This Annual Report presents summaries of selected representative research activities from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory grouped according to the principal disciplines of the Earth Sciences Division: Reservoir Engineering and Hydrology, Geology and Geochemistry, and Geophysics and Geomechanics. We are proud to be able to bring you this report, which we hope will convey not only a description of the Division's scientific activities but also a sense of the enthusiasm and excitement present today in the Earth Sciences.

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This report officially releases the compilation of regional 1989 retail customer sector sales data by the Bonneville Power Administration. This report is intended to enable detailed examination of annual regional electricity consumption. It gives statistics covering the time period 1970--1989, and also provides observations based on statistics covering the 1983--1989 time period. The electricity use report is the only information source that provides data obtained from each utility in the region based on the amount of electricity they sell to consumers annually. Data is provided on each retail customer sector: residential, commercial, industrial, direct-service industrial, and irrigation. The data specifically supports forecasting activities, rate development, conservation and market assessments, and conservation and market program development and delivery. All of these activities require a detailed look at electricity use. 25 figs., 34 tabs.

This report contains papers on the following topics: giant resonance studies; deep inelastic scattering studies; high resolution nuclear structure work; and relativistic RPA; and field theory in the Schroedinger Representation.

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Electron identification at CDF is performed using the information of lateral and longitudinal shower spread, the track-cluster position match and the energy-momentum match. The tracking chamber with a solenoidal magnetic field at CDF is powerful for rejecting the backgrounds such as the {pi}{sup {plus minus}} {minus} {pi}{sup 0} overlaps, the {pi}{sup 0}/{gamma} conversions and interactive {pi}{sup {plus minus}} in electromagnetic calorimeter: The energy- momentum match cut can decrease the background due to the {pi}{sup {plus minus}} {minus} {pi}{sup 0} overlaps for non-isolated electrons with Et above 10 GeV by a factor of 20. The conversion electrons are identified using track information with an efficiency of 80 {plus minus} 3%. The charge of electrons from W decay can be determined in the pseudorapidity range of {vert bar}{eta}{vert bar} < 1.7 at CDF. The charge determination is useful for background estimation of Drell-Yan physics and heavy flavor physics. 5 refs., 5 figs.

Two recent LBL design studies, (1) an rf gun with a laser driven photocathode, (2) and a conventional thermionic gun with three stages of bunching, are summarized and compared. The rf gun was designed as a possible injector to a 1 GeV test experiment consisting of a high gradient rf structure and a relativistic klystron. The rf gun cavity had (1/2 + 2) cells. Analytic calculations and computer simulations suggest that emittance growth was mainly caused by space-charge effects and the rf fringe field effects at the exit of the last cell. Emittance growth was found to be strongly dependent on the size and the length of the pulse. The conventional gun is being considered as an injector for the proposed Infra-Red-Free-Electron-Laser (IRFEL) facility. In order to reduce the space charge effects the final bunching is done in a tapered L-band tank where acceleration and bunching occur at the same time. Beam emittance of a conventional gun was measured at the ALS gun-test-stand and found to be satisfactory for the IRFEL application.

The SLD detector consists of five major subsystems, each with associated front-end electronics and an integrated FASTBUS control and data acquisition system. This paper highlights the choices among electronic technologies that have been developed for the SLD detector electronics. The common control, calibration, and data acquisition architectures are described. The functions of selected SLD integrated circuits, standard cells, gate arrays, and hybrids are summarized, and the integration of these functions into the common data acquisition path is described. Particular attention is directed to four areas of electronic technology developed for the SLD detector: the preamplifier hybrid designs are compared to their performance and implementation examined; the application of full custom CMOS digital circuits in SLD is compared to gate array and EPLD (electrically programmable logic device) implementations; the fiberoptic signal transmission techniques in SLD are examined and the data rates and link topology are presented; and finally, the packaging, power consumption, and cooling requirements for system functions resident inside the detector structure are explored. The rationale for the implementation choices in the SLD electronics is presented so that others might benefit from our experience.

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and University of North Texas (UNT) research teams collected over 800 emissions and ash samples during the combustion of over 650 tons of binder enhanced densified refuse-drived fuel (b-dRDF) pellets with high sulfur coal in a spreader-stoker boiler at ANL. This full-scale test burn was conducted to validate predictions from laboratory and pilot scale test results that indicated substantial reductions of SO{sub 2}, NO{sub x} and CO{sub 2} in the flue gas, and the reduction of heavy metals and organics in the ash residue, when combusting the b-dRDF pellets with coal. Effects of varying fuel composition on performance of the boiler's spray-dryer/fabric filter emissions control system was also evaluated. This paper describes the b-dRDF pellet/coal cofiring tests, the emission and ash samples that were taken, the analyses that were conducted on these samples, and the final test results. 5 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

This paper summarizes a study that was conducted to address user information requirements for the Force Level Control System. It was the first in a series being conducted at the US Army Tactical Command and Control System Experimentation Site (AES). User information requirements were determined via monitoring and classification of communications during a command and control exercise, as well as through subsequent exercise participant input. Separate measures of observed communication frequency, rated importance, and rated perishability were obtained for a set of information elements that comprised a comprehensive taxonomy of tactical command and control communications content. Analyses were then conducted to explore the relationships between frequency, importance, and perishability as well as develop a comprehensive index of criticality. The resulting comprehensive index of criticality is intended to be used by systems developers in selecting the information to be conveyed and processed by the Force Level Control System. 2 refs., 2 figs.

The Enable Kit (MC-4246) is a high-pressure assembly that has several welds on 1/4-inch tubes and fittings. A series of sample welds that were well outside the expected process variability were made. These were then tested to determine the sensitivity of the welding process to variations in heat input. Test results showed satisfactory welds with no microstructural defects and a sufficient high-pressure safety factor after welding. From the information obtained, we are able to certify that production process variation is well within acceptable limits. 2 figs.

The End-Use Load and Consumer Assessment Program (ELCAP) conducted for the Bonneville Power Administration by Pacific Northwest Laboratory was initiated to support both conservation assessment and load forecasting missions. This report documents a study of the heat loss characteristics of the ELCAP residential buildings. The basic objectives of this analysis are to: calculate theoretical residential heat loss rate based on the onsite inspection data for use in support of subsequent analyses, determine the distribution of insulation levels and heat loss potential as a function of construction vintage and climate zone, support use of the ELCAP Residential Standards Demonstration Program (RSDP) houses for analysis of the impact of Model Conservation Standards (MCS) by determining the degree to which their construction conforms to the design specifications, and test the specification of current code used in the RSDP experiment. The analysis of the heat loss characteristics of the ELCAP Residential sample leads to several conclusions based on the building-level structural characteristics. These include: the distribution of overall residential heat loss potentials with construction vintage indicates a strong tendency toward lower heat loss potential in newer houses; there is a clear trend toward increasing occupied floor space in newer houses; the data show a …

The Workspace Satisfaction Survey measures occupant satisfaction with the thermal, lighting, acoustical, and air quality aspects of the work environment. In addition to ratings of these ambient environmental features, occupants also rate their satisfaction with a number of functional and aesthetic features of the office environment as well as their satisfaction with specific kinds of workspaces (e.g. computer rooms, the lobby, employee lounge, etc.) Each section on ambient conditions includes questions on the frequency with which people experience particular kinds of discomforts or problems, how much the discomfort bothers them, and how much it interferes with their work. Occupants are also asked to identify how they cope with discomfort or environmental problems, and to what extent these behaviors enable them to achieve more satisfactory conditions. This report documents the results of this survey of the occupants of the Eastgate Corporate Center, Bellevue, Washington. 21 figs., 7 tabs.

Bimonthly newsletter of the Center for Energy Studies at the University of Texas at Austin discussing activities of the Center and other energy-related news.

The background paper extends the analysis of energy use into new areas by explicitly looking at how energy use has changed with the expansion of the service sector, the explosion of international trade, and greater complexity of the U.S. economy as the structure of businesses changed in response to new technologies and competitive challenges. The increasing sophistication of the U.S. economy means that the role of energy is less likely to be directly identified and is instead more likely to be an indirect factor that was added many steps before in the complex network that connects producer to consumer. This report explicitly separates direct from indirect energy use.

This engineering evaluation/cost analysis (EE/CA) has been prepared in support of the proposed removal action for cleanup of radioactively contaminated concrete and soil beneath a building on privately owned commercial property in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The property, known as the Elza Gate site, became contaminated with uranium-238, radium-226, thorium-232, thorium-230, and decay products as a result of the Manhattan Engineer District storing uranium ore and ore processing residues at the site in the early 1940s. The US Department of Energy (DOE) has responsibility for cleanup of the property under its Formerly Utilized Sites Remedial Action Program (FUSRAP). The DOE plans to remove the cracked and worn concrete pad and contaminated subsoil beneath the pad, after which the property owner/tenant will provide clean backfill and new concrete. Portions of the pad and subsoil are contaminated and, if stored or disposed of improperly, may represent a potential threat to public health or welfare and the environment. The EE/CA report is the appropriate documentation for the proposed removal action, as identified in guidance from the US Environmental Protection Agency. the objective of the EE/CA report, in addition to identifying the planned removal action, is to document the selection of response activities that will …

The particles interaction in the 2 + 1 topologically massive gauge theories is given. It turns out, that contrary to the usual case, two equally charged particles (fermions or the non-Abelian topologically massive vector bosons) attract each other, not repulse. This attraction can lead in principle to vacuum instability, in which we will use some trial wave function techniques. Possible applications are briefly discussed. 12 refs., 9 figs.

Propagation of the various errors in a new asymmetric Abel-inversion method is investigated. In order to provide a meaningful error analysis of the inversion process, both the effects of geometrical factors and measuremental errors are studied. The dominant source of uncertainty in the determination of local electron density is due to the spline fitting of the interferometric measurements with uneven spacings. The propagation of these errors is highly spatially localized and heavily damped in this inversion method. The absolute range of error in the local electron density is {plus minus}1.5 {times} 10{sup 12} cm{sup {minus}3}. 4 refs., 3 figs.

The aim of this study was to compare the ability of three micrositing models to simulate the wind flow in complex terrain. One of these models, NOABL, is a mass-consistent model while the other two, MS3DJH/3R and BZ, are descendants of Jackson-Hunt (J-H) theory. All three models were applied to two areas of complex terrain, Askervein Hill in Scotland and Altamont Pass in California. Askervein Hill is an isolated hill of moderate slope surrounded by a flat plain. In marked contrast, the terrain of Altamont Pass is very complicated and is aptly described as being very hilly. Over each modeled area, wind measurements taken from a relatively dense network of anemometry were used to assess the performance of the models by comparing these data to the model-derived winds. 20 refs., 13 figs., 7 tabs.

The overall configuration of the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) including the infrastructure and land boundary requirements were developed using a computer-aided design (CAD) system. The evolution of the facility layout requirements and the use of the CAD system are discussed. The emphasis has been on minimizing the amount of input required and maximizing the speed by which the output may be obtained. The computer system used to store the data is also described.

Westinghouse Hanford Company plans to install mixer pumps in doubleshell waste tanks to mobilize and suspend settled sludge to allow eventual retrieval for treatment and permanent storage. The mixer pumps produce high momentum, horizontally directed jets that impact and mobilize the sludge and mix it into slurry for removal. There is concern that the force of the jet may damage tank internal components in its path. Scaled experiments were conducted to characterize the velocity profiles of the floor jet and to quantify the drag coefficients and impact forces for three tank components: radiation dry well, air lift circulator, and steam coil. Jet impact forces were measured on the scaled models at a 4 to 1 range of hydraulically scaled flow rates and a scaled range of distances between discharge nozzle and test component. The test were designed to provide hydraulic similarity between test conditions and expected actual waste tank conditions by using equal Reynolds number the jet maximum velocity impacted the test component. Forces measured on the models were used to calculate expected forces on the full scale components. Correlations of force on the test article versus distance from the nozzle were derived for the radiation dry well and air …

A report is given on progress made during the second year of a three year contract studying the feasibility of nuclear pumping the atomic iodine laser. Experimental results are presented showing efficiencies of 25--38% at converting neutron-induced nuclear reaction energy in the excimer XeBr into UV photons which can be used to pump the laser. Parametric studies were done utilizing the {sup 10}B(n,{alpha}){sup 7}Li reaction, with three bromine donor chemicals, over a range of pressures and mix ratios, to optimize the fluorescence efficiency.

A report is given on progress made during the second year of a three year contract studying the feasibility of nuclear pumping the atomic iodine laser. Experimental results are presented showing efficiencies of 25--38% at converting neutron-induced nuclear reaction energy in the excimer XeBr into UV photons which can be used to pump the laser. Parametric studies were done utilizing the {sup 10}B(n,{alpha}){sup 7}Li reaction, with three bromine donor chemicals, over a range of pressures and mix ratios, to optimize the fluorescence efficiency.

A brief overview is given of experimental results obtained during the initial operation of the heavy-ion program at the CERN SPS during the period 1986--1988. This paper confines itself to a presentation of results on so-called global observables, such as energy flow and multiplicity distributions, and on information extracted from them. Of particular interest among the latter are an estimate of the magnitude and spatial distribution of the energy density attained. 3 refs., 27 figs.