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Progressive Epithelial Dysplasia in Mouse Skin Irradiated with 10 MeV Protons
It has been previously reported that within twenty days following bombardment of mice 10 MeV protons (as well as with 20 MeV deuterons and 40 MeV alpha particles) that atypical epithelial hyperplasia developed without underlying recognizable vascular or collagen alterations as predisposing factors. The source of these monoenergetic accelerator-produced heavy ionizing particles was the 60-inch cyclotron of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The technique employed utilized a variable-thickness filter in the beam in order to deliver multiple Bragg peaks in depth in the path of the charged particles in the tissue being irradiated. In this way a cylinder of skin was bombarded with essentially uniform ionization limited to a depth of 1-2 mm. In some instances the epidermal lesions resulting from an exposure of 2000 to 5000 rad resembled the type of lesion considered in the skin of man to be carcinoma in situ. The eventual fate of such lesions then constituted a question of importance in the possible relationship atypical hyperplasia in the pathogenesis of carcinoma in situ and of invasive carcinoma in skin. It is with this problem that the currently reported study is concerned.
Date:
November 3, 1963
Creator:
Lippincott, Stuart W.; Jesseph, John E.; Calvo, Wenceslao G. & Baker, Charles P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Cellular Differences Between Acute and Chronic Neutron and Gamma Ray Irradiation in Mice
It has been well established that even small doses of radiation will shorten life expectancy of animals, and that in general the causes of death are the same for the irradiated as for the normal animals. When x or γ rays are compared with neutrons in their ability to shorten the life span, some interesting differences appear. All available data from different laboratories on the shortening of the life span by x or γ on the one hand and neutrons on the other, have been compared. In spite of the obvious difficulties in comparing such data, if one expresses dose in terms of the LD 50/30 dose required for acute survival, one can pool the data from other laboratories and plot them on a single graph without excessive error. Results of such a compilation for single acute exposures are shown for x or γ rays in Figure 1 and for neutrons in Figure 2.
Date:
November 3, 1963
Creator:
Curtis, H. J.; Tilley, J & Crowley, C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Recovery of U from Pyrolytic Carbon-Coated UC2 Spheroids
100% recovery of uranium from pyrolytic carbon-coated spheroids of uranium dicarbide has been accomplished by an aqueous electrolytic process at the small scale laboratory level. This result was obtained in a system which circulated 1 molar nitric acid through a thin bed of the spheres. The bed was supported between a glass frit and the anode, with which the bed was in contact. The anode was a spiral of platinum wire; the cathode was a grid of titanium wire. Current density was about 0.2 amp/cm2 based on geometric surface area calculated from the average particle size of 150 microns. Initial flow rate was about 1.3 ml/cm2/sec. Reaction temperature was 72-82°C; time was 15 hours. At 1/5 the above current density and at the same temperature recovery was smaller and was independent of concentration of nitric acid over the range 1-4 molar; also recovery in 1 molar ammonium nitrate was about the same as in 1 molar HNO3. About a 100-fold increase in recovery was obtained by going from a convection stirred cell at 90°C to the pumped type of cell at 54°C using ammonium nitrate as the electrolyte.
Date:
September 9, 1963
Creator:
Katz, H
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Total Neutron Average Cross Sections in the keV Region and the Optical Model
Many workers have recently attempted to evaluate the P-wave strength function from a measurement of average capture cross sections or average total cross sections in the kiloelectron volt region. The primary interest of these measurements has been to determine the strength of the spin-orbit potential in the optical model. In view of the interest in determining the size of the spin-orbit coupling and in view of the considerable disagreement group has undertaken to measure the average total neutron cross sections from 10 to 100 keV in the region of the P-wave giant resonance. The following elements were studied: Nb, Mo, Rh, Ag, Cd, and In. The wok was carried out at the BNL-AECL fast chopper facility at Chalk River, using an 88-meter flight path and a nominal resolution of 15 nsec/meter.
Date:
November 3, 1963
Creator:
Jain, A. P.; Chrien, R. E.; Moore, J. A. & Palevsky, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Effects of 2.0 BeV Protons in Mice
The Brookhaven proton synchrotron (Cosmotron) is capable of accelerating protons to energies as high as 3.0 BeV. The biologic effects of particle bombardment at these energies have not been investigated but are of considerable radiobiologic interest. In addition, particle beams have long been discussed with regard to their potential usefulness in medical therapy, and actual clinical applications have been made, although at lower particle energies. Recent rapid advances in space technology have raised serious questions regarding the dosimetry of cosmic and solar radiations, the spectra of which contain energies in excess of those which have been investigated experimentally. For all of these reasons, we have recently begun a study of the effects of protons at 2.0-2.2 BeV, using the external beam of the Cosmotron.
Date:
November 3, 1963
Creator:
Jesseph, John E.; Moore, William H.; Bond, Victor P. & Lippincott, Stuart W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
On the Crystal Chemistry of Salt Hydrates, III. The Determination of the Crystal Structure of FeSO4·7H2O (Melanterite)*
Monoclinic FeSO4·7H2O is the stable solid phase between -1.82° and 56.6° C in contact with a saturated water solution of FeSO4. It occurs in nature as an oxidation product of Fe-containing sulfides an is called melanterite. FeSO4·7H2O belongs to a series of compounds Me2+SO4·nH2O, where Mn2+ is a cation with an approximate ionic radius of 0.7Å. The 1-, 4- and 5-hydrates are known to crystalize each in only one form, whereas the hexa- and the heptahydrates occur both in two different forms. The crystal structure of the tetragonal NiSO4·6H2O; Zalkin, Ruben and Templeton reported the structure of the monoclinic CoSO·6H2O. Of the structure of the heptahydrates but one was described: the orthorhombic form of NiSO4·7H2O. No details were known about one of the monoclinic heptahydrates, though Leonhardt and Ness published the cell constants and the space group of FeSO4·7H2O.. In addition they stated essentially correct positional parameters for the sulfur atom and gave the correct positions of the iron atoms. The present investigation has been undertaken as part of an extensive study of salt hydrates. A preliminary account has been published before.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Baur, Werner H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Present Experimental and Theoretical Status of the Problem of Electron Ejection in the Alpha Decay of Po210
The experimental measurements of electron ejection in Po210 decay are discussed, and the theory of the process is outlined. The order-of-magnitude discrepancy between theory and experiment which was evident a decade ago has not yet been definitively resolved. The discrepancy is ascribed to an inadequacy of the theory, in particular to the use of an asymptotic expansion in that theory. Brief mention is made of some very recent unpublished calculations by G. W. Schaefer in which a reasonable estimate of the K ejection probability is obtained by a procedure that avoids the asymptotic expansion.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Rubinson, William
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Rare Gas Isotope Contents in Mineral Fractions of the Indarch Meteorite
We have measured the rare gas isotopes in mineral concentrates of the Indarch meteorite. We obtained samples from C. Frondel, who crushed some of the meteorite into small particles mainly in the 44 to 88 micron size. He fractionated the minerals into groups according to specific gravity, using heavy liquids and magnetic techniques. The fraction with specific gravity less than 2.4 is approximately 95% tridymite and represents about 1% of the whole stone. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.4 and 2.8 contains calcium sulfide, calcium phosphate, two unidentified minerals, and tridymite and enstatite impurities. This fraction represents a few percent of the meteorite. The fraction with specific gravity between 2.8 and 3.3 consists largely of clinoenstatite and represents about 75% of the meteorite. The troilite is concentrated in the fraction with specific gravity greater than 3.3, and kamacite is concentrated in the magnetic fraction.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Fireman, E. L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Magnetic Structure Studies at Brookhaven National Laboratory
The present communication reports the results of several investigations of magnetic structure and magnetic transitions currently in progress or recently completed at Brookhaven National Laboratory.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Corliss, L. M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A Proposed Mechanism and Method of Correlation for Convective Boiling Heat Transfer with Liquid Metals
An additive, interacting mechanism of micro and macro-convective heat transfer is proposed to represent boiling heat transfer with net vapor generation to saturated liquid metals in convective flow. Based on this mechanism, a method for calculating boiling coefficients is developed. The correlating is shown to be in fair agreement with early experimental results for convective boiling of potassium and sodium.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Chen, John C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
An Investigation of the Low Frequency Motions in Isotactic and Atactic Polypropylene by Neutron Inelastic Scattering
The vibrational spectra between 1000 and 30 cm-1, derived from measurements of the inelastic scattering of "cold" neutrons, are presented for isotactic polypropylene at samples temperatures below and above both the glass transition and the melting point. A tentative assignment of the observed modes is suggested by comparison with recent calculations by Miyazawa, Ideguchi, and Fukushima of the optically active phases of the fundamental vibrations for an isotactic helical polypropylene chain and with the neutron measurements of the low frequency modes in highly-crystalline polyethylene. In addition to the skeletal optical modes, the neutron spectra for isotactic polypropylene indicate the existence of two acoustic modes - skeletal deformation and skeletal torsion - with high frequency limits at 620 ± 50 cm-1 and 110 ± 10 cm-1, respectively. As in polyethylene, these modes appear to be strongly influenced by the presence and phase of the disorder in the sample. Similar spectra for atactic polypropylene above and below the glass transition show a much less pronounced structure, although weak bands are observed which correlate well with the skeletal optical modes observed in the isotactic polymer.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Safford, G. J.; Danner, H. R. & Boutin, H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Simultaneous Labeling of Cells in Different Segments of the Mitotic Cycle with Tritiated Thymidine and Colchicine and the Effect of Colchicine on Thymidine Uptake
Treatment of Pisum root meristems with nutrient solutions containing tritiated thymidine (H3-T) and colchicine simultaneously labeled cells in two different segments of the mitotic cycle. Tracings of the serial progression of these differently labeled cells through mitosis resembled sine-cosine curves. When the labeled cells are in interphase the sign of the curves is negative, when they are in mitosis the sign is positive. The concept of the mitotic cycle in terms of trigonometric functions was presented as one way of transferring cycle from a celestial time scale to that of a biological clock.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Van't Hof, J. & Ying, Huei-Kuen
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Effects of Chronic Excess Salt Ingestion: Possible Implications of the Accelerated Induction of Experimental Hypertension by 2,4-Dinitrophenol
Recently, we reported that the administration of the thyroid hormone, L-triiodothyronine (T3), markedly accelerated the development of experimental hypertension associated with a high-salt intake in intact rate. Earlier, Selye and his associates and Masson, Corcoran, and Page has observed a similar effect from thyroxin in uninephrectomized salt-fed rats. We were aware of the fact that oxidative phosphorylation is uncoupled by the thyroid hormone and were intrigued by the possibility that such uncoupling was instrumental in the accelerated development of the hypertension observed. The work reported here was undertaken with this possibility in mind; it was based on the well documented observation of Loomis and Lipmann that dinitrophenol reversibly inhabits oxidative phosphorylation. The present studies indicates that 2, 4-dinitrophenol, like L-triiodothyronine, can also rapidly induce hypertension in salt-fed rate. These observations have led us to develop a working hypothesis that may have general implications relative to the pathogenesis of hypertension in man.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Dahl, Lewis K.; Heine, Martha & Tassinari, Lorraine
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Effect of Mitotic Cycle Duration on Chromosome Breakage in Meristematic Cells of Pisum Sativum
One of the more apparent differences between acute and chronic irradiation is that exposure in the former is generally confined to a small fraction of a single mitotic cycle while in the latter; exposure of mitotically active tissue usually involves at least several cycles. Because of this difference, the number of cells in each stage of interphase would be of primary importance in acute radiation experiments since radiosensitivity is not the same in the G1, S and G2 periods. The duration of the total mitotic cycle should be more important in chronic experiments because most of the cells in the tissue will have passed through each of the interphase stages (G1, S and G2) during the period of irradiation thus negating any different effect.
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Van't Hof, J. & Sparrow, A. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Gene Structure: Genetic Fine Structure. Remarks.
Though only recently established, this concept has been developing for a long time. More than thirty years ago Dubinin, Serebrovsky, and other, investigating the phenotypes of a number of "achaete-scute" alleles of Drosophilia melanogaster, found that the alleles could be arranged in a definite series accoding to bristle patters, and also that the heterozygotes lacked only those bristles which were affected in common by both participating alleles. They concluded that the serial classification of alleles according to bristle patters had its counterpart in a similar arrangement of portions of the achaete-scute gene locus. On this assumption they divided the locus into twelve elementary subunits. It was assumed that each allele arose by a change involving a certain combination of these centres. According to their theory, the achaete-scute locus is made up of separate, regularly spaced, and linearly arranged functional units. Several years later, Oliver described the occurrence of crossing over between two alleles of the "lozenge" locus. Then Green and a number of other workers analyzed similar phenomena in different regions of Drosophila chromosome. During the same period Lewis developed the theory of pseudoallelism, which interprets the occurrence of recombinants in interallelic crosses as the result of gene duplications. Thus …
Date:
October 14, 1963
Creator:
Demerec, M.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The "N" on "P" Silicon Solar Cell Gamma Ray Dose Rate Meter
The recently developed "n" on "p" type silicon solar cell has been evaluated for application as a high-level gamma radiation dose rate meter. The solar cell ionization current was found to be a linear function of dose rate in a range 10 2 to 10 7 rads per hour. A degradation rate of approximately one per cent per megarad was measured after stabilization with twenty megarads of cobalt-60 gamma radiation. The system has proven to be stable over long periods of time. Temperature dependence corrections have been found to be .0 per cent per degree centigrade between 0 and 60 degree centigrade.
Date:
November 18, 1963
Creator:
Mueller, A. C.; Rizzo, P. X. & Galanter, L.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
On the Generation of an Arbitrarily Autocorrelated Sequence of Random Variables from a Sequence of Independent Random Numbers
For a wide range of statistical experiments, we require a sequence of random variables [unintelligible], which have prescribed mean values μn and variances σn2, with a given autocorrelation ρt. The [unintelligible] are to be generated as a sequence of real functions of independent random numbers [unintelligible], each of which is uniformly distributed in. The reason for this choice of specification for the [unintelligible] is that most computers have standard subroutines which generate such uniform random (or pseudo-random) sequences.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Halton, John H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Preparation and Some Properties of Krypton Difluoride
The compound KrF4 was prepared by Grosse et al. by passing an electric discharge through the elements at -196°C. Evidence for formation of KrF2 has been obtained by Pimental and Turner by UV irradiation of the elements frozen into an inert gas matrix at 20°K. Using an electron beam to irradiate krypton and fluorine at -150°C, we have prepared KrF2 in 100mg amounts and examined some of its properties.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Mackenzie, D. R.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Rearrangement of Diphenyl
We wish to report unequivocal evidence for the water promoted, aluminum chloride induced intramolecular rearrangement of the benzene rings in diphenyl. When diphenyl 1→1,1'-C14, prepared in 80% yield via an Ullmann reaction on iodobenzene-1-C1 14, was heated to 100° for 30 min. with 10 mole % of aluminum chloride and 1 mole % of water, the radioactivity, originally localized at the two connecting carbons had been randomly distributed. Recovered active diphenyl was also shown to be randomized when the reaction was carried out for 12 hrs. in a refluxing benzene solution. The degradation method used is outlined in Fig. 1. The view that the reaction in intramolecular is supported by the following facts: (1) The inactive benzene used in the solvent experiments was devoid of activity at the end of a run within the precision of our assay methods. A rearrangement carried out with inactive diphenyl in benzene-1-C- 14 yielded diphenul having an activity indicating less than 0.001% intermolecularity.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Wynberg, Hans & Wolf, A. P.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Interactions of High Energy Antiprotons in Hydrogen
In the fall of 1961 an extensive program of investigation of high energy p-p interactions was begun at the Brookhaven AGS. The BNL 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and an electrostatically separated beam were used to obtain a total (to date) of 300,000 exposure with about 15 antiprotons per pulse. The exposures were made at antiproton momenta of 3.25 Bev/c and 3.69 Bev/c in the laboratory. Approximately 80% of the exposures were made 3.69 Bev/c antiprotons. A wide variety of reactions occur in these collisions. Some of these such as elastic scattering, pion production, and associated production of hyperons and K-mesons have analogues in p-p collisions. The similarities and differences between the p-p and p-p results can usually be understood in a qualitative way and in some cases quantitative comparison with theory has been possible. The annihilation reactions leading to final states containing pions alone or pions with K-mesons are unique to the nucleon-antinucleon system as are the reactions in which a hyperon, anti-hyperon pair is produced. In the following, we report the principal characteristics of proton-antiproton reactions. Although the scope of this paper is comprehensive it is not a definitive report of the experiment as much of the work …
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Baltay, C.; Ferbel, T.; Sandweiss, J.; Taft, H. D.; Culwick, B. B.; Fowler, W. B. et al.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Some Problems in the Interpretation of Exponential Experiments
Buckling measurements at BNL have employed two experimental methods which in principle should yield identical results but in practice show a systematic and significant discrepancy. In this paper the experimental evidence of these errors is reviewed and their source is traced by means of theory to the radial flux transients which perturb the asymptotic neutron spectrum in the exponential assemblies. Some alternate and apparently more precise methods of analyzing the data are examined theoretically, including the possibility of anisotropy in the leakage probability.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Hellens, Robert L. & Andersen, Eigil
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Adenosinetriphosphate Cleavage During the G-Actin to F-Actin Transformation and the Binding of Adenosinetriphosphate to F-Actin
Since the discovery of the Straub and Feuer as well as Laki et al. that ATP bound to G-actin is transformed to ADP and inorganic phosphate during polymerization of actin (1, 2), it has become increasingly clear that the chemical changes in the nucleotide are related to the change in the physical state of the protein. Barany, Biro, Molnar and Straub have shown that highly purified actin preparation free of any enzyme which would use ATP, ADP or AMP as a substrate still catalyze the breakdown of ATP (3) thus supporting the original idea that the ATP to ADP transformation is related to the globular to fibrous transformation of the actin protein itself. Mommaerts was the first to show that the ADP formed during polymerization remains bound to F-actin and Ulbrecht et al. while extending Mommaert's finding on exhaustively purified actin preparations have shown that the P1 formed during polymerization is not bound to F-actin. The stoichiometry of the splitting and the tightness of binding of the ADP lead inevitably to questions in regard to the position of bond breaking during the hydrolysis and to the nature of the forces involved in the tight binding of ADP to F-actin. To …
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Barany, M.; Koshland, D. E., Jr.; Springhorn, S. S.; Finkleman, F. & Theratil-Anthony, T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Neutron Diffraction Studies at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center
A neutron diffraction program was initiated recently at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The two double crystal spectrometers in use were assembled with the aid of staff members of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The first research problem to be completed was a single crystal structure analysis of CaWO4. Choosing the origin at the 4(a) tungsten site in the tetragonal I41/a cell. the 16(f) oxygen parameters were found to be as follows: x=0.2413 ± 0.0005, y=0.1511 ± 0.0006, z=0.0861 ± 0.0001. Anisotropic temperature parameters were also determined for all atoms in the least squares analysis of the structure. The magnetic structure of CuSO4 has been determined in a continuation of a study started at Brookhaven in collaboration with Dr. P.J. Brown. Using the Wollan-Koehler-Bertaut notation, the antiferromagnetic spin ordering mode in the orthorhombic Pbnm cell is Ax, with the spin axis parallel to a. A moment of approximately 1 μB was found for the Cu2_ ion. The crystal structure of BaNiO2 was re-examined in a neutron powder diffraction study, and it was found that the earlier x-ray study of Lander is essentially correct. An alternative oxygen arrangement, for which x-rays would not have been very sensitive, had been suspected. BaNiO2 was …
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Almodovar, I; Bielen, H. J. & Frazer, B. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Kinetics of Some Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Involving Manganese (III)
The kinetics of several oxidation-reduction reactions involving manganese (III) have been studied spectrophotometrically by the use of a flow technique. The free energies of activation for the oxidation of various substituted tris-(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes of iron (II) by manganese (III) in perchloric acid and in pyrophosphoric-sulfuric acid media were found to be linearly related to the standard free energy changes of the reactions. The application of the Marcus theory to the reactions of manganese (III) with iron (II) and with various substituted iron (II)-phenanthroline complexes and to the reaction of cobalt (III) with manganese (II) in perchloric acid leads to an estimate of about 10 -4 F -1 sec -1 for the rate constant of the manganese (II)-manganese (III) electron exchange reaction at 25.0°. Attempts to determine the rate constant for this exchange by a radioactive tracer method were unsuccessful.
Date:
October 15, 1963
Creator:
Diebler, H. & Sutin, N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library