The Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) measured the velocity conditions at three fish screening facilities in the Yakima River Basin: Wapato, Chandler, and Easton Screens. The measurement objectives were different at the three screens. At Wapato, approach and sweep velocities were measured to evaluate the effect of rearing pens in the screen forebay. A complete survey was performed at the Chandler Screens. At Easton, velocity was measured behind the screens to provide information for the installation of porosity boards to balance flow through the screens. Salmon-rearing pens used at the Wapato Canal had a minimal effect on the magnitude of approach and sweep velocities at the face of the drum screens, although the pens caused increased turbulence and variability in water velocities. The net pens did not appear to affect flows through the three fish bypasses. 8 refs., 17 figs., 5 tabs.

This monthly bulletin describes activities in the following project areas during this reporting period: supporting technology development, large animal model studies, neutron source and facility preparation, administration and common support, and PBF operations. (FI)

This report summarizes the advanced development of the Spectrum Sciences Model 5005-TF, Single-Event Test Fixture. The Model 5005-TF uses a Californium-252 (Cf-252) fission-fragment source to test integrated circuits and other devices for the effects of single-event phenomena. Particle identification methods commonly used in high-energy physics research and nuclear engineering have been incorporated into the Model 5005-TF for estimating the particle charge, mass, and energy parameters. All single-event phenomena observed in a device under test (DUT) are correlated with an identified fission fragment, and its linear energy transfer (LET) and range in the semiconductor material of the DUT.

This paper presents the numerical results of an analytical study for mass transfer and transport of radionuclides released from a cylindrical waste solid into water-saturated fractured porous rock. The purposes of this study are (1) to predict the diffusive mass flux from a cylindrical waste solid into a planar fracture and the surrounding rock matrix for the low-flow conditions wherein near-field mass transfer is expected to be controlled by molecular diffusion and (2) to investigate the effects of cylindrical geometry and of multidimensional matrix diffusion including diffusion in the directions parallel to the fracture plane. In the paper are presented the derivation of an analytical solution for the time-dependent mass transfer from the cylinder for low-flow conditions and computer-code implementation and numerical results. The problem was first proposed and solved analytically by Chambre. Numerical results are shown for (1) the diffusive mass fluxes from the cylindrical waste solid into the fracture and into the rock matrix, (2) the diffusive mass flux across the rock/fracture interface, and (3) the instantaneous concentration isopleths in the fracture and in the rock matrix. Comparison of the present cylindrical model with previous planar models, wherein contaminant was assumed to be released only into the fracture …

Irradiation experiments were conducted on multilayer (ML) and coevaporated (CO) thin films in order to examine the role that the heat of mixing ({Delta}H{sub mix}) has in ion-induced grain growth. Room temperature irradiations using 1.7 MeV Xe were performed in the High Voltage Electron Microscope at Argonne National Laboratory. The alloys studied (Pt-Ti, Pt-V, Pt-Ni, Au-Co and Ni-Al) spanned a large range of {Delta}H{sub mix} values. Comparison of grain growth rates between ML and CO films of a given alloy confirmed a heat of mixing effect. Differences in grain growth rates between ML and CO films scaled according to the sign and magnitude of {Delta}H{sub mix} of the system (with exception of the Pt-V system). Substantial variations in growth rates among CO alloy films experiencing similar irradiation damage demonstrated that a purely collisional approach is inadequate for describing ion-induced grain growth and consideration must also be given to material-specific properties. Results from CO alloy films were consistent with a thermal spike model of ion-induced grain growth. The grain boundary mobility was observed to be proportional to the thermal spike-related parameter, (F{sub D}{sup 2})/({Delta}H{sub coh}{sup 3}), where F{sub D} is the deposited damage energy and {Delta}H{sub coh} is the cohesive energy.

The Advanced Divertor (AD) for General Atomics tokamak, DIII-D, was installed in the summer of 1990. The AD has enabled two classes of physics experiments to be run: divertor biasing and divertor baffling. Both are new experiments for DIII-D. The AD has two principal components: (1) a continuous ring electrode; and (2) a toroidally symmetric baffle. The tokamak can be run in bias baffle or standard DIII-D divertor modes by accurate positioning of the outer divertor strike point through the use of the DIII-D control system. The paper covers design, analysis, fabrication, installation, instrumentation, testing, initial operation, and future plans for the Advanced Divertor from an engineering viewpoint. 2 refs., 5 figs.

This presentation is a review of recent measurements on charm production at fixed-target experiments. The measurements are relevant to a number of basic physics issues: tests of perturbative QCD, fragmentation, and basic hadronic structure. We now have high quality, high statistics data from several fixed-target experiments. These include a total of about 30,000 fully reconstructed open charm decays and even more copious J/{Psi}, {Psi}, and {Upsilon} decays. Reconstruction of the full data is now reaching completion and we await final results for systematic physics interpretations. This review of the current situation will be followed by a brief look beyond, toward beauty production at fixed-target experiments.

Current practice uses statistical tests to determine whether seasonal factors should be applied in a given forecasting situation. Research suggests that an optimal policy might lie somewhere between using full seasonal factors and using no seasonal factors on series. This research proposes and tests use of a modified seasonality factor. Modified seasonal factors reduce the emphasis on the seasonal adjustments when forecasts are made. The adjustments account for errors in the estimation of the factors and for possible changes in the factors over the forecast horizon. An analysis of data from US Navy personnel inventories was conducted to test the use of a modified seasonality factor. Modified seasonal factors led to improved accuracy for predictions of inventories by paygrade using quarterly data from the Navy Personnel Research and Development Center (NPRDC). Under certain selections of factors, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was reduced by 4.4%. No gain was obtained, however, for the inventories by length of service. It is expected, but not shown here, that the modified seasonal factors will only be of value for series where the estimated seasonal factors show a substantial variation across the year. 3 refs., 6 tabs.

Differential-algebraic boundary value problems arise in the modelling of singular optimal control problems and in parameter estimation for singular systems. A new class of numerical methods for these problems is introduced, and shown to overcome difficulties with previously defined numerical methods. 4 refs., 1 tab.

The RF control system for the CEBAF accelerator uses calibration tables to calibrate and linearize critical components in the RF control modules. This includes compensation for temperature drifts. Calibration data are stored in nonvolatile RAM on the CPU board in the control module. Algorithms for calibration of components like the vector modulator for the phase reference and the gradient detector are described. The calibration will be performed in a dedicated test stand which will be completely automated. The microprocessor in the control modules allows running of complex algorithms to achieve phase lock and optimize system gains for minimum residual errors for different gradients and beam loading.

The objective of this part of the study is to investigate the oxidation-reduction (redox) environment that favor the release of selenium from coal mine spoils. It is anticipated that the study will help answer critical questions as to the form, solubility, and mobility of selenium from the spoil site to the surrounding environment. This investigation will evaluate the conditions which favor the speciation of selenium from coal mine spoils as affected by changes in the oxidation states of selenium.

The objective of this part of the study is to investigate the oxidation-reduction (redox) environment that favor the release of selenium from coal mine spoils. It is anticipated that the study will help answer critical questions as to the form, solubility, and mobility of selenium from the spoil site to the surrounding environment. This investigation will evaluate the conditions which favor the speciation of selenium from coal mine spoils as affected by changes in the oxidation states of selenium.

Activation analysis has been made for the US ITER design. The radioactivity and the decay heat have been calculated, during operation and after shutdown for the two ITER phases, the Physics Phase and the Technology Phase. The Physics Phase operates about 24 full power days (FPDs) at fusion power level of 1100 MW and the Technology Phase has 860 MW fusion power and operates for about 1360 FPDs. The point-wise gamma sources have been calculated everywhere in the reactor at several times after shutdown of the two phases and are then used to calculate the biological dose everywhere in the reactor. Activation calculations have been made also for ITER divertor. The results are presented for different continuous operation times and for only one pulse. The effect of the pulsed operation on the radioactivity is analyzed. 6 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.

This report is a manual for statistical workers dealing with environmental measurements, when some of the measurements are not given exactly but are only reported as less than detectable. For some statistical settings with such data, many methods have been proposed in the literature, while for others few or none have been proposed. This report gives a recommended method in each of the settings considered. The body of the report gives a brief description of each recommended method. Appendix A gives example programs using the statistical package SAS, for those methods that involve nonstandard methods. Appendix B presents the methods that were compared and the reasons for selecting each recommended method, and explains any fine points that might be of interest. This is an interim version. Future revisions will complete the recommendations. 34 refs., 2 figs., 11 tabs.

The quality of indoor air in commercial buildings is dependent on the complex interaction between sources of indoor pollutants, environmental factors within buildings such as temperature and humidity, the removal of air pollutants by air-cleaning devices, and the removal and dilution of pollutants from outside air. To the extent that energy conservation measures (ECMs) may affect a number of these factors, the relationship between ECMs and indoor air quality is difficult to predict. Energy conservation measures may affect pollutant levels in other ways. Conservation measures, such as caulking and insulation, may introduce sources of indoor pollutants. Measures that reduce mechanical ventilation may allow pollutants to build up inside structures. Finally, heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems may provide surface areas for the growth of biogenic agents, or may encourage the dissemination of pollutants throughout a building. Information about indoor air quality and ventilation in both new and existing commercial buildings is summarized in this report. Sick building syndrome and specific pollutants are discussed, as are broader issues such as ventilation, general mitigation techniques, and the interaction between energy conservation activities and indoor air quality. Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) prepared this review to aid the Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) in its …

The Bonneville Power Administration (Bonneville) is planning to implement a conservation acquisition program in new and existing commercial buildings. In anticipation of that program, Bonneville is examining the potential environmental effects of conservation measures in commercial buildings. An important conservation measure is the installation of new energy-efficient lighting fixtures. Some of the old lighting fixtures that these new lights will be replacing were manufactured before 1978, when polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were still used in the capacitors of the lighting ballasts. This report focuses on a summary of information about PCBs in fluorescent light fixtures manufactured before 1978. A key issue associated with these PCBs is the potential effect of lamp change-outs on ballast failure. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) speculates that installing energy-efficient lamps in old, PCB-laden ballasts may contribute to ballast failure and PCB leaks, which is addressed in Section 3 of this report. Section 2 discusses applicable standards and regulations; Section 4 describes PCB concentrations in commercial buildings. Sections 5 and 6 discuss cleanup practices and disposal options. 4 tabs.

Stability of the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub x} (YBCO) superconductor toward reacting with CO{sub 2} in CO{sub 2}/O{sub 2} gas mixtures during sintering was investigated as a function of the partial pressure of CO{sub 2} and temperature. The transport critical current density, J{sub c}, of the superconductor decreased drastically with increasing partial pressure of CO{sub 2} was increased, J{sub c} became zero (at 77 K) even though the major phase of the sample was still a superconductor as determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements. Microstructures and compositions of the samples were investigated by transmission electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. Two types of grain boundaries were observed: {approximately}10% of the grain boundaries contained a second phase; the regions near the remaining grain boundaries were tetragonal. At high partial pressures of CO{sub 2}, the YBCO completely decomposed to BaCO{sub 3}, Y{sub 2}BaCuO{sub 5}, and CuO. 11 refs., 3 figs.

This study reports on the results of an assignment from the DOE Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management to evaluate of the effects of different scenarios for receipt of spent fuel on the potential performance of the waste packages in the proposed Yucca Mountain high-level waste repository. The initial evaluations were performed and an interim letter report was prepared during the fall of 1988. Subsequently, the scope of work was expanded and additional analyses were conducted in 1989. This report combines the results of the two phases of the activity. This study is a part of a broader effort to investigate the options available to the DOE and the nuclear utilities for selection of spent fuel for acceptance into the Federal Waste Management System for disposal. Each major element of the system has evaluated the effects of various options on its own operations, with the objective of providing the basis for performing system-wide trade-offs and determining an optimum acceptance scenario. Therefore, this study considers different scenarios for receipt of spent fuel by the repository only from the narrow perspective of their effect on the very-near-field temperatures in the repository following permanent closure. This report is organized into three main sections. …

At high currents the longitudinal phase space of the SLC beam is not simply described by gaussian distributions in both position and energy. The distorted ring beam, the curvature of the compressor rf, the limited energy aperture of the RTL, the wakefields in the linac, and the momentum compaction in the arc all contribute to some extent to a distortion of longitudinal phase space. In this paper we present simulation results that describe the phase space of the SLC beam, from the damping rings to the final focus area, and that include all these distorting effects. From bunch length measurements in the SLC it was discovered that the damping ring beam is lengthened and is clearly not gaussian. One author describes a potential well calculation for the ring bunch shape that agrees remarkably well with the measurements. These calculated shapes are the starting point for the simulations described in this paper. These initial distributions are propagated through the RTL, then the linac, and then the arcs. We will address questions of the bunch shape, beam tilt, beam loss, and tail population at the end of the RTL. Following this we discuss the energy spectrum at the end of the linac …

The purpose of this study was to assess the fishery improvement opportunities on the Box Canyon portion of the Pend Oreille River. This three year study was initiated as part of the Northwest Power Planning Council's 1987 Columbia River Basin Fish and Wildlife Program. This report contains the findings of the second year of the study. Currently, yellow perch (Perca flavescens (Mitchill)) are the predominant fish species in the river and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede)) are the predominant sport fish. The objectives of the second year of the study were to determine: the relative abundance of each species in the river and sloughs; the population levels in five selected tributaries and, if possible, for fish in the river and sloughs; fish growth rates; the feeding habits and abundance of preferred prey; migration patterns; and the total fishing pressure, catch-per-unit-effort, and total harvest by conducting a year-round creel survey. 55 refs., 7 figs., 154 tabs.

The CEBAF accelerator includes a linac section which accelerates multiple beams with different energies. Problems arise when performing orbit correction, due to the fact that correction of higher energy passes disturb lower energy trajectories. Therefore, a perfect orbit correction cannot be obtained for all energy beams at the same time. We present methods and performance (using simulation results) for performing orbit corrections in such a system. Limitations to the correction method are also addressed. 2 refs., 5 figs.

The CEBAF accelerator includes a linac section which accelerates multiple beams with different energies. Problems arise when performing orbit correction, due to the fact that correction of higher energy passes disturb lower energy trajectories. Therefore, a perfect orbit correction cannot be obtained for all energy beams at the same time.\nWe present methods and performance (using simulation results) for performing orbit corrections in such a system. Limitations to the correction methods are also addressed.\n

The purpose of this research is to foster the development of one or more high performance, anthracite-fired boiler systems suitable for meeting space heating and hot water requirements of large buildings. The boiler system research would include fuel handling, combustion and heat transfer, ash handling, and control systems.

Dynamic growth of ash deposits was studied in a carefully controlled environment using high speed video cameras and temperature controlled deposition probes. Deposition data are reported as a function of coal type, extent of particle burnout,and time. Five coals varying in rank from bituminous to lignite were tested. The coals were tested at conditions simulating three locations in a boiler; the near-flame region, the superheater region, and the convection pass. Details of deposit formation were monitored for 90 minutes for each coal at each test condition. A particularly interesting result is that particle capture efficiencies, the fraction of flyash particles which adheres to the probe upon contact, have a strong time dependence, varying from near zero to near unity during deposit formation. Dependence of ash deposition on coal rank and location of the boiler is also discussed. 10 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.