During the summer of 1985, the Tennessee Division of Water Pollution Control and the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency measured dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations downstream from the Sequoyah Nuclear Plant (SQN) discharge mixing zone that were below the state criterion for DO. The Tennessee General Water Quality Criteria'' specifies that DO should be a minimum of 5.0 mg/l measured at a depth of 5 feet for the protection of fish and aquatic life. The Tennessee Valley Authority developed the present study to answer general concerns about reservoir conditions and potential for adverse effects on aquatic biota. Four objectives were defined for this study: (1) to better define the extent and duration of the redistribution of DO in the reservoir, (2) to better understand DO dynamics within the mixing zone, (3) to determine whether DO is being lost (or added) as the condenser cooling water passes through the plant, and (4) to evaluate the potential for impact on aquatic life in the reservoir.

Over the past 25 years, researchers have written numerous deduction systems based on resolution and paramodulation. Of these systems, a very few have been capable of generating and maintaining a formula database "containing more than just a few thousand clauses. These few systems were used to explore mechanisms for rapidly extracting limited subsets of relevant" clauses. We have written this tutorial to reflect some of the best ideas that have emerged and to cast them in a form that makes them easily accessible to students wishing to write their own high-performance systems.

Over the past 25 years, researchers have written numerous deduction systems based on resolution and paramodulation. Of these systems, a very few have been capable of generating and maintaining a formula database'' containing more than just a few thousand clauses. These few systems were used to explore mechanisms for rapidly extracting limited subsets of relevant'' clauses. We have written this tutorial to reflect some of the best ideas that have emerged and to cast them in a form that makes them easily accessible to students wishing to write their own high-performance systems. 4 refs.

This document gives the failure rates for the major tritium-bearing components in the Tritium Waste Treatment System at the Tritium Systems Test Assembly, which is a fusion research and technology facility at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The failure reports, component populations, and operating demands/hours are given in this report, and sample calculations for binomial demand failure rates and poisson hourly failure rates are given in the appendices. The failure rates for tritium-bearing components were on the order of the screening failure rate values suggested for fusion reliability and risk analyses. More effort should be directed toward collecting and analyzing fusion component failure data, since accurate failure rates are necessary to refine reliability and risk analyses. 15 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.

Fluid-elastic instability of loosely supported tubes, vibrating in a tube-support-plate (TSP) inactive mode, is suspected to be one of the main causes of tube failure in some operating steam generators and heat exchangers. This report presents a mathematical model for fluid-elastic instability of loosely supported tubes exposed to non-uniform cross-flow. The model incorporates all motion-dependent fluid forces based on the unsteady flow theory. In the unstable region associated with a TSP-inactive mode, tube motion can be described by two linear models: TSP-inactive mode when tubes do not strike the TSP, and TSP-active mode when tubes do strike the TSP. A bilinear model (consisting of these linear models) presented in this report simulates the characteristics of fluid-elastic instability of loosely supported tubes in stable and unstable regions associated with TSP-inactive modes. Analytical results obtained with the model are compared with published experimental data; they agree reasonably well. The prediction procedure presented for fluid-elastic instability response of loosely supported tubes is applicable to the stable and unstable regions of the TSP-inactive mode.

The completion of additional radiation shielding in the spring of 1989 has allowed the DIII-D tokamak to enter a new phase of experimental operation, in which the potential of injecting deuterium beam injection into deuterium plasmas has been exploited. The benefit of the isotope effect in increased energy confinement time, and increased power delivery by the neutral beam injectors, has been used to extend the machine performance. Plasma beta values ({beta}{sub T} {le} 10.7%) near expected theoretical limits (3.5 I/aB) have been obtained and high energy content discharges with {beta}{sub T} = 5.2% have been achieved at full magnetic field (2.1 T). The stored energy has reached 3.6 MJ and diverted plasmas with 3 MA have been produced. Enhanced (H-mode) energy confinement plasmas have been maintained for over 10 seconds with no indication of impurity accumulation. This paper presents a brief description of the shielding design; a discussion of the performance improvements of the neutral beam ion sources with deuterium; an overall review of plasma parameters achieved recently in the DIII-D tokamak; and a presentation of new hardware systems being brought on line (e.g. Advanced Divertor, Fast Wave Current Drive, and 110 GHz ECH). 9 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

A 250-GHz Cyclotron Auto Resonance Maser (CARM) oscillator has been designed and constructed and will be tested using a 1-kA, 2-MeV electron beam produced by the induction linac at the Accelerator Research Center (ARC) facility of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The oscillator circuit was made to operate in the TE{sub 11} mode at ten times cutoff using waveguide Bragg reflectors to create an external cavity Q of 8000. Theory predicts cavity fill times of less than 30 ns (pulse length) and efficiencies approaching 20% is sufficiently low transverse electron velocity spreads are maintained (2%).

A self-consistent design strategy for induction linacs is presented which addresses the issues of brightness preservation against space charge induced emittance growth, minimization of the beam breakup instability and the suppression of beam centroid motion due to chromatic effects (corkscrew) and misaligned focusing elements. A simple steering algorithm is described that widens the effective energy bandwidth of the transport system.

Probability analysis was used by the Hanford Internal Dosimetry Program to establish bioassay screening levels for tritium and uranium in urine. Background environmental levels of these two radionuclides are generally detectable by the highly sensitive urine analysis procedures routinely used at Hanford. Establishing screening levels requires balancing the impact of false detection with the consequence of potentially undetectable occupation dose. To establish the screening levels, tritium and uranium analyses were performed on urine samples collected from workers exposed only to environmental sources. All samples were collected at home using a simulated 12-hour protocol for tritium and a simulated 24-hour collection protocol for uranium. Results of the analyses of these samples were ranked according to tritium concentration or total sample uranium. The cumulative percentile was calculated and plotted using log-probability coordinates. Geometric means and screening levels corresponding to various percentiles were estimated by graphical interpolation and standard calculations. The potentially annual internal dose associated with a screening level was calculated. Screening levels were selected corresponding to the 99.9 percentile, implying that, on the average, 1 out of 1000 samples collected from an unexposed worker population would be expected to exceed the screening level. 4 refs., 2 figs.

This report describes the formulation, results and conclusions of a series of numerical studies performed to support the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) In Situ Vitrification (ISV) treatability study. These studies were designed to explore some of the questions related to the dominant physical phenomena associated with the coupled electric field, heat transfer, and fluid flow processes. The work examines the case of a 3-D axisymmetric problem with a central electrode. Such issues as the form of an electric heating model, choice of boundary conditions, latent heat effects, and conductive and convective transport are considered. Some important conclusions and recommendations are made in relation to the convective effects, determination of property parameters, and the issue of a valid electrical heating model. 4 refs., 100 figs., 1 tab.

The Vitrification Facility (VF) at the West Valley Demonstration Project was designed to convert stored radioactive waste into a stable glass for disposal in a federal repository. The Functional and Checkout Testing of Systems (FACTS) program was conducted from 1984 to 1989. During this time new equipment and processes were developed, installed, and implemented. Thirty-seven FACTS tests were conducted, and approximately 150,000 kg of glass were made by using nonradioactive materials to simulate the radioactive waste. By contrast, the planned radioactive operation is expected to produce approximately 500,000 kg of glass. The FACTS program demonstrated the effectiveness of equipment and procedures in the vitrification system, and the ability of the VF to produce quality glass on schedule. FACTS testing also provided data to validate the WVNS waste glass qualification method and verify that the product glass would meet federal repository acceptance requirements. The system was built and performed to standards which would have enabled it to be used in radioactive service. As a result, much of the VF tested, such as the civil construction, feed mixing and holding vessels, and the off-gas scrubber, will be converted for radioactive operation. The melter was still in good condition after being at temperature …

This report describes research on oil shale. Above ground retorting, process modeling, and shale oil coking kinetics over oxidized recycle shale are discussed. 13 refs., 13 figs., 12 tabs.

This report documents information collected by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory {sup (a)} at the request of Westinghouse Hanford Company. Presented in this report is the interpretation of the hydrogeologic environment at the 2101-M Pond, located in the 200-East Area of the Hanford Site. This information and its accompanying interpretation were derived from sampling and testing activities associated with the installation of four ground-water monitoring wells, in addition to data gathered from several previously existing wells. The new monitoring wells were installed as part of a groundwater monitoring program initiated in 1988. The four new monitoring wells were installed around the 2101-M Pond between May 23 and August 27, 1988. Geologic sampling, aquifer testing, and initial ground-water sampling were performed during the installation of these wells. Laboratory analyses of the sediment samples for particle size, calcium carbonate content, and selected natural and contaminant constituents were performed. A full year of quarterly ground-water sampling and the first statistical analysis of background and downgradient data have also been performed. 112 refs., 49 figs., 18 tabs.

Bromomethane, bromoethane and bromoethanol are photolyzed with 205-nm light and the velocity of the bromine atoms is recorded by the technique of photofragment imaging. The velocity distribution of the bromine atoms is a direct reflection of the internal-state distribution of the methyl, ethyl, and hydroxy-ethyl radicals and the orientation of the transition moment in the parent molecule. 8 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

A 35 keV preinjector for matching a 30 mA H{sup {minus}}beam into the radio-frequency quadrupole (RFQ) section of the SSC linac has been designed using the SNOW code. The distinguishing feature of this injector is that the conventional gas-neutralized transport and matching units are replaced by two einzel lenses. Some advantages of this approach are discussed. 7 refs., 5 figs., 3 tabs.

The inhomogeneous differential equation (x{double prime} + sin x = {delta} sin (t + t{sub 0}){var epsilon}) describes the motion of a sinusoidally forced pendulum. The orbits that connect the two saddle points of the unforced ({delta} = 0) pendulum, (x = {pi}) and (x = {minus}{pi}), are called separatrices. If {var epsilon} {Omicron}(1), then one can use Melnikov's method to show that these separatrices can split for weak forcing ({delta} {much lt} 1), and that the perturbed motion is chaotic. If {var epsilon} 1, Melnikov's method fails because the perturbation term is not analytic in {var epsilon} at {var epsilon} = 0. In this paper we show that for {delta} {much lt} 1 and {var epsilon} {much lt} 1, the solution of the perturbed problem exhibits a symmetry to all orders in an asymptotic expansion. From the asymptotic expansion it follows that the separatrices split by an amount that is at most transcendentally small. This proof differs from that of Holmes, Marsden and Scheurle. 16 refs.

The Higgs mechanism is reviewed in its most general form, requiring the existence of a new symmetry-breaking force and associated particles, which need not however be Higgs bosons. The first lecture reviews the essential elements of the Higgs mechanism, which suffice to establish low energy theorems for the scattering of longitudinally polarized W and Z gauge bosons. An upper bound on the scale of the symmetry-breaking physics then follows from the low energy theorems and partial wave unitarity. The second lecture reviews particular models, with and without Higgs bosons, paying special attention to how the general features discussed in lecture 1 are realized in each model. The third lecture focuses on the experimental signals of strong WW scattering that can be observed at the SSC above 1 TeV in the WW subenergy, which will allow direct measurement of the strength of the symmetry-breaking force. 52 refs., 10 figs.

The final booster in the injector chain for the Superconducting Super Collider is a machine approximately twice the size of the Tevatron. Its design includes approximately 450, 15+ m superconducting dipoles. The original designs specified dipoles with a 7 cm coil-winding diameter and an inner horizontal beam-pipe aperture of 55 mm. This dipole design was chosen in order to provide an adequately large good-field aperture for both the beam injection process and for the slow-extraction of high-energy test beams. With the recent decision to increase the Collider dipole coil-winding diameter to 5 cm, the question of the needed HEB aperture was raised. An argument for dipole commonality between the HEB and Collider was developed, and a preliminary examination of a 5 cm HEB dipole was undertaken. This paper reports the results of a detailed study of the injection dynamic aperture for magnet errors corresponding to both a 5 cm and 7 cm dipole. Also studied and reported are preliminary results of the resonant-extraction process for the two magnet designs in question. These studies are in the form of multiparticle computer simulations. The results of the studies indicate that the 7 cm dipole design is consistent with the desired performance requirements …

Path planning among movable obstacles is a practical problem that is in need of a solution. In this paper an efficient heuristic algorithm that uses a generate-and-test paradigm: a good'' candidate path is hypothesized by a global planner and subsequently verified by a local planner. In the process of formalizing the problem, we also present a technique for modeling object interactions through contact. Our algorithm has been tested on a variety of examples, and was able to generate solutions within 10 seconds. 5 figs., 27 refs.

Various novel concepts of focusing and diagnosis of high energy charged particle beams, based on the interaction between the relativistic particle beam and the plasma, are reviewed. This includes overdense thin plasma lenses, and (underdense) adiabatic plasma lens, and two beam size monitor concepts. In addition, we introduce another mechanism for measuring flat beams based on the impulse received by heavy ions in an underdense plasma. Theoretical investigations show promise of focusing and diagnosing beams down to sizes where conventional methods are not possible to provide. 21 refs.

In this paper, we report recent lattice gas simulations for single-phase and two-phase flows for two dimensional problems using the Connection Machine-2. For the single-phase fluid problem, we use the standard 7-bit lattice gas model with the maximum collision rules. The velocity and vorticity field of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability is studied. It is shown that the lattice gas method preserves the main properties of the flow patterns observed in other numerical simulations. Using colored particles and holes, the lattice gas method is extended to simulate immiscible fluids with adjustable surface tension, using a purely local collision scheme. The locality of this model allows us to implement a very fast and parallel algorithm on the Connection Machine-2. Because this new model correctly describes short-range particle-particle interactions between liquids and also particle-solid interactions between the fluid and the wall, cohesion and wettability can be simulated. Applications of the current model to several physical systems including spinodal decomposition, Rayleigh-Taylor flows and wettability in two-phase flows through porous media are discussed. 15 refs., 10 figs.

The characterization of diffusion of lead and other trace elements in certain mineral phases has great significance in reconstructing the thermal history of the earth's crust. Such studies permit better interpretation of ages'' obtained from isotopic dating. This study uses ion implantation to introduce lead into the minerals apatite and zircon. Diffusion profiles are obtained using Rutherford backscattering (RBS) and the results fit with a model to determine D. Results for apatite over the temperature range 600--900{degree}C show agreement with earlier results obtained traditional geologic techniques. This suggests that radiation damage induced by ion implantation has little effect on diffusion in this case. This approach is both simple and useful in studying diffusion over a temperature range of geologic interest without inordinate annealing times. 17 refs., 5 figs.

Gamma hearing measurements have been made in a low-Z assembly irradiated with 14-MeV neutrons and (n,n{prime}) gammas produced by a Texas Nuclear Model 9400 neutron generator. The assembly is composed of 144 magnesium sleeves (5cm {times} 5cm {times} 60cm {times} 3 mm thick) filled with graphite to simulate a fusion blanket test module. Heating measurements were made in the mid-line of the assembly using a proportional counter operating in the Continuously-varied Bias-voltage Acquisition (CBA) mode. The neutron induced atomic recoil signal was rejected by observing the signal rise-time differences inherent to radiations of different LET. The experiment was modelled using the one-dimensional radiation transport code ANISN/PC. The operating limits of this technique were identified by comparing measurements made at different positions in the assembly and then comparing these measurements to the calculated flux. 7 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

Our need for wide-band global communications, earth imaging and sensing, atmospheric measurements and military reconnaissance is extensive, but growing dependence on space-based systems raises concerns about vulnerability. Military commanders require space assets that are more accessible and under local control. As a result, a robust and low cost access to space-like capability has become a national priority. Free floating buoyant vehicles in the middle stratosphere can provide the kind of cost effective access to space-like capability needed for a variety of missions. These vehicles are inexpensive, invisible, and easily launched. Developments in payload electronics, atmospheric modeling, and materials combined with improving communications and navigation infrastructure are making balloon-borne concepts more attractive. The important milestone accomplished by this project was the planned test flight over the continental United States. This document is specifically intended to review the technology development and preparations leading up to the test flight. Although the test flight experienced a payload failure just before entering its assent altitude, significant data were gathered. The results of the test flight are presented here. Important factors included in this report include quality assurance testing of the balloon, payload definition and characteristics, systems integration, preflight testing procedures, range operations, data collection, and …