operation of the Advanced Photon Source. The fact that vibration of the storage ring quadrupole magnets can lead to distortion of the positron closed orbit and to potentially unacceptable beam emittance growth provides the motivation for the subject studies. Low frequency vibrations can be controlled with steering magnets using feedback systems, provided the vibration amplitudes are within the dynamic range of the controllers. High frequency vibration amplitudes, on the other hand, are out of the range of the controller and, therefore must be limited to ensure the emittance growth will not exceed a prescribed value. Vibration criteria were developed based on the requirement that emittance growth be limited to 10 percent. Recognizing that the quadrupole magnets have the most significant effect, three different scenarios were considered: vibration of a single quadrupole within the storage ring, random vibration of all the quadrupoles in the ring, and the hypothetical case of a plane wave sweeping across the site and the quadrupoles following the motion of the plane wave. The maximum allowable peak vibration amplitudes corresponding to these three vibration scenarios are given. The criteria associated with the passage of a plane …

This work describes a number of experimental observations on the structure and behavior of {Sigma}99 and other near-90{degree} <110> tilt boundaries in bicrystals of aluminum. The continuous bicrystal structure employed in these studies is based on the symmetry properties inherent in heteroepitaxial growth. A thin film grown in this geometry consists of intertwined grains surrounding each other but with only two grain orientations.

The Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 1-2, 1990, set into motion a series of actions by the United Nations Security Council. Between August 2 and December 4, 1990, the Council adopted 12 resolutions. The numbers and votes of those resolutions are listed and the full text of each resolution is included in the this report.

The report discusses contamination of the hydrogeological system (a primer), technologies to improve nutrient and pest management, farmer decision-making and technical assistance to reduce agrichemical contamination of groundwater, and public influences on agrichemical contamination of groundwater.

The failure data for geothermal energy conversion facilities collected to date are compiled and tabled. These facilities have not accumulated sufficient production history to reliably estimated component failure rates. In addition, the improvements made in drilling technology in recent years may have made less pertinent the accumulation of data on well failures.

During the current reporting period experimental studies of aerosol deposition in replicate NOPL airways have carried out. A replicate model of a 4 week old infant nasal passage was constructed from MR scans. The model completes the age range from newborn'' to 4 years, there now being one child model for 4 different ages. Deposition studies have been performed with unattached radon progeny aerosols in collaboration with ITRI, Albuquerque, NM and NRPB, Chilton, UK. Overall measurements have been performed in adult and child nasal airways indicating that the child nasal passage was slightly more efficient than the adult in removing 1 nm particles at corresponding flow rates. A similar weak dependence on flow rate was observed. Local deposition studies in an adult nasal model indicated predominant deposition in the anterior region during inspiratory flow, but measurable deposition was found throughout the model. The deposition pattern during expiration was reverse, greater deposition being observed in the posterior region. Local deposition studies of attached progeny aerosol size (100--200 nm) were performed in adult and child nasal models using technigas'' and a gamma scintillation camera. Similar to the unattached size, deposition occurred throughout the models, but was greater in the anterior region.

First principles calculations of the positron lifetimes are used to interpret experimental lifetime data for Ba{sub 1-x}K{sub x}BiO{sub 3}. The observed lifetimes are found to be very sensitive to the presence of defects in the sample. The temperature dependence of the lifetime and the change in lifetime with sample aging are both attributed to defects. The qualitative differences between metal vacancy defects and oxygen vacancy defects in metal oxides are also discussed. 6 refs., 2 figs.

This report documents the results of the US Department of Energy's (DOE's) Environmental Audit conducted by the DOE Headquarters Office of Environmental Audit within the Bonneville Power Administration's (BPA's) Lower Columbia Area. The BPA facilities included in the Audit are the Ross Complex in Vancouver, Washington; the substations of North Bonneville, North Bonneville Annex, Camas, and Longview within the state of Washington; and the Acton and Troutdale Substations within the state of Oregon. The independent Audit was conducted by a team of professionals from DOE and contractors. The purpose of the Audit is to provide the Secretary of Energy, Admiral James D. Watkins, Ret., with the status of environmental programs within BPA's Lower Columbia Area. The Environmental Audit team identified 25 findings dealing with the lack of conformance with federal and state laws and regulations and DOE Orders, and 7 findings in which BMPs were not attained. Although all findings require corrective action, none required cessation of operations or reflect situations that present an immediate risk to public health or the environment. The Audit team noted inadequacies in PCB management included storage, labeling, reporting, and spill control. The most significant causal factors for the findings include lack of policy implementation …

Numerous gas flow measurements have been made at the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) Facility horizon during 1988. All tests have been pressure decay or constant pressure tests from single boreholes drilled from the underground excavations. The test fluid has been nitrogen. The data have been interpreted as permeabilities and porosities by means of a transient numerical solution method. A closed-form steady-state approximation provides a reasonable order-of-magnitude permeability estimate. The effective resolution of the measurement system is less than 10{sup {minus}20} m{sup 2}. Results indicate that beyond 1 to 5 m from an excavation, the gas flow is very small and the corresponding permeability is below the system resolution. Within the first meter of an excavation, the interpreted permeabilities can be 5 orders of magnitude greater than the undisturbed or far-field permeability. The interpreted permeabilities in the region between the undisturbed region and the first meter from an excavation are in the range of 10{sup {minus}16} to 10{sup {minus}20} m{sup 2}. Measurable gas flow occurs to a greater depth into the roof above WIPP excavations of different sizes and ages than into the ribs and floor. The gas flows into the formation surrounding the smallest excavation tested are consistently lower …

The search for new particles, such as the top quark, charged Higgs boson, heavy gauge bosons and supersymmetric particles, at the CERN and Fermilab proton-antiproton colliders is reviewed. A preliminary result by the CDF experiment of a reconstructed B meson mass peak from the decays B{sup {plus minus}} {yields} J/{psi}K{sup {plus minus}} and B{sup 0} {yields} J/{psi}K*{sup 0} is also presented. 22 refs., 13 figs.

The problem of computing the radiation pattern of an HF antenna sited in irregular terrain was investigated. The primary interest is in antennas for skywave communication, however ionospheric models were not considered. Several methods for modeling terrain effects are briefly reviewed. A geometrical optics model for arbitrary terrain is developed and results are compared with published results from solution of a Volterra integral equation for scattering by a Gaussian ridge. This report covers work on the first phase of a project for the US Navy to develop and apply models for terrain effects in HF communications involving skywave. 45 refs., 16 figs.

The objective of this program was to differentiate and quantitate the effects of various hydrogen bonding functionalities on the viscosity of coal liquids. Emphasis was on separating and measuring the individual effect of phenolic (acidic) and aromatic amino (basic) hydrogen bonding functionalities on the viscosity of coal liquids. The elimination of both acidic and basic hydrogen bondings was attempted by using trifluoroacetyl chloride and butyric acid in derivatization; and the elimination of basic hydrogen bondings was attempted by using only trifluoroacetyl chloride in derivatization. The selectivity toward hydrogen bondings' elimination offered by these derivatizations was proven to be feasible from a study of model compounds' derivatizations. Nine narrow-boiling-range coal distillates were obtained from distilling the coal liquids of Wilsonville Run 245 and were used as coal liquid samples. 6 figs.