When grown in the absence of light, the det1 mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana develop characteristics of light-grown plants by morphological, cellular, and molecular criteria. Further, in light-grown plants, mutations in the DET1 gene affect cell-type-specific expression of light-regulated genes and the chloroplast developmental program. Here we show that the addition of exogenously added cytokinins (either 2-isopentenyl adenine, kinetin, or benzyladenine) to the growth medium of dark-germinated wild-type seedlings results in seedlings that resemble det1 mutants, instead of having the normal etiolated morphology. Like det1 mutants, these dark-grown seedlings now contain chloroplasts and have high levels of expression of genes that are normally ``light``-regulated. These results suggest an important role for cytokinins during greening of Arabidopsis, and may implicate cytokinin levels or an increased sensitivity to cytokinins as explanations for some of the observed phenotypes of det1 mutants.

The purpose of this project is to elucidate the way in which the synthesis of ethanol and related fermentation products are regulated in the facultative anaerobe Escherichia coli. We are also investigating the control of other genes required for anaerobic growth. We have isolated both structural and regulatory mutations affecting the expression of alcohol dehydrogenase, the enzyme responsible for the final step in alcohol synthesis. Some of these regulatory mutations also affect other anaerobically induced genes. The adh gene has been cloned and sequenced. The ADH protein is one of the largest highly expressed proteins in E. coli and requires approximately 2700bp of DNA for its coding sequence. We have also isolated mutations affecting the fermentative lactate dehydrogenase and have recently cloned the ldh gene. In consequence it is now possible to construct E. coli strains defective in the production of any one or more of their normal fermentation products (i.e. formate, acetate, lactate, ethanol and succinate). The factors affecting ratio of fermentation products are being investigated by in vivo NMR spectroscopy.

A three-stage thin-film detector for the identification of heavy ion fragments was investigated in beam at HHIRF. An experiment on Eu-152 for the purposes of calibrating a four-crystal Germanium polarimeter was performed. The instrument was then used in an experiment to establish polarities for the low-lying transitions in {sup 82}Sr. The spectral fitting code ROBFIT was applied to the data analysis and shown to perform well on the extraction of weak peaks in high background situations.

XANES and EXAFS measurements were made on a CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} sample which went through a complete reaction cycle with flue gases, followed by comparison with pure CuO. In the modeling studies, of the possible bridging type adsorption configurations for the SO{sub 2} molecule on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}, the only one yielding SO{sub 2} adsorption of possible practical interest is that for the SO{sub 2} molecule bridging a Cu and an Al atom with the molecule bent away from the surface; the bonding energy is 1.66 eV.

XANES spectra are given for a number of model sulfur-containing compounds. The XANES and EXAFS spectra and structures of the inorganic standards (CuSO{sub 4}, FeS{sub 2}, FeS, CuS) are discussed. Calculations were made on SO{sub 2} adsorption on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface; results show that the SO{sub 2} is adsorbed on the surface via O-Cu bonding, probably in the form of a ``bridge`` with the two oxygen atoms of SO{sub 2}sitting at two surface metal atoms. It is probably better to have low-temperature adsorption in reusable adsorbents because of the lower bonding energy of the O-Cu bonding. The possibility of adsorption at the edge or corner of the material is considered.

RHEED (reflection high energy electron diffraction) was carried out on Cu(110) at 153 to 973 K. Specular spot profiles show decreased scattering intensity around 550 K. RHEED patterns show disappearance of Kikuchi lines above 800 K. LEED indicate anharmonicities on Cu(110) surface at high temperatures. Results suggest that anharmonic effects precede onset of a rough surface at about 800 K. Three possible models were investigated for the clean surface for copper oxide dispersed on alumina; one was selected to use in going on to treat SO{sub 2} sorption. The Gauss-88 technique was used on Cray YMP to initiate cluster calculations for treating adsorption of the SO{sub 2} molecule. Of the possibilities for how SO{sub 2} adsorbs on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface, sulfur-to-metal bonding was first considered, with the SO{sub 2} molecule on top of the Cu atom; this first configuration was found not to be energetically favorable for adsorption. 4 figs.

We performed XANES and EXAFS measurements at the sulfur K-edge for FeS, CuS and two coals, Powhatan {number_sign}5 and Blacksville {number_sign}2. We have used the measurements of the two standards in discussing the spectra of the spectra of the two coals as described below. We have continued our investigation for the possible bonding configurations of the SO{sub 2} molecule on CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}. In distinction to sulfur-to-metal (S-M) on-top bonding, we find that oxygen-to-metal (O-M) on-top bonding does provide a possible adsorption configuration of interest. We want next to investigate bridging type adsorption configurations. Before doing this, it is necessary to further examine the detailed behavior of the model for the clean CuO/Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} surface.

This report discusses: light scattering at the crystal-melt interface; morphological instability and pattern selection; and sidebranching.

In this final report, we summarize some of our results from September 1989 to October 1990. The design, construction, and testing of a four-processor prototype multi-processor (RTP) board using TI TMS320C25 DSP chips has been completed and is reported upon in our separately submitted Final Report on the RADON TRANSFORM COMPUTER'' Project.'' The design of our fully custom CMOS VLSI chip has been completed. The chip has been designed, the layout completed, and the chip is now going through its final pre-fabrication simulations. We are now finishing the extensive detailed final documentation of the R/Bchip. This extensive documentation will be provided to Steve Azevedo when we have submitted the chip for fabrication. The present status of the custom chip design activity is summarized in Section II. Evaluations of the hardware requirements for fast filtering of data for filtered backprojection (item 3) have been completed and are summarized in our separately submitted Final Report on the RADON TRANSFORM COMPUTER'' Project.'' We briefly summarize the new custom CMOS VLSI unified Radon transform/backprojection IC architecture, layout, and simulated performance.

In this final report, we summarize some of our results from September 1989 to October 1990. The design, construction, and testing of a four-processor prototype multi-processor (RTP) board using TI TMS320C25 DSP chips has been completed. We are now finishing the extensive detailed final documentation of the RTP hardware and software. This extensive documentation will be provided to Steve Azevedo when we return the borrowed workstation and deliver the RTP to LLNL. A summary of the test results are in Section II. The design of our fully custom CMOS VLSI chip has been completed. The chip has been designed, the layout completed, and the chip is now going through its final pre-fabrication simulations. The present status of the custom chip design activity will be summarized in the separately submitted Final Report on the Real-Time Multi-Dimensional Processing Hardware Designs'' Project.'' Evaluations of the hardware requirements for fast filtering of data for filtered backprojection have been completed and are summarized. We briefly summarize the test results of the TMS320 multi-processor prototype RTP board evaluation.

To gain a fundamental understanding of the role and importance of hydrogen transfer reactions in thermal and catalytic coprocessing by examining possible hydrogen donation from cycloalkane/aromatic systems and by understanding the chemistry and enhanced reactivity of hydrotreated residuum, as well as by enriching petroleum solvent with potent new donors, nonaromatic hydroaromatics, thereby promoting hydrogen transfer reactions in coprocessing. The detailed results of experiments performed on several subtasks during the quarter are presented.

To gain a fundamental understanding of the role and importance of hydrogen transfer reactions in thermal and catalytic coprocessing by examining possible hydrogen donation from cycloalkane/aromatic systems and by understanding the chemistry and enhanced reactivity of hydrotreated residuum, as well as by enriching petroleum solvent with potent new donors, nonaromatic hydroaromatics, thereby promoting hydrogen transfer reactions in coprocessing. The detailed results of experiments performed on several subtasks during the quarter are presented.

The objective is to gain a fundamental understanding of the role and importance of hydrogen transfer reactions in thermal and catalytic coprocessing by examining possible hydrogen donation from cycloalkane/aromatic systems and by understanding the chemistry and enhanced reactivity of hydrotreated residuum, as well as by enriching petroleum solvent with potent new donors, nonaromatic hydroaromatics, thereby promoting hydrogen transfer reactions in coprocessing. The detailed results of experiments performed on several subtasks during the quarter are presented.

The objective of quantitative imaging is to provide pharmacokinetic information for patients that is analogous to that provided by biodistribution studies in mice. Radionuclide images depict the distribution of labeled antibodies in-vivo; thus the amount of radionuclide in a specific organ or site can be estimated by relating the counts detected in a defined region of interest to the total radionuclide content. This pharmacokinetic information can be used to obtain definitive and relevant answers to basic questions of importance for optimizing radioimmunoimaging and radioimmunotherapy and, in addition, can provide a data base from which to calculate the distribution of radiation absorbed doses. The research employs quantitative imaging in evaluating therapies. Quantitative imaging is performed by a certified nuclear medicine technician using the Siemens gamma camera interfaced with the microVAX II. The technician processes the imaging data and obtains pharmacokinetic information from it using programs developed by the authors and others. A large amount of data has been acquired and analyzed on the pharmacokinetics, dosimetry and toxicity of radiolabeled monoclonal therapy. Important dosimetry data on the whole body, marrow and tumor doses are available and all studies are archived so that they can be retrospectively analyzed. Although the radiation absorbed doses …

This second edition is an update of biomass energy production and use in Washington State for 1989. The purpose of this directory is to provide a listing of known biomass users within the state and some basic information about their facilities. The data can be helpful to persons or organizations considering the use of biomass fuels. The directory is divided into three sections of biomass facilities with each section containing a map of locations and a data summary table. In addition, a conversion table, a glossary and an index are provided in the back of the directory. The first section deals with biogas production from wastewater treatment plants. The second section provides information on the wood combustion facilities in the state. This section is subdivided into two categories. The first is for facilities connected with the forest products industries. The second category include other facilities using wood for energy. The third section is composed of three different types of biomass facilities -- ethanol, municipal solid waste, and solid fuel processing. Biomass facilities included in this directory produce over 64 trillion Btu (British thermal units) per year. Wood combustion facilities account for 91 percent of the total. Biogas and ethanol facilities …

It is recognized worldwide that an intense source of fusion energy neutrons is needed to evaluate candidate fusion materials. At an International Energy Agency (IEA) workshop held in San Diego in February 1989, an Evaluation Panel recommended that three neutron source concepts be developed further. The panel also recommended that further comparisons were needed of their irradiation environments. In this paper, a comparison is made of damage parameters for beryllium, carbon, silicon, vanadium, iron, copper, molybdenum, and tungsten irradiated in spectra characteristic of di-Li, spallation, and beam-plasma (d-t) neutron sources and in a reference DEMO first wall spectrum. The treatment of neutron-induced displacement reactions is confined to the region below 20 MeV and transmutation reactions to below 50 MeV by the limited availability of calculational tools. The spallation spectrum is relatively soft; less than 2% of the neutrons are above 50 MeV. The transmutation results emphasize the need to define the neutron spectra at low, as well as high, energies; only the DEMO spectrum is adequate in this respect. Recommendations are given for further work to be performed under an international working group. 12 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

Research during 1988--89 focused on several new aspects of the response of the salt marsh ecosystem to elevated CO{sub 2}. In previous years we gave highest priority to studies of the effect of CO{sub 2} on biomass production into above and below-ground tissues, nitrogen content, light response of photosynthesis of single leaves, leaf water potential and carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange between the plant canopy and the ambient air. Result from the work in 87 and 88 had shown that the C3 plant, Scirpus olneyi, responded vigorously to elevated CO{sub 2} but the two C4 species, Spartina patens and Distichlis spicata did not. The responses of photosynthesis were also reflected in the canopy and ecosystem processes. Thus our emphasis shifted from determining the growth responses to exploring photosynthesis in greater detail. The main questions were: does acclimation to high CO{sub 2} involve reduction of some aspect of photosynthesis either at the single leaf level or in canopy structure? How much more carbon will be accumulated in a high CO{sub 2} than under present CO{sub 2} concentration? Our results give us partial answers to these questions but since the long term aspect of CO{sub 2} stimulation remains the most important …

A new, pulse-timing discriminator and B-scan time-to-pulse-height converter have been developed for the inspection of production parts. The discriminator is easy to operate and features automatic echo gating and automatic pulse polarity discrimination. This instrument combines the noise-blanking advantages of threshold discrimination with the echo-timing precision of zero-crossing discrimination to improve measurement accuracy by a factor of two over the best precious techniques. When used with the discriminator, the B-scan unit allows detection of flaws at depths less than one-fourth those obtainable with commercially available instruments. 3 refs., 20 figs., 2 tabs.

Catalytic reforming of low octane gasoline is carried out on dual function catalysts, e.g. Pt/alumina, Pt-Re/alumina, Pt-Sn/alumina. Carboxylates are a constituent of coke on alumina; Re lowers this. 3 wt% Sn lowers both carboxylate and coke by 40% compared to alumina. 3% loadings of both Sn and Pt showed a strong synergistic effect: total coke is increased by 300% and carboxylate production is doubled. At 3% loadings of both metals, the ability of Pt to chemisorb CO is decreased, which parallels the excess coke. At 0.3%, both effects are not detectable. In order to understand the effects of second metals added with Pt on carboxylate production, a study of the mechanism of the production of carbon-oxygen species under reducing conditions of coke deposition is needed.

This report discusses a spill of approximately 20 gallons of D2O (moderator) which occurred on February 7, 1990, at 0008 hours. The spill occurred while construction was removing process water lines from the 5B heat exchanger at a location referred to as a Rams Horn to allow the heat exchanger to be realigned. The heat exchangers in the other systems (loops) had been successfully disconnected (lines broken) during the previous two months and had been realigned without incident under the control of job plans similar to the System 5 job plan. Construction personnel reacted positively at the time the spill and successfully rebolted and tightened the leaking flanges on 5B and later on the 5A heat exchangers. This initial reaction stopped the leak and prevented a more severe incident. The spill incident resulted in a Site Alert declaration by the Shift Manager at 0220 hours when the Stack Tritium Monitor indicated a tritium release which exceeded the limits specified. After the event it was determined that a Temporary Procedure Change (TPC) to this DPSOL, had been approved and issued in April 1989. Had this TPC been available to the Shift Manager, the alert would not have been declared. Although the …

Accessibility is today's space frontier. Our need for wide-band global communications, earth imaging an sensing, atmospheric measurements and military reconnaissance is endless but growing dependence on space-based systems raises concerns about potential vulnerability. Military commanders want space assets more accessible and under direct local control. As a result, a robust and low cost access to space-like capability has become a national priority. Buoyant vehicles, free floating in the middle stratosphere could provide the kind of cost effective access to space-like capability needed for a verity of missions. These vehicles are inexpensive, invisible and easily launched. Developments in payload electronics, atmospheric wind modeling and materials combined with ever-improving communications and navigation infrastructure are making balloon-borne concepts more attractive. The fundamental question is whether a free floating balloon, used in a pseudo-satellite role, has value in a military system. Flight tests are ongoing under NASA sponsorship. Following these tests NASA intends to use the vehicles for research in the Antarctic. The concept is being reviewed by other agencies interested in stratospheric research. We believe that LDFFF systems have applications in areas of communications, surveillance and other traditional satellite missions. Dialogue with the broader community of space users is needed to expand the …

Work is described briefly, which was carried out on development of techniques to grow metal-semiconductor superlattices (artificially layered materials) and on the copper oxide based susperconductors (naturally layered materials). The current growth technique utilized is metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). CdTe, PbTe, La, LaTe, and Bi{sub 2}Te{sub 3} were deposited, mostly on GaAs. Several YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} compounds were obtained with possible superconductivity at temperatures up to 550 K (1 part in 10{sup 4}). YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7{minus}x} and Tl{sub 2}CaBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}O{sub y} thin films were deposited by MOCVD on common substrates such as glass.

Ionic concentration of snow prior to meltoff in 1990 as in previous years ranged widely from point to point within the basin. Overland flow began on May 12 and was monitored at closely-spaced time intervals for discharge volume and ionic concentrations to better define this relationship in non-channelized flow. Ionic concentration in both watertrack flow and in Imnavait Creek were closely monitored during meltoff. During the post melt period daily sampling was maintained in watertrack 7 and Imnavait Creek. Rainfall collection and analysis on an eight day schedule was maintained as in previous years. Soil solution composition was monitored on an event basis in conjunction with a similar schedule of precipitation sampling to determine relationships between precipitation and near surface and overland flow. Composition of deeper soil solution was also monitored and sampled for {sup 18}O analyses to determine the age structure of water contributed by the active layer to stream and watertracks. A pilot experiment employing salt tracers was conducted across landscape units to determine rates and pathways of soil solution movement in response to individual rain events. Nutrient addition in rime and fog were also recorded to add detail to the input side of the balance equation.

The ``Weatherization Residential Assistance Partnership,`` or WRAP program, is a fuel-blind conservation program designed to assist Northeast Utilities` low-income customers to use energy safely and efficiently. Innovative with respect to its collaborative approach and its focus on utilizing and strengthening the existing low-income weatherization service delivery network, the WRAP program offers an interesting model to other utilities which traditionally have relied on for-profit energy service contractors and highly centralized program implementation structures. This evaluation of the WRAP program is designed to: (1) Review the continuing relevance of the demand-side management option screening methodology for determining program configuration for services delivery, including rural populations; (2) locate and analyze recent additions to the energy conservation literature, data and information that bear on design of the WRAP program; and (3) through interviews assess participant impressions of the collaborative process used to plan, develop and implement the WRAP process.