Research this past year was carried out in the fields of cosmic strings and galaxy formation, inflationary models of the universe, topological defects and phase transitions, group contractions and chiral fermions, low-frequency approximations in (QCD), loop bremsstrahlung of e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} and {mu}{sup +}{mu}{sup {minus}} pairs in heavy-ion collisions, approximations to solutions of non-linear differential equations, the use of continued functions'' as solution to vortex problems, string theory and large-N matrix models, topological expansions in QCD, one-dimensional string theory and its infrared divergences, strings in less than one-dimension, hadron-hadron interactions and the possible existence of the odderon, electroweak interactions and possible new physics in the TeV range, axions, quark flavor mixings and neutrino oscillations, large-N matrix models and their relation to string theories and two-dimensional quantized gravity, and the statistical mechanics of strings at high temperatures.

This monthly report summarizes the technical progress and project status for the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction (HEDR) Project being conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) under the direction of a Technical Steering Panel (TSP). The TSP is composed of experts in numerous technical fields related to this project and represents the interests of the public. The objective of the Hanford Environmental Dose Reconstruction Project is to estimate the radiation doses that populations could have received from nuclear operations at Hanford since 1944. The project is divided into technical tasks which address each of the primary steps in the path from radioactive releases to dose estimates: source terms, environmental transport, environmental monitoring data, demographics, agriculture, and food habits, and environmental pathways and dose estimates.

This report is one of a series documenting the results of the Nagra-DOE Cooperative (NDC-I) research program in which the cooperating scientists explore the geological, geophysical, hydrological, geochemical, and structural effects was sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE) through the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and the Swiss Nationale Genossenschaft fuer die Lagerung radioaktiver Abfaella (Nagra) and concluded in September 1989. 16 refs., 29 figs., 4 tabs.

The quantum efficiency and the optical damage threshold of various metals were explored with 10 ps, 266 nm, UV laser pulses. Efficiencies for Cu, Y, and Sm were: 1.4, 5, and 7 {times} 10{sup {minus}4}, with damage thresholds about 100, 10, and 30 mJ/cm{sup 2}. This would permit over 1 {mu}C/cm{sup 2} or current densities exceeding 100 kA/cm{sup 2}. High charge and current densities of up to 66 kA/cm{sup 2} were obtained on 0.25 mm diam cathodes, and 21 kA/cm{sup 2} on a 3 mm diam yttrium cathode. The maximum currents were limited by space charge and the dc field. The experiments with small area illumination indicate that the emitted electrons spread transversely due to Coulomb repulsion and their initial transverse velocity. This increases the effective area above the cathode, reduces the space charge effect and increases emission density on the cathode. The quantum efficiency can be increased substantially by enhancing the field on the surface by either a suitable electrode geometry or microstructures on it. 14 refs., 12 figs., 3 tabs.

This report presents a method for calculating containment test leakage rates of radionuclides from an example spent fuel cask. Three releasable radioactive sources are considered: residual contamination in the cask cavity, crud on the fuel elements, and the radionuclides within the fuel rods. The ANSI N14.5 standard is used to calculate the test leakage rates from the maximum permissible releases determined from 10 CFR 71 containment requirements. 6 refs., 2 tabs.

The next linear collider will require 200 MW of rf power per meter of linac structure at relatively high frequency to produce an accelerating gradient of about 100 MV/m. The higher frequencies result in a higher breakdown threshold in the accelerating structure hence permit higher accelerating gradients per meter of linac. The lower frequencies have the advantage that high peak power rf sources can be realized. 11.42 GHz appears to be a good compromise and the effort at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) is being concentrated on rf sources operating at this frequency. The filling time of the accelerating structure for each rf feed is expected to be about 80 ns. Under serious consideration at SLAC is a conventional klystron followed by a multistage rf pulse compression system, and the Crossed-Field Amplifier. These are discussed in this paper.

The objective of these studies was to perform a realistic evaluation of the relative costs of tublar-fixed-bed and slurry reactors for methanol, mixed alcohols and Fischer-Tropsch syntheses under conditions where they would realistically be expected to operate. The slurry Fischer-Tropsch reactor was, therefore, operated at low H{sub 2}/CO ratio on gas directly from a Shell gasifier. The fixed-bed reactor was operated on 2.0 H{sub 2}/CO ratio gas after adjustment by shift and CO{sub 2} removal. Every attempt was made to give each reactor the benefit of its optimum design condition and correlations were developed to extend the models beyond the range of the experimental pilot plant data. For the methanol design, comparisons were made for a recycle plant with high methanol yield, this being the standard design condition. It is recognized that this is not necessarily the optimum application for the slurry reactor, which is being proposed for a once-through operation, coproducing methanol and power. Consideration is also given to the applicability of the slurry reactor to mixed alcohols, based on conditions provided by Lurgi for an Octamix{trademark} plant using their standard tubular-fixed reactor technology. 7 figs., 26 tabs.

The SLD detector consists of five major subsystems, each with associated front-end electronics and an integrated FASTBUS control and data acquisition system. This paper highlights the choices among electronic technologies that have been developed for the SLD detector electronics. The common control, calibration, and data acquisition architectures are described. The functions of selected SLD integrated circuits, standard cells, gate arrays, and hybrids are summarized, and the integration of these functions into the common data acquisition path is described. Particular attention is directed to four areas of electronic technology developed for the SLD detector: the preamplifier hybrid designs are compared to their performance and implementation examined; the application of full custom CMOS digital circuits in SLD is compared to gate array and EPLD (electrically programmable logic device) implementations; the fiberoptic signal transmission techniques in SLD are examined and the data rates and link topology are presented; and finally, the packaging, power consumption, and cooling requirements for system functions resident inside the detector structure are explored. The rationale for the implementation choices in the SLD electronics is presented so that others might benefit from our experience.

We describe WARP, a new particle-in-cell code being developed and optimized for ion beam studies in true geometry. We seek to model transport around bends, axial compression with strong focusing, multiple beamlet interaction, and other inherently 3d processes that affect emittance growth. Constraints imposed by memory and running time are severe. Thus, we employ only two 3d field arrays ({rho} and {phi}), and difference {phi} directly on each particle to get E, rather than interpolating E from three meshes; use of a single 3d array is feasible. A new method for PIC simulation of bent beams follows the beam particles in a family of rotated laboratory frames, thus straightening'' the bends. We are also incorporating an envelope calculation, an (r, z) model, and 1d (axial) model within WARP. The BASIS development and run-time system is used, providing a powerful interactive environment in which the user has access to all variables in the code database. 10 refs., 3 figs.

We present results of progress on the LBL multiple beam induction linac experiment (MBE-4). This machine models the accelerator physics of the electric-focused portion of a driver for heavy ion inertial confinement fusion. Four beams of cesium ions are accelerated in common through twenty four induction gaps while being separately focused in individual electrostatic AG focusing channels. Early experiments have demonstrated current amplification in the linac, from 10 mA to 90 mA per beam. This is achieved both by acceleration (from 200 keV to 1 MeV) and by carefully controlled bunch compression. Recent experiments have concentrated on studies of beams extracted from an ion source which produces 5 mA cesium beams at emittances near 0.03 {pi} mm-mrad (normalized). Experiments and theory show a growth of emittance (by about a factor of 2) as these beams are accelerated through the linac. Results of recent measurements of the transverse emittance behavior of these strongly space-charge-dominated ion beams are reviewed and compared with theory. 9 refs., 3 figs.

The progress made during the current grant period (1 January 1988--1 April 1990) in three different areas of research is summarized. The research areas are: (1) oxidatively-induced double carbonylation reactions to form {alpha}-ketoacyl complexes and studies of the reactivity of the resulting compounds, (2) mechanistic studies of the carbonylation of nitroaromatics to form isocyanates, carbamates, and ureas, and (3) studies of the formation and reactivity of unusual metallacycles and alkylidene ligands supported on binuclear iron carbonyl fragments. 18 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

The objectives of this work are to: (i) Evaluate the initial stages of cleavage nucleation in single and polycrystalline samples; (ii) Determine the controlling event(s) which lead(s) to unstable cleavage (is it an unstable cluster'' of microcracks or a crack-tip opening displacement criterion for an array of ligaments surrounding these microcracks ); (iii) Determine how the process zone, which depends upon microstructure and processing history, affects the controlling event(s); (iv) Use selected area channeling patterns (SACP's) to assist in an independent measure of the cleavage fracture stress of grains cleaved at or just outside the elastic-plastic boundary; also, use it to evaluate static and dynamic strain distributions; and (v) Evaluate the effects of dislocation shielding and overload using combined methods of computational mechanics with discretized dislocation arrays and direct observations of dislocations using channeling, etch pit and birefringence methods. Accomplishments are discussed. 15 refs., 3 figs.

These analyses are based on data from a lifespan study of beagle dogs exposed to inhaled plutonium being conducted at Pacific Northwest Laboratory. An important goal of this study is to increase understanding of health risk resulting from this exposure, with particular attention to lung cancer risks. Data on humans exposed to plutonium are inadequate for achieving this goal.

A report on cash equivalence analysis and seller financing.

An experimental-scale liquid-fed ceramic melter was used in a series of tests to evaluate the processing characteristics of mercury in simulated defense waste under various melter operating conditions. This solidification technology had no detectable capacity for incorporating mercury into its borosilicate, vitreous, product, and essentially all the mercury fed to the melter was lost to the off-gas system as gaseous effluent. An ejector venturi scrubber condensed and collected 97% of the mercury evolved from the melter. Chemically the condensed mercury effluent was composed entirely of chlorides, and except in a low-temperature test, mercury chlorides (Hg{sub 2}Cl{sub 2}) was the primary chloride formed. As a result, combined mercury accounted for most of the insoluble mass collected by the process quench scrubber. Although macroscopic quantities of elemental mercury were never observed in process secondary waste streams, finely divided and dispersed mercury that blackened all condensed Hg{sub 2}Cl{sub 2} residues was capable of saturating the quenched process exhaust with mercury vapor. However, the vapor pressure of mercury in the quenched melter exhaust was easily and predictably controlled with an off-gas stream chiller. 5 refs., 4 figs., 12 tabs.

GTE Products Corporation, under a jointly funded program with the US Department of Energy (DOE), developed a compact ceramic high temperature recuperator that could recover heat from a relatively clean exhaust gases at temperatures up to of 2500{degree}F. The DOE program was very successful in that it allowed GTE to improve the technical and economic characteristics of the recuperator and stimulate industrial acceptance of the recuperator as an energy- saving technology. The success of the DOE Program was measured by the fact that from January 1981 to December 1984, 561 recuperators were installed by GTE on new or retrofitted furnaces. One objective of this contract was to conduct a telephone survey of the industrial plants that use the recuperator to determine their operating experience, present status, and common problems, and thus to complete the historical picture. Additionally, recuperators were returned to GTE after operating on industrial furnaces, and a post mortem'' analysis was undertaken with a goal of identifying the potential reason(s) for premature failure of the ceramic matrix. When contamination of the matrix was evident, historical data and spectrographic analysis were used to identify the type of contaminant, and its source. This effort has shown the type of degradation …

Impact erosion of 2014 aluminum, 2014 aluminum + 20 vol % particulate silicon carbide, and 2014 aluminum + 20 vol % particulate aluminum oxide has been studied at room temperature. The alloys were tested in the as-received and heat-treated conditions. Experiments were conducted with aluminum oxide abrasive in vacuum in a slinger-type apparatus over a range of abrasive size, velocity, and angle of impact. Erosion rates were influenced by reinforcement and heat treatment. Reduced ductility, both overall and local, attributed to reinforcement or heat treatment, caused, under most conditions, more rapid erosion of the composites. The data suggest that erosion rate can be minimized by proper microstructural control, involving reducing reinforcement segregation and the amount of intermetallic compounds. 37 refs., 7 figs.

The Vertical Integration of Science, Technology, and Applications (VISTA) is an initiative developed by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to employ modern information and communications technology for rapid and effective dissemination and use of research results, with emphasis on applying these results to environmental problems. VISTA is being supported at PNL by DOE. The goal of VISTA is to make research results (data, models, and advanced concepts) usable and available to users in the areas of hazardous waste management and global climate change to speed research and development applications and reduce the costs of solving the complex environmental problems facing DOE and the nation. 6 refs., 2 figs.

This section of the report covers the recent operation of the prototype backward-wave oscillator (BWO) gyrotron. The tube was mounted in its fixture on the superconducting magnet, the beam aligned, and microwaves generated. Initial alignment and operation was performed at low wiggler magnet strength (B{sub w} = 9 G) and thus low {alpha} = {upsilon} {perpendicular}/{upsilon}{parallel}. The microwaves observed under these conditions were at a frequency just above the electron cyclotron frequency of the interaction region. Identification of these waves is tentatively that of forward waves generated in what is a very long gyrotron cavity. By increasing the wiggler field to {approx} 18 G, the backward wave could then be observed. Voltage tunability of the backward wave was demonstrated and frequencies from 13 GHz to 143 GHz were observed.

The Chemical and Laser Sciences Division Annual Report includes articles describing representative research and development activities within the Division, as well as major programs to which the Division makes significant contributions.

After an incubation'' period in the 1970's and early 80's, during which the first hydrogen related centers were discovered and characterized in ultra-pure germanium, a sharp increase of research activity occurred after the discovery of shallow acceptor passivation in crystalline silicon. The aim of this review is to convey an insight into the rich, multifaceted physics and materials science which has emerged from the vast variety of experimental and theoretical studies of hydrogen in semiconductors. In order to arrive at the current understanding of hydrogen related phenomena in a logical way, each chapter will start with a brief review of the major experimental and theoretical advances of the past few years. Those who are interested to learn more about this fascinating area of semiconductor research are referred to reviews, to a number of conference proceedings volumes, and to an upcoming book which will contain authoritative chapters on most aspects of hydrogen in crystalline semiconductors. Some of the early art of semiconductor device processing can finally be put on a scientific foundation and new ways of arriving at advanced device structures begin to use what we have learned from the basic studies of hydrogen in semiconductors. 92 refs., 8 figs.

MOTA 2A was developed on the basis of prior breeder program MOTAs to support the research and development efforts of three fusion materials programs: the USDOE Neutron Interactive Materials (NIMs) program, the Japanese university fusion materials program, and the IEA-sponsored BEATRIX-II experiment. The MOTA was designed and fabricated to support the specimen loading desired by each of the three partners and was inserted into the FFTF for irradiation beginning in Cycle 11. Cycle 11B.1 has been completed successfully. Both the specimen loading and the history of cycle 11B.1 are documented here.

A study was commissioned by the Energy Conservation and Utilization Technologies (ECUT) Program of the US Department of Energy (DOE) to better understand the strategies used for cooperative and joint-venture research and development (R D) overseas. The study evaluates the organization and management of several different types of cooperative R D programs in Japan that are sponsored under the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) Program, Exploratory Research for Advanced Technology (ERATO) Program, and the Key Technology Center (KTC) Program. The ERATO Program grew out of a concern over revising the government's approach to supporting research and technology development. The program was initiated to address what was regarded as a lack of creativity in areas at the forefront of science. The program recruits young researchers and allows them flexibility to explore multi-disciplinary areas at the forefront of science. It has been organized to allow for individual creativity but at the same time to benefit from the combined knowledge of an assembly of researchers. Because the plan is such a radical departure from conventional Japanese philosophy, it has met with certain bureaucratic obstacles. Visits to four ERATO projects are described. The third program, the KTC Program, focuses on getting private …

LEED analysis of the clean annealed surface of a {l angle}110{r angle} oriented Pt{sub 3}Sn single crystal surface indicates the formation of a multilayer surface phase which does not have the L1{sub 2} bulk structure. LEISS analysis indicates a surface stoichiometry of ca. 1:1 with Sn atoms displaced ca. 1.4 above the plane of Pt atoms. The surface phase is hypothesized to be a rhombic distortion of the {l angle}0001{r angle} plant of PtSn, which has a B8{sub 1} (NiAs-type) bulk structure. It is not clear whether the phase forms by precipitation of PtSn due to a slight (0.5%) stoichiometric excess of Sn in the bulk, or due to multilayer reconstruction driven by surface segregation. 20 refs., 3 figs.