The purpose of this paper is to review the ongoing research at SLAC toward a next-generation linear collider (NLC). The energy of the collider is taken to be 0.5 TeV in the CM with view towards upgrading to 1.0 TeV. The luminosity is in the range of 10{sup 33} to 10{sup 34} cm{sup {minus}2} sec {sup {minus}1}. The energy is achieved by acceleration with a gradient of about a factor of five higher than SLC, which yields a linear collider approximately twice as long as SLC. The detailed trade-off between length and acceleration will be based on total cost. A very broad optimum occurs when the total linear costs equal the total cost of RF power. 36 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

Time domain analysis is relevant in particle accelerators to study the electromagnetic field interaction of a moving source particle on a lagging test particle as the particles pass an accelerating cavity or some other structure. These fields are called wake fields. The travelling beam inside a beam pipe may undergo more complicated interactions with its environment due to the presence of other irregularities like wires, thin slots, joints and other types of obstacles. Analytical solutions of such problems is impossible and one has to resort to a numerical method. In this paper we present results of our first attempt to model these problems in 3-D using our finite difference time domain (FDTD) code. 10 refs., 9 figs.

Fermilab experiment 665 has taken deep-inelastic muon scattering data at a beam energy of 490 GeV/c, on H{sub 2}, D{sub 2} and Xe targets. Two triggers have been used: a large scattering-angle trigger (LAT), sensitive to a minimum scattering angle of 3 mrad, and a small scattering-angle trigger which can accept a scattering angle down to 0.5 mrad. The neutron to proton ratio is reported for x{sub bj} above 0.002, and it shows consistency with 1 as x{sub bj} goes to 0. The Xe to D{sub 3} cross-section ratio is reported for x{sub bj} above 0.001 and it shows evidence of shadowing. 5 refs., 5 figs.

First measurements from the E665 experiment at Fermilab on the relative cross-sections of 490 GeV/c muons scattered from deuterium and xenon targets are presented. The scattered muons were in the kinetic range Q{sup 2} > 0.1(GeV/c){sup 2} and very low x{sub Bj} (0.001 < x{sub Bj} < 0.1). Triggering on events in this kinematic region was accomplished with a special Small Angle Trigger which projected individual beam muons to form a veto region 30 meters from the target. Using this trigger, muons with scattered angles as small as 0.5 milliradians were detected. 8 refs., 6 figs.

We describe WARP, a new particle-in-cell code being developed and optimized for ion beam studies in true geometry. We seek to model transport around bends, axial compression with strong focusing, multiple beamlet interaction, and other inherently 3d processes that affect emittance growth. Constraints imposed by memory and running time are severe. Thus, we employ only two 3d field arrays ({rho} and {phi}), and difference {phi} directly on each particle to get E, rather than interpolating E from three meshes; use of a single 3d array is feasible. A new method for PIC simulation of bent beams follows the beam particles in a family of rotated laboratory frames, thus straightening'' the bends. We are also incorporating an envelope calculation, an (r, z) model, and 1d (axial) model within WARP. The BASIS development and run-time system is used, providing a powerful interactive environment in which the user has access to all variables in the code database. 10 refs., 3 figs.

The SLD detector consists of five major subsystems, each with associated front-end electronics and an integrated FASTBUS control and data acquisition system. This paper highlights the choices among electronic technologies that have been developed for the SLD detector electronics. The common control, calibration, and data acquisition architectures are described. The functions of selected SLD integrated circuits, standard cells, gate arrays, and hybrids are summarized, and the integration of these functions into the common data acquisition path is described. Particular attention is directed to four areas of electronic technology developed for the SLD detector: the preamplifier hybrid designs are compared to their performance and implementation examined; the application of full custom CMOS digital circuits in SLD is compared to gate array and EPLD (electrically programmable logic device) implementations; the fiberoptic signal transmission techniques in SLD are examined and the data rates and link topology are presented; and finally, the packaging, power consumption, and cooling requirements for system functions resident inside the detector structure are explored. The rationale for the implementation choices in the SLD electronics is presented so that others might benefit from our experience.

Recent developments in beam diagnostic equipment and measurement techniques have been driven by commercial technological advances, better data analysis algorithms, and the need to measure complex beam properties. The need for such developments is due to the increased diversity, beam intensity, and luminosity/brightness requirements of charged particle circular accelerators. In addition, the advent of fast analog-to-digital converters and cheap, powerful microprocessors have fundamentally changed the approach to beam diagnosis, allowing designers to create systems where signal processing is performed locally at each detector. New beam monitors from a wide variety of circular accelerators are reviewed. A number of interesting or innovative ideas are presented in detail. 56 refs.

We have developed a family of metal vapor vacuum are (MEVVA) high current metal ion sources. The sources were initially developed for the production of high current beams of metal ions for heavy ion synchrotron injection for basic nuclear physics research; more recently they have also been used for metal ion implantation. A number of different embodiments of the source have been developed for these specific applications. Presently the sources operate in a pulsed mode, with pulse width of order 1 ms and repetition rate up to 100 pps. Beam extraction voltage is up to 100 kV, and since the ions produced in the vacuum arc plasma are in general multiply ionized the ion energy is up to several hundred keV. Beam current is up to several Amperes peak and around 10 mA time averaged delivered onto target. Nearly all of the solid metals of the Periodic Table have been use to produce beam. A number of novel features have been incorporated into the sources, including multiple cathodes and the ability to switch between up to 18 separate cathode materials simply and quickly, and a broad beam source version as well as miniature versions. here we review the source designs …

The possibility exists to obtain a higher Hc{sub 2}' upper critical field in the NbTi system which is normally limited by a spin-orbit coupling term. The introduction of scattering reduces this coupling. The spin-orbit scattering rate is proportional to Z{sup 4} and therefore leads logically to the introduction of a high atomic number element which is more or less similar with respect to all of the other properties, i.e., Tc. Previous studies have shown Tantalum to be an excellent choice. The present work represents an attempt to obtain a high current density, high field ternary magnet conductor (Jc (10T, 2K, {rho}eff = 10{sup {minus}12} {Omega}-cm)) > 2000A/mm{sup 2}. This goal was met, but the conductor was clearly not optimized.

Parametric instabilities excited by an intense electromagnetic wave in a plasma is a fundamental topic relevant to many applications. These applications include laser fusion, heating of magnetically-confined plasmas, ionospheric modification, and even particle acceleration for high energy physics. In laser fusion, these instabilities have proven to play an essential role in the choice of laser wavelength. Characterization and control of the instabilities is an ongoing priority in laser plasma experiments. Recent progress and some important trends will be discussed. 8 figs.

The Advanced Light Source (ALS), now under construction at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, will be a national user facility for the production of high-brightness and partially coherent soft x-ray and ultraviolet synchrotron radiation. The ALS is based on a low-emittance electron storage ring optimized for operation at 1.5 GeV with insertion devices in 10 long straight sections and 24 premier bend-magnet ports. High-brightness photon beams, from less than 10 eV to more than 2 keV, will be produced by undulators, thereby providing many research opportunities in materials and surface science, biology, atomic physics and chemistry. Wigglers and bend magnets will provide high-flux, broad-band radiation at energies to 10 keV. 6 refs., 6 figs., 2 tabs.

A recursive neural-network algorithm is applied to the problem of correctly pairing photons from {pi}{sup 0}, {eta}, and higher resonance decays in the presence of a large background of photons resulting from many simultaneous decays. The method uses the full information of the multi-photon final state to suppress the selection of false photon pairs which arise from the many combinatorial possibilities. The method is demonstrated for simulated photon events under semirealistic experimental conditions. 3 refs., 3 figs.

A short overview is presented of results from the initial accelerator-based studies of collisions of heavy nuclei at high energies. Some comments are made on the global observables studied and their implications for achieving conditions for deconfinement. Finally, information available from certain more specific probes selected for their ability to test whether a deconfined system of quarks and gluons is created in such collisions is presented. 5 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

We discuss various novel methods of frequency upshifting short ({le} 1 picosecond) pulses of laser light. All of these methods make use of either the sudden creation of a plasma or relativistic plasma waves. The first method discussed is known as photon acceleration. This method makes use of the fact that a laser pulse moving in a plasma can be thought of as a packet of photons, each possessing an effective mass of m{sub {gamma}} = {h bar}{omega}{sub pe}/c{sup 2} and moving with the group velocity of the laser pulse. These photons experience a force acting on them when in the presence of a gradient in the plasma density. By using a relativistic plasma wave (i.e., a moving density gradient) traveling with the photons, the energy of the photons (thus the frequency) can be continuously increased. We then discuss the sudden creation of a plasma in a region where there exists an electromagnetic wave. This results in a frequency shift of the wave. A similar method is the creation of an ionization front moving near the speed of light, whereby the interaction of this plasma front with an EM wave also results in a frequency upshift of the original wave. …

Charged particle multiplicity distributions from e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} annihilations at 29 GeV have been analyzed in selected rapidity and azimuthal angle intervals. The data were taken with the High Resolution Spectrometer at PEP. The factorial moments of the multiplicity distributions increase as the rapidity interval is decreased, the so-called intermittency phenomenon. These direct measurements of the moments agree with values derived from negative binomial fits to our multiplicity distributions in various central rapidity windows. The factorial moments are also given for the distribution in azimuthal angle around the beam direction and for the two-dimensional distribution in rapidity and azimuthal angle around the jet directions.

A review is presented of the new techniques which have been proposed for use in particle accelerators. Attention is focused upon those areas where significant progress has been made in the last two years--in particular, upon two-beam accelerators, wakefield accelerators, and plasma focusers. 26 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

The newest particle accelerators are almost always built for extending the frontiers of research, at the cutting edge of science and technology. Once these machines are operating and these technologies mature, new applications are always found, many of which touch our lives in profound ways. The evolution of accelerator technologies will be discussed, with descriptions of accelerator types and characteristics. The wide range of applications of accelerators will be discussed, in fields such as nuclear science, medicine, astrophysics and space-sciences, power generation, airport security, materials processing and microcircuit fabrication. 13 figs.

A 1.9 microperveance beam diode has been constructed to test high current density cathodes for use in klystrons. Several standard and specially coated dispenser cathodes are being tested. Results of tests to date show average cathode current densities in excess of 25 amps/cm, and maximum electric field gradients of more than 450 kV/cm for pulses of the order of 1{mu}sec. 3 refs., 11 figs.

Issues relevant in a soft ({lt} 5 GeV) muon pair experiment at the AGS or the RHIC central region are investigated. Observation of direct muon pairs is difficult because the muon pair to pion ratio is {omicron} (10{sup {minus}4}). Absorber penetration is the only means available to identify high energy muons among a large number of hadrons. Three important sources of background are sail-through hadrons that fail to interact in the absorber, the decays of pions and kaons to muons in the absorber, and leakage of hadronic shower products through the absorber. An absorber thick enough to limit the ratio of combinatorical background pairs to pions to {omicron} (10{sup {minus}4}) imposes a significant muon kinetic energy threshold due to muon range in the absorber. Absorbers with low atomic number Z are preferred to keep this threshold low, and to avoid loss of invariant mass resolution due to energy loss straggling and multiple coulomb scattering. Long-lived meson to muon decays can be directly suppressed only by picking an absorber with short interaction length, which implies a high density, high Z material. With sufficiently high statistics, a subtraction of the spectra of like-sign pairs from the spectrum of opposite-sign pairs should recover …

We present experimental results and a model of Nd:glass disk amplifiers which are used in inertial confinement fusion research. We first review our previous measurements on pulsed xenon flashlamps. We then discuss out measurements on the enhancement of the Nd fluorescence decay rate in laser disks by amplified spontaneous emission. Using these data, we have constructed a model of flashlamp pumping which treats the transfer efficiency of pump light from the flashlamps to the disks as an empirical function. We have found a simple description of this cavity transfer function which provides an excellent fit to the amplifier results for various pump pulselengths. We discuss the concept of the pump area ratio for describing the flashlamp packing density and show that amplifier performance is optimized for values of this parameter near unity. We finally present results for both a single-segment and a multisegment disk amplifier. We have used these devices to investigate new amplifier designs for a large scale fusion driver. 11 refs., 13 figs.

Advancing into the prototype production stage of the SSC dipole magnets has introduced the need for a reliable, readily available, accurate alignment measuring system which gives results in real time. Components and subassemblies such as the cold mass and vacuum vessel are being measured for various geometric conditions such as straightness and twist. Variations from nominal dimensions are also being recorded so they can be compensated for during the final assembly process. Precision laser alignment takes specific advantages of the greatest accuracy. When combined with an optically produced perpendicular plane, this results in a system of geometric references of unparalleled accuracy. This paper describes the geometric requirements for SSC dipole magnet components, sub and final assemblies as well as the use of laser technology for surveying as part of the assembly process.

Electron identification at CDF is performed using the information of lateral and longitudinal shower spread, the track-cluster position match and the energy-momentum match. The tracking chamber with a solenoidal magnetic field at CDF is powerful for rejecting the backgrounds such as the {pi}{sup {plus minus}} {minus} {pi}{sup 0} overlaps, the {pi}{sup 0}/{gamma} conversions and interactive {pi}{sup {plus minus}} in electromagnetic calorimeter: The energy- momentum match cut can decrease the background due to the {pi}{sup {plus minus}} {minus} {pi}{sup 0} overlaps for non-isolated electrons with Et above 10 GeV by a factor of 20. The conversion electrons are identified using track information with an efficiency of 80 {plus minus} 3%. The charge of electrons from W decay can be determined in the pseudorapidity range of {vert bar}{eta}{vert bar} < 1.7 at CDF. The charge determination is useful for background estimation of Drell-Yan physics and heavy flavor physics. 5 refs., 5 figs.

We have measured vacuum arc ion charge state spectra for a wide range of metallic cathode materials. The charge state distributions were measured using a time-of-flight diagnostic to monitor the energetic ion beam produced by a metal vapor vacuum arc ion source. We have obtained data for 48 metallic cathode elements: Li, C, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Dy, Ho, Er, Yb, Hf, Ta, W, Ir, Pt, Au, Pb, Bi, Th and U. The arc was operated in a pulsed mode with pulse length 0.25 msec; arc current was 100 A throughout. This array of elements extends and completes previous work by us. In this paper the measured distributions are cataloged and compared with our earlier results and with those of other workers. We also make some observations about the performance of the various elements as suitable vacuum arc cathode materials.

We present results of progress on the LBL multiple beam induction linac experiment (MBE-4). This machine models the accelerator physics of the electric-focused portion of a driver for heavy ion inertial confinement fusion. Four beams of cesium ions are accelerated in common through twenty four induction gaps while being separately focused in individual electrostatic AG focusing channels. Early experiments have demonstrated current amplification in the linac, from 10 mA to 90 mA per beam. This is achieved both by acceleration (from 200 keV to 1 MeV) and by carefully controlled bunch compression. Recent experiments have concentrated on studies of beams extracted from an ion source which produces 5 mA cesium beams at emittances near 0.03 {pi} mm-mrad (normalized). Experiments and theory show a growth of emittance (by about a factor of 2) as these beams are accelerated through the linac. Results of recent measurements of the transverse emittance behavior of these strongly space-charge-dominated ion beams are reviewed and compared with theory. 9 refs., 3 figs.