We report on the electrostatic design and related measurements of the barrel Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector for the Stanford Large Detector experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Linear Collider. We include test results of photon feedback in TMAE-laden gas, distortion measurements in the drift boxes and corona measurements. 13 refs., 21 figs.

The x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) had been an essential tool to gather spectroscopic information about atomic energy level structure in the early decades of this century. It has also played an important role in the discovery and systematization of rare-earth elements. The discovery of synchrotron radiation in 1952, and later the availability of broadly tunable synchrotron based x-ray sources have revitalized this technique since the 1970's. The correct interpretation of the oscillatory structure in the x-ray absorption cross-section above the absorption edge by Sayers et. al. has transformed XAS from a spectroscopic tool to a structural technique. EXAFS (Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure) yields information about the interatomic distances, near neighbor coordination numbers, and lattice dynamics. An excellent description of the principles and data analysis techniques of EXAFS is given by Teo. XANES (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure), on the other hand, gives information about the valence state, energy bandwidth and bond angles. Today, there are about 50 experimental stations in various synchrotrons around the world dedicated to collecting x-ray absorption data from the bulk and surfaces of solids and liquids. In this chapter, we will give the basic principles of XAS, explain the information content of essentially two different …

This reports an investigation into the performance of selected scintillation oils and fiber materials to test their applicability in high energy, liquid scintillator calorimetry. Two scintillating oils, Bicron BC-517 and an oil mixed for the MACRO experiment, and two fiber materials, Teflon and GlassClad PS-252, were tested for the following properties: light yield, attenuation length and internal reflection angle. The results of these tests indicated that the scintillation oils and the fiber materials had an overall good performance with lower energies and would meet the requirements of liquid scintillator detection at SSC energies. 6 refs.

Value Engineering is an organized problem solving technique that utilizes communication and teamwork skills -- skills heralded as strengths for women. Value Engineering offers an excellent career opportunity for women in the engineering profession. It is an expanded career path that is currently being overlooked by women. Value Engineering is supported by SAVE (Society of American Value Engineers) and certification in the process can be achieved in two years. For women in the engineering profession, VE is an ideal place to redirect their existing skills and training. The number of certified women is a minority, creating a wide-open field of opportunity in federal and state agencies as well as private industry. Value Engineering can provide that new avenue for engineering careers -- a new direction where current skills can be applied to a diverse and exciting profession. 1 fig.

The D0 LAr calorimeters are contained in three cylindrical cryostats, symmetrical about the X-Y plain drawn perpendicular to the beam (Z) and through the middle of the center calot:imeter (CC), and terminating in a north and south end calorimeters (ECN, ECS). The center calorimeter holds ca. 5,000, and each end calorimeters holds 3,000, gallons of LAr (BP= ca. 90K) at a nominal pressure of 4/3 atm. The 96 (32 per cryostat) multilayer, G10, signal boards map the signals from the detector to the preamplifiers, while 'feeding them through' the boundary wall between the argon cryostat and the atmosphere. The feedthrough function is accomplished by attaching a hermetic flange to the signal board, and then sealing the flange to an opening in a stainless steel 'signal box', an extension of the cryostat, with a bolted sea. The geometry is arranged to stratify the gas temperature in a 'tower' (port) to keep the box assemblies, nominally, at room temperature. The cryostat design must obey a set of physical constraints that, effectively, require that the circular cross-section be inscribed in a square. All warm 'access ports' are constrained to reside in the upper quadrants; defined as above the equator, outside the circular cross-section, …

Much work has been devoted to methods for reasoning about the specifications of operating system specifications, the goal being to develop specifications for an operating system that are verified to be secure. Before the verification should be attempted, the specifications should be tested. This paper presents tools that can assist in the security testing of specifications. The first tool is based on the final Algebra Specification and Execution (FASE) system, and would be used to test specifications with real input values. FASE is an executable specification language which is operational in style, in which entities are represented in terms of their observable behavior. To facilitate the testing of an operating system (and its specification), use FASE we have specified a Secure Resource Manager (SRM), a generic template of an operating system. The SRM specification can be specialized to a specification of a particular operating system; the SRM is quite general and handles most features of modern nondistributed operating systems. The second tool, called the PLANNER, is used to derive a sequence of operations that exhibits a security flaw, most often a covert channel for information flow. The PLANNER is based on classical methods of AI planning, specialized to achieve goals …

This report discusses the results of the environmental monitoring program at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for 1989. To evaluate the effects of ANL operations on the environment, samples of environmental media collected on the site, at the site boundary, and off the ANL site were analyzed and compared. A variety of radionuclides were measured in air, surface water, groundwater, soil, grass, bottom sediment, and milk samples.

This health and safety guide was written to satisfy two objectives: to summarize the toxicity of metals and alloys used in superconductivity for the benefit of those who work with these materials, and to summarize and describes the basic principles of a highly technical field from a health and safety point-of-view for the benefit of health professionals. The guide begins with a profile of the superconductivity industry, including a list of current and potential applications, a literature review of the market potential, and summary of the current industry status. The body of the paper provides a toxicity and hazard summary for 50 metals, alloys and metal oxides used in superconductivity. The toxicity and hazard summary for all 50 compounds includes: occupational exposure limits, explosiveness and flammability potential, LD{sub 50}'s, chemical and physical properties, incompatibilities and reactivities, recommended personal protective equipment, symptoms of acute and chronic exposure, target organs and toxic effects, and steps for emergency first aid. Finally, a discussion of general occupational hygiene principles is provided, with emphasis on how these principles apply to the unique field of superconductivity. 41 refs.

This report covers the period from April 1, 1989 to March 30, 1990. During this period further extrusions of fine-grained alloys of FeAl and NiAl with different aluminum contents were produced. Thus far, researchers have (1) completed room temperature mechanical testing which shows that the yield strength, {sigma}{sub y}, of FeAl shows a minimum near Fe-45Al while that for NiAl increases with increasing (nickel-rich) deviation from stoichiometry; (2) showed that the grain boundary strengthening parameter, k, in the Hall-Petch relationship, {sigma}{sub y} = {sigma}{sub 0} + k d{sup {minus}{1/2}} (where {sigma}{sub 0} is the lattice resistance and d the grain size), in FeAl shows a minimum at Fe-45Al whilst in NiAl it decreases with increasing deviation from stoichiometry; (3) studied grain boundary chemistry in near-stoichiometric NiAl and FeAl using scanning Auger electron spectroscopy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the aid of Mr. R.A. Padgett, Jr.; studied grain boundary chemistry using EDS and Z-contrast imaging on field emission gun high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopes; (5) continued in-situ straining experiments in the transmission electron microscope to examine dislocation/grain boundary interactions; (6) examined dislocation structures in lightly-deformed NiAl and FeAl and, based on observations in the latter, proposed a mechanism for …

This report covers the period from April 1, 1989 to March 30, 1990. During this period further extrusions of fine-grained alloys of FeAl and NiAl with different aluminum contents were produced. Thus far, researchers have (1) completed room temperature mechanical testing which shows that the yield strength, {sigma}{sub y}, of FeAl shows a minimum near Fe-45Al while that for NiAl increases with increasing (nickel-rich) deviation from stoichiometry; (2) showed that the grain boundary strengthening parameter, k, in the Hall-Petch relationship, {sigma}{sub y} = {sigma}{sub 0} + k d{sup {minus}{1/2}} (where {sigma}{sub 0} is the lattice resistance and d the grain size), in FeAl shows a minimum at Fe-45Al whilst in NiAl it decreases with increasing deviation from stoichiometry; (3) studied grain boundary chemistry in near-stoichiometric NiAl and FeAl using scanning Auger electron spectroscopy at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, with the aid of Mr. R.A. Padgett, Jr.; studied grain boundary chemistry using EDS and Z-contrast imaging on field emission gun high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopes; (5) continued in-situ straining experiments in the transmission electron microscope to examine dislocation/grain boundary interactions; (6) examined dislocation structures in lightly-deformed NiAl and FeAl and, based on observations in the latter, proposed a mechanism for …

Membrane based separation technology, a relative newcomer on the separations scene, has demonstrated the potential of saving enormous amounts of energy in the processing industries if substituted for conventional separation systems. Over 1 quad annually, out of 2.6, can possibly be saved in liquid-to-gas separations, alone, if membrane separation systems gain wider acceptance, according to a recent DOE/OIP (DOE/NBM-80027730 (1986)) study. In recent years great strides have been made in the field and offer even greater energy savings in the future when substituted for other conventional separation techniques such as distillation, evaporation, filtration, sedimentation, and absorption. An assessment was conducted by a group of six internationally known membrane separations experts who examined the worldwide status of research in the seven major membrane areas. This encompassed four mature technology areas: reverse osmosis, micorfiltration, ultrafiltration, and electrodialysis; two developing areas: gas separation and and pervaporation; and one emerging technology: facilitated transport. Particular attention was paid to identifying the innovative processes currently emerging, and even further improvements which could gain wider acceptance for the more mature membrane technology. The topics that were pointed out as having the greatest research emphasis are pervaporation for organic-organic separations; gas separation; micorfiltration; an oxidant-resistant reverse osmosis membrane; …

Industrial separation processes consume a significant portion of the energy used in the United States. A 1986 survey by the Office of Industrial Programs estimated that about 4.2 quads of energy are expended annually on distillation, drying and evaporation operations. This survey also concluded that over 0.8 quads of energy could be saved in the chemical, petroleum and food industries alone if these industries adopted membrane separation systems more widely. Membrane separation systems offer significant advantages over existing separation processes. In addition to consuming less energy than conventional processes, membrane systems are compact and modular, enabling easy retrofit to existing industrial processes. The present study was commissioned by the Department of Energy, Office of Program Analysis, to identify and prioritize membrane research needs in light of DOE's mission. Each report will be individually cataloged.

This is the final report of the High Burnup Effects Program (HBEP). It has been prepared to present a summary, with conclusions, of the HBEP. The HBEP was an international, group-sponsored research program managed by Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratories (BNW). The principal objective of the HBEP was to obtain well-characterized data related to fission gas release (FGR) for light water reactor (LWR) fuel irradiated to high burnup levels. The HBEP was organized into three tasks as follows: Task 1 -- high burnup effects evaluations; Task 2 -- fission gas sampling; and Task 3 -- parameter effects study. During the course of the HBEP, a program that extended over 10 years, 82 fuel rods from a variety of sources were characterized, irradiated, and then examined in detail after irradiation. The study of fission gas release at high burnup levels was the principal objective of the program and it may be concluded that no significant enhancement of fission gas release at high burnup levels was observed for the examined rods. The rim effect, an as yet unquantified contributor to athermal fission gas release, was concluded to be the one truly high-burnup effect. Though burnup enhancement of fission gas release was observed to …

The preliminary specifications for various new detectors throughout the world including those at the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) already make it clear that existing event building techniques will be inadequate for the high trigger and data rates anticipated for these detectors. In the world of high-energy physics many approaches have been taken to solving the problem of reading out data from a whole detector and presenting a complete event to the physicist, while simultaneously keeping deadtime to a minimum. This paper includes a review of multiprocessor and telecommunications interconnection networks and how these networks relate to event building in general, illustrating advantages of the various approaches. It presents a more detailed study of recent research into new event building techniques which incorporate much greater parallelism to better accommodate high data rates. The future in areas such as front-end electronics architectures, high speed data links, event building and online processor arrays is also examined. Finally, details of a scalable parallel data acquisition system architecture being developed at Fermilab are given. 35 refs., 31 figs., 1 tab.

The Chemical Technology Division of Argonne National Laboratory is performing experiments in support of the waste package development of the Yucca Mountain Project (formerly the Nevada Nuclear Waste Storage Investigations Project). Experiments in progress include (1) the development and performance of a durability test in unsaturated conditions, (2) studies of waste form behavior in an irradiated atmosphere, (3) studies of behavior in water vapor, and (4) studies of naturally occurring glasses to be used as analogues for waste glass behavior. This report documents progress made during the period of January--June 1988. 21 refs., 37 figs., 12 tabs.

Objectives are to study binary complexes involving molecular oxygen and the photoinitiated reactions, and to study species involving oxygen atoms and small molecules and simple hydrocarbons. Attempts were made to produce O({sup 3}P) in a jet by photodissociation of NO{sub 2} and to cluster it with HCl. A new pulsed jet vacuum system with greater sensitivity is being constructed. The IR spectrum of O{sub 2}DCl complex was measured.

Experimental transition energies in the superdeformed (SD) bands near A = 190 are least-squares fit to rotational model formulae in order to extract level spin. The data set includes 16 SD bands, which show no evidence of either irregular behavior near the bottom of the bands or abrupt angular momentum alignment at low {Dirac h}{omega}. The 9 transitions lowest in energy in each band are well described by the formulae. The fitted spin of the final state in the {gamma}-ray cascade is within {plus minus}0.1{Dirac h} of an integer or half-odd integer for 13 of the bands. The weight of the evidence suggests that meaningful level spins corresponding to these transitions can be inferred. The moment of inertia at {omega} = 0 is correlated, with I = 88.3(5){Dirac h}{sup 2}/MeV and I = 93.4(5){Dirac h}{sup 2}/MeV for the strong and weak bands, respectively. 19 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

Any measurement task requires a fixed reference base (the datum) from which measurements can be made and calculated. The linac was the datum to which all SLC components were aligned; although this reference existed as a physical object, the actual establishment of the datum and its transferral to datums that were more useful for the SLC installation challenged the technology and computational ability of the survey group. Once established, the maintenance of datums is not to be taken for granted, as demonstrated by the 1989 earthquake which destroyed all SLAC's survey datums. 7 refs., 6 figs.

The formation constants for the reactions PuO{sub 2}{sup +} + H{sub 2}O = PuO{sub 2}(OH) + H{sup +} and PuO{sub 2}{sup +} + CO{sub 3}{sup 2} = PuO{sub 2}(CO{sub 3}){sup {minus}} were determined in aqueous sodium perchlorate solutions by laser-induced photoacoustic spectroscopy. The molar absorptivity of the PuO{sub 2}{sup +} band at 569 nm decreased with increasing hydroxide concentration. Similarly, spectral changes occurred between 540 and 580 nm as the carbonate concentration was increased. The absorption data were analyzed by the non-linear least-squares program SQUAD to yield complexation constants. Using the specific ion interaction theory, both complexation constants were extrapolated to zero ionic strength. These thermodynamic complexation constants were combined with the oxidation-reduction potentials of Pu to obtain Eh versus pH diagrams. 120 refs., 35 figs., 12 tabs.

The 2 billion square meters (m{sup 2}) of building windows in the United States cause a national energy drain almost as large as the energy supply of the Alaskan oil pipeline. Unlike the pipeline, the drain of energy through windows will continue well into the 21st century. A part of this energy drain is due to unwanted sun gain through windows. This is a problem throughout the country in commercial buildings because they generally require air conditioning even in cold climates. New commercial windows create an additional 1600 MW demand for peak electric power in the United States each year. Sun control films, widely used in new windows and as retrofits to old windows, help to mitigate this problem. However, conventional, static solar control films also block sunlight when it is wanted for warmth and daylighting. New electrochromic, switchable, sun-gain-control films now under development will provide more nearly optimal and automatic sun control for added comfort, decreased building operating expense, and greater energy saving. Switchable, electrochromic films can be deposited on polymers at high speeds by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) in a process that may be suitable for roll coating. This paper describes the electrochromic coatings and the …

We study the cosmology resulting from two coupled scalar fields, one which is either a new inflation or chaotic type inflation and the other which has an exponentially decaying potential. Such potential may appear in the conformally transformed frame of generalized Einstien theories like the Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory. The constraints necessary for successful inflation are examined. We find conventional GUT models such as SU(5) are compatible with new inflation, while restrictions on the self-coupling constant are significantly loosened for chaotic inflation. 20 refs., 1 fig.

A small low energy cyclotron (the cyclotrino''), which was proposed for direct detection of radiocarbon in 1980, has now detected radiocarbon at natural abundance. This device combines the suppression of background through the use of negative ions with the high intrinsic mass resolution of a cyclotron. A high current cesium sputter negative ion source generates a beam of carbon ions which is pre-separated with Wien filter and is transported to the cyclotron via a series of electrostatic lenses. Beam is injected radially into the cyclotron using electrostatic deflectors and an electrostatic mirror. Axial focusing is entirely electrostatic. A microchannel plate detector is used with a phase-gated output. Data is presented showing resolution of radiocarbon at natural abundance. In its present form the system is capable of improving the sensitivity of detecting {sup 14}C in some biomedical experiments by a factor of 10{sup 4}. Modifications are discussed which could bring about an additional factor of 100 in sensitivity, which is important for archaeological and geological applications. Possibilities for measurements of other isotopes are discussed. 16 refs., 7 figs.

We estimate the expected flux of ultrahigh-energy (> 10{sup 18}eV) protons in the present epoch due to a process which involves collapse or multiple self-intersections of a special class of closed cosmic string loops in the universe. We compare this flux with the observed flux of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, and discuss the implications. 19 refs., 1 fig.

There has been a recent rapid increase in the power of RISC computers running the UNIX operating system. Fermilab has begun to make use of these computers in the next generation of offline computer farms. It is also planning to use such computers in online computer farms. Issues involved in constructing online UNIX farms are discussed. 2 figs.