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THE CHOICE OF THE PROPER REFRACTORY FOR THE CASTING OF HIGHMELTING ELECTROPOSITIVE METALS
As titanium, zirconium, and other of the high melting electropositive metals become more important, the problem of using suitable refractory materials for their casting becomes more important. This paper discusses the method of choosing and testing possible container materials. To make the discussion more specific, titanium is used as an example. As titanium melt at 2000 {+-} 10 K, it is immediately clear that one is restricted to refractory materials melting considerably above 2000 K. This greatly limits the possible materials that might be considered. The possibility of using any pure high melting element can be quickly eliminated as titanium reacts quite vigorously with non-metals such as carbon and due to its high boiling point and therefore high internal pressure, one can predict that it dissolves even the most refractory metals. Examination of phase diagrams confirms that even metals such as tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium would not be able to resist attack by titanium. One is thus limited to high melting compounds such as the oxides, sulfides, nitrides, carbides, silicides, and borides. The first consideration is that, if possible, one would use a compound which is thermodynamically stable in the presence of titanium metal at 2000 K. Titanium should not …
Date:
June 20, 1950
Creator:
Brewer, Leo
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A MEASUREMENT OF THE POSITIVE pi- Mu DECAY LIFETIME
The lifetime for the decay of a {pi} meson into {mu} meson and neutral particle was first measured by Richardson and later by Martinelli and Panofsky. The method was the same in both cases: The fraction of {pi} mesons surviving various times of flight is measured by placing photographic detectors at various path lengths from the target. In the experiment reported here we observe the time lag between the two bursts of fluorescence due to mesons decaying in a scintillation crystal. The first burst is due to the stopping of the entering {pi} meson, the second to the {mu}-meson. As is shown in Fig. 1, a particle penetrating the first and into the second crystal starts the sweep (10{sup -8} sec/mm) of an oscilloscope. The pulses in the second crystal are delayed 0.5 x 10{sup -6} sec to allow the sweep to start and brighten and are then photographed. If the responsible particle is a {pi}{sup +} meson which stops in the crystal, it undergoes {pi}-{mu} decay and two pulses appear on the trace. The {mu}{sup +} meson has a range of only 2 mm in the crystal. If its decay electron is detected some time (.5-2.5 x 10{sup -6} …
Date:
May 10, 1950
Creator:
Chamberlain, O.; Mozely, R.F.; Steinberger, J. & Wiegand, C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Isotopes of Americium
Three new americium activities (Am{sup 238}?, Am{sup 243}, and Am{sup 244?}, the latter two formed by n,{gamma} reactions) are described and some additional information is given on previously reported americium isotopes.
Date:
April 11, 1950
Creator:
Street, K.; Ghiroso, A. & Seaborg, G. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
'Fission' of Medium Weight Elements
The fission reaction has been observed with high energy accelerator projectiles for elements as light as tantalum but has not been reported for medium weight elements. The present note presents evidence for the occurrence of reactions which are probably most properly described by the term 'fission' and which seem to occur with very small yield throughout the region where this type of reaction is only slightly exoergic or even endoergic with respect to mass balance. In the course of detailed investigation of the spallation of copper and the variation of the product yields with energy of the bombarding particle the threshold for formation of radioactive Cl{sup 38} (38-minute half-life) from elemental studied. The energetically most economical way in which Cl{sup 38} might be spallation reactions is by emission from the bombarded copper nucleus of nucleons in groups such as alpha-particles instead of single nucleons 0 The energetic requirements for the reaction Cu{sup 63}(p,pn6a)Cl{sup 38}, in which the maximum number of alpha-particles are emitted, include (1) the mass difference between the reactants and the products and (2) the excitation energy which the alpha-particles must have in order to pass over the coulombic barrier, Since the reaction is endoergic with respect to …
Date:
May 29, 1950
Creator:
Batzel, Roger T. & Seaborg, G. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
ELEMENT 98
Definite identification has been made of an isotope of the element with atomic number 98 through the irradiation of Cm{sup 242} with 35 Mev helium ions in the Berkeley Orocker Laboratory 60-inch cyclotron. The isotope which has been identified has an observed half-life of about 45 minutes and probably has the mass number 244. The observed mode of decay of the 98{sup 244} is through the emission of alpha-particles, with energy about 7.1 Mev, which agrees with predictions, and other considerations involving the systematics of radioactivity in this region indicate that it should also be unstable toward decay by electron-capture. The chemical separation and identification of the new element was accomplished through the use of ion exchange adsorption methods employing the resin Dowex-50. The element 98 isotope appears in the eka-dysprosium position on elution curves containing 4.6-hour Bk{sup 243} (formed by a d,n reaction in the same bombardment) and the bombarded Cm{sup 242} as reference points; that is, it preceded berkelium and curium off the column just as dysprosium precedes terbium and gadolinium. The experiments so far have revealed only the tripositive oxidation state of eka-dysprosium character but practically no attempts at oxidation to possible IV and V states have …
Date:
February 27, 1950
Creator:
Thompson, S. G.; Street Jr., K.; Ghiorso, A. & Seaborg, G. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
High Energy Excitation Functions in the Heavy Region
The electrostatically deflected beam of the 184-inch cyclotron has been used with the stacked foil and absorber technique to determine the excitation functions for the following reactions: Th{sup 232}(p,6n)Pa{sup 227}, Th{sup 232}(p,3n)Pa{sup 230}, Th{sup 232}(d,7n)Pa{sup 227}, Th{sup 232}({alpha},p8n)Pa{sup 227}, Th{sup 232}({alpha},p5n)Pa{sup 230}, and U{sup 238}(p,{alpha}8n)Pa{sup 227}. The data are presented graphically and discussed individually for each of the reactions. Some rough excitation function data have also been determined for the reactions Th{sup 232}(d,4n)Pa{sup 230}, U{sup 238}(p,{alpha}5n)Pa{sup 230}, Th{sup 232}({alpha},7n)U{sup 229}, and Th{sup 232}({alpha},6n)U{sup 230}. The results are discussed in terms of compound nucleus formation, transparency effects, and other factors in order to arrive at a qualitative picture for the mechanism of high energy nuclear reactions with heavy nuclei.
Date:
September 26, 1950
Creator:
Meinke, W. W.; Wick, G. C. & Seaborg, G. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The New Element Berkelium (Atomic Number 97)
An isotope of the element with atomic number 97 has been discovered as a product of the helium-ion bombardment of americium. This isotope decays with the emission of alpha-particles of maximum energy 6.72 Mev (30 percent) and it emits lower energy alpha-particles of energies 6.55 Mev (53 percent) and 6.20 Mev (17 percent). The half-life of this isotope is 4.6 hours and it decays primarily by electron capture with about 0.1 percent branching decay by alpha-particle emission. The mass number is probably 243 as indicated by chemical separation of the alpha-particle and electron-capture daughters. The name berkelium, symbol Bk, is proposed for element 97. The chemical separation of element 97 from the target material and other reaction products was made by combinations of precipitation and ion exchange adsorption methods making use of its anticipated (III) and (IV) oxidation states and its position as a member of the actinide transition series. The distinctive chemical properties made use of in its separation and the equally distinctive decay properties of the particular isotope constitute the principal evidence for the new element.
Date:
April 26, 1950
Creator:
Thompson, S. G.; Ghiorso, A. & Seaborg, G. T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Extension of Alpha- and Beta-Decay Systematics of ProtactiniumIsotopes
As part of the program for obtaining data to extend the scope of the systematics of alpha-radioactivity and to obtain more data pertaining to the energy surface in the heavy region of elements, they have made some pertinent new measurements on protactinium isotopes. The heaviest isotope of protactinium hitherto reported is that of mass 234 and hence it would be of interest to know the beta-emission properties of heavier isotopes in order to tie them in with the known radioactive data in this general region. Since low-energy deuteron bombardment of U{sup 238} might be expected to lead to Pa{sup 235} and Pa{sup 236} by (d,{alpha}n) and (d,{alpha}) reactions and proton bombardment to Pa{sup 235} by the (p,{alpha}) reaction, these irradiations were made in the 60-inch cyclotron at energies of 19 and 9.5 Mev, respectively. The protactinium was chemically separated following the bombardment of natural uranium by a procedure which involved a number of manganese dioxide cycles coupled with extractions of protactinium from aqueous into organic solvents. The manganese dioxide cycles consisted of precipitating this compound from the solution of uranium in nitric acid, followed by centrifugation, dissolution of the solid with hydroxylamine solution, dilution, and reprecipitation. The dissolved precipitate from …
Date:
January 30, 1950
Creator:
Meinke, W. Wayne & Seaborg, Glenn T.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
PHYSICS DIV. QUARTERLY REPORT, MAY, JUNE, JULY, 1950
The X-ray Spectrum Produced by 322 Mev Electrons Striking a Platinum Target. The differential energy spectrum of the photons produced by 322 Mev electrons striking a 20 mil platinum target was measured by observing the energy of 3467 pairs produced in a one mil thick lead foil in a Wilson cloud chamber in a magnetic field of 10,000 gauss. The spectrum is found to agree with that predicted by the Bethe-Heitler bremsstrahlung theory using a Thomas-Fermi model with suitable corrections for the thickness of the target. The energy of the 322 Mev electrons was determined by the spectrum of the photons observed in this experiment. Apparatus used and the experimental data and results obtained are reported fully in UCRL-660.
Date:
September 6, 1950
Creator:
unknown
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Exploratory Scavenging Studies for the Decontamination of Redox Solutions
From introduction: "This report is concerned with exploratory experiments designed to studies the efficiency of a number of scavengers for zirconium and niobium adsorption and to provide preliminary information on the best conditions to employ on the most satisfactory of those scavengers studied, namely Super Filtrol FO. The data in this report include data obtained through October, 1949, and are by no means considered to be final. The investigation is currently being actively continued."
Date:
May 1, 1950
Creator:
Roake, W. E. & Lowe, C. S.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Separation of Trace Amounts of Radioactive Cs From Macro Quanitites of Sodium and Potassium Salts
Summary: A method for the separation of cesium from macro quantities of sodium and potassium using an ion exchange resin, Dowex 50, has been developed. A 95% recovery of cesium with a reduction of the solid content of 95% was found possible. Curves illustrating the effect of acidity, column length, and flow rate are presented in the report. The sodium form, hydrogen form and ammonium form of Dowex 50 were investigated; the hydrogen form was found to give the best separation.
Date:
January 27, 1950
Creator:
Thorburn, R. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Analysis of vegetation for I¹³¹
Report detailing an analysis of the deposition of I-131 on vegetation. Analysis was necessary to determine the potential hazards of the gases from the dissolution of the metal on vegetation.
Date:
January 27, 1950
Creator:
Leboeuf, M. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Determination of Nitrous Oxide with the Infrared Spectrometer
The following report describes the process of the determination of nitrous oxide with the infrared spectrometer.
Date:
January 25, 1950
Creator:
Moore, R. H. & Carson, W. N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Collection and Analysis of Active Particles
Abstract: This report gives the results of a radiochemical analysis of particles collected by electrostatic precipitation from ventilation air of the "B" plant at Hanford Works.
Date:
January 27, 1950
Creator:
DeLong, C. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Corrosion of Construction Materials in 234-5 Project Solutions
The following report covers the construction materials selected for laboratory corrosion studies and the determination of their corrosion rates in process solutions.
Date:
January 31, 1950
Creator:
Koenig, W. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
A comparison of two methods for the spectrochemical analysis of plutonium
Report describing the methods, discrepancies, accuracy of methods, and conclusions of two different analytical methods of spectrochemical analysis of plutionium.
Date:
February 1, 1950
Creator:
Van Tuyl, H. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Determination of Total Plutonium in the Presence of Aluminum
Introduction: "The adoption of aluminum nitrate as salting agent in the Redox process made it imperative that a method be available for determining plutonium in the presence of aluminum. However, large amounts of aluminum have been found to interfere with the determination of plutonium by the lanthanum fluoride procedure. Previous attempts to increase the accuracy of the lanthanum fluoride method, by precipitating LaF3 from 4 M HF (rather than 2 M), have been successful only when the initial plutonium level was high."
Date:
February 10, 1950
Creator:
Burns, R. E. & Barton, G. B.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Chemical Research Section Progress Report for January 1950
The following documents are progress reports that follow chemical research studies in subjects such as ruthenium tetroxile distillations, extraction-scrub studies of zirconium and niobium, and oxidation of plutonium and stabilization of plutonium(VI) during extraction of IAF solutions.
Date:
February 15, 1950
Creator:
Albaugh, F. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Process Tube Temperature Mapping : Progress Report
This report discusses a method for scanning process tubes for temperature and displaying a reactor's temperatures for monitoring.
Date:
1950
Creator:
Hoff, Rodney G.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Corrosion of Austenitic Stainless Steel Type 347 in Redox Process Stream : (ORNL #1 Flowsheet)
The following report provides the results of laboratory corrosion tests held to investigate the behavior of austenitic stainless steel, Type 347, in selected O.R.N.L. #1 Redox streams.
Date:
February 23, 1950
Creator:
Koenig, W. W.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Coulometric Determination of Acid
Introduction: "The need for a method of acid determination which could be used for small samples and easily adapted to remote control led to the investigation of the use of electrolytically generated base for the titration of acid in certain solutions. The use of electrolytically generated base for the titration of acetic acid in the presence of nitric acid has been reported (1)."
Date:
March 1, 1950
Creator:
Carson, W. N. & Ko, Roy
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Development of Plutonium Electrodeposition Methods : Interim Report
From introduction: "The following report presents a body of information obtained in the Health Instrument Development Laboratory from September, 1948, to the present, and is intended to be a preliminary review of [the study of electrodeposition of plutonium]. Many improvements in technique and methods and investigations along lines not explored are suggested by the present work. These will be undertaken as time permits, and reported at a later time."
Date:
March 1, 1950
Creator:
Schwendiman, L. C.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
The Gasometric Determination of Nitrite and Sulfamate
This report covers an investigation made to develop a gasometric determination that can determine 1.2 x 10-(-5) g. of nitrite with a precision (99% limits) of +/- 8%, and discusses how this procedure works.
Date:
March 6, 1950
Creator:
Carson, W. N.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library
Infrared Absorption Measurements Indicating Intermolecular Association of Water and Hexone
This report analyzes infrared absorption measurements that were made in the regions of carbonyl band and hydroxyl band absorptions on solutions of water in hexone and water in acetone, confirming intermolecular association of water and hexone.
Date:
March 8, 1950
Creator:
Moore, R. H.
Object Type:
Report
System:
The UNT Digital Library