The mathematics of the approximation is developed for the case of a H2O-cooled, graphite-moderated matrix

Calculations are developed which indicate the Pu production is an infinite lattice

Introduction. With the development of fission and subsequently of thermonuclear explosives, a very large source of cheap energy has become available. The problem of using this energy for peaceful purposes safely and economically presents itself as one of the most interesting and important of our time. In explosions the energy is released very suddenly. Conversion of this sudden release of energy at extremely high temperature and pressure into the form of useful work, either mechanical or chemical or thermal, must be accomplished in order for such explosions to have nonmilitary uses. The technical feasibility of such conversions in a number of different instances will be described in this article. At the same time one must be able to control nuisance effects. Examples of these are seismic effects, the blast and heat which at least in the atmosphere always accompany such explosions, and the problem of radioactivity. Even given the technical feasibility of these accomplishments, which in some cases seems quite clear from what is known already, one must prove economic feasibility. That is to say, one must show that the cost of certain nonmilitary undertakings will be considerably less by the use of nuclear explosions than by conventional methods.

A two-group approximation of the fission ratios and Pu production in an infinite hollow matrix is developed

This study is concerned with a class of circuits which employs two tubes in a series connection--sometimes referred to as the stacked-tubes connection. This study will be concerned with two configurations that have shown considerable promise in the field of high speed circuitry. In Part I a configuration called the dynamic plate load amplifier is dealt with. In Part II a configuration called the White cathode follower is examined.

An empirical approach for the evaluation of shielding materials for macrochemical manipulations of spontaneously fissioning heavy elements (curium and californium) has revealed interesting comparisons. High-density metal halide solutions were compared with lead glass and with rare earth glass for use as shielding windows. Laminated shields of lead-paraffin and uranium-paraffin were compared with water and with paraffin for shielding walls.

A repeatable technique for preparation of thin, self-supporting copper films has been developed at the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory in Livermore, California. The process, done in a vacuum chamber, involves evaporation of copper by electron bombardment, and deposition of the copper on a detergent-coast glass substrate. The copper film is later removed from the substrate by immersion in water.

The Ising model, a system of atoms arranged on a lattice with simple nearest neighbor interactions, provides a more or less realistic description of many physical systems. The state of each atom is specified by a two-valued variable, which may be identified with: (1) its spin (up or down), if one wishes to describe a magnetic system; (2) its identity (A or B), if one wishes to describe a a mixture of two kinds of atoms; or (3) its presence or absence (atom or hole), if one is dealing with a lattice gas. In all three cases it is assumed that the energy of a configuration of the system, aside from the energy of interaction with external fields, is simply a sum of energies of nearest-neighbor pairs, the energy of a pair being zero if the two atoms are similar, and the sum if they are different. In describing the calculations, we shall use the terminology appropriate to (2), but the results will be general statements about the model.

The present studies are carried out in order to elucidate the effect on enzyme activity of different kinds of radiation. Beams of protons and alpha particles from the Berkeley 60-inch cyclotron and beams of accelerated nuclei of helium, carbon 12, oxygen 16, and neon 20 from the Berkeley Heavy Ion Linear Accelerator (HILAC) have been used. With this variety of particles it has been possible to cover a range of LET 10 times greater than previously utilized in similar studies. The unattenuated energy of the different particles is exactly 10 MeV per nucleon for the HILAC radiation and approximately this value for the cyclotron radiation.

The angle errors of a rotary table can be accurately measured by stepping off the angles with an optical caliper and computing table error from (1) the error readings at each angle measured and (2) the cumulative caliper error that will be evident when the circle is closed at 360', eliminating the necessity of adjusting the caliper to the exact setting.

Thesis discussing the reactions of mixed crystals of rare earth fluorides with fluorine gas. The reactions were "studied gravimetrically by determining the weight increases of mixed tetrafluoride samples upon exposure to fluorine at a pressure of 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 250°C...The nature of the phases produced upon fluorination was studied by x-ray diffraction methods."

Abstract: "Microwaves have been used for several years at Lawrence Radiation Laboratory to study conditions in the magnetically contained plasmas of controlled fusion research. There are two basic microwave techniques. One gives information on electron density and distribution in the plasma, the other provides data on electron temperature. This paper briefly summarizes the established techniques, discusses engineering requirements and limitations, and describes some further applications of microwaves presently being considered."

Technical report describing the methods used for forming wave guides for installations of microwave diagnostic systems for use in Project Sherwood. A machine designed by the author is described along with details of its use.

Thesis discussing "a technique for determining the generation times of individual yeast cells...the effect of x-radiation on the generation times of individual cells and their progeny..." and "attempts to synchronize cell division in a population of cells."

Calculations of the photonuclear giant resonance according to the Wilkinson model are presented in this report. In this model the giant resonance in the cross section for absorption of gamma rays by nuclei is ascribed to the excitation of large numbers of nucleons in closed shells. The model generally predicts correctly the integrated cross section for the giant resonance, bu the resonance energy is too low. Results are presented in a series of tables and formulas so that the integrated cross section may be calculated for any given nucleus.

In any underground nuclear explosion, the shock front that propagates from the shot point carries with it energy from the explosion, and distributes this energy by doing work on the surrounding material. In the process, the material undergoes changes in both its physical and mechanical states. If enough energy is deposited in the material, it will vaporize or melt thus changing its physical state, or cause it to crush or crack. During the past few years, special computer codes have been developed for predicting the close-in phenomena of underground nuclear explosions using the laws of physics, and the knowledge of the properties of the materials in which the detonations occur. As a consequence, a better understanding of experimental observations and measurements has evolved.

The work reported here is a continuation of that reported in UCRL-1962. Approximate breakdown voltages and spark damage estimates have been made for the metals Ag, Ti, Aluminum Alloy 52-SO, Stainless Steel 316 and various combinations of Inconel and Cu.

The basic information about the path of carbon in photosynthesis is reviewed, together with the methods that were used to discover it. This has led to the knowledge of what is required of the photochemical reaction in the form of chemical species. Attention is then directed to the structure of the photochemical apparatus itself insofar as it is viewable by electron microscopy, and some principles of ordered structure are devised for the types of molecules to be found in the chloroplasts. From the combination of these, a structure for the grana lamella is suggested and a mode of function proposed. Experimental test for this mode of function is underway; one method is to examine photoproduced unpaired electrons. This is discussed.

The method of detecting unpaired electrons in liquid and solid systems by electron spin resonance is discussed. The significance of the hyperfine structure in electron spin resonance is discussed and the possible use of these structural features of the electron spin resonance spectrum to elucidate the nature of the photoproduced unpaired electrons in photosynthesizing systems is introduced.

The problem of photosynthesis is the problem of defining the way in which green plants are able to convert electromagnetic energy into chemical potential in the form of reduced carbon, usually as carbohydrate, and molecular oxygen. The use of tracer carbon, as carbon-14, has made possible considerable progress in the mapping of the routes taken by the carbon atom from CO2 into plant substances. The techniques of separation and identification that have made this progress possible lie largely in the region of chromatography and radioautography involving fractional-gamma amounts of material. A number of proposals have been made about the photochemical act itself. These proposals have led to the development of direct physical tests of their validity, and some results of these will be described.

Abstract: "Measurements have been made on pseudo-cylindrical graphite-enriched uranium unreflected systems. These measurements include both critical mass determinations and time dependent measurements using a pulsed neutron source to drive the assemblies."

It is shown that under very simple and general assumptions the existence of an antiunitary reflection transformation and the charge gauge group implies the existence of an antiparticle corresponding to a given charged particle. Similar consequences follow on replacing the charge gauge group by the baryon gauge group. No assumptions as to specific wave equations, or indeed the existence of local fields, are made.

"This is a bibliography of journal articles relating to beryllium oxide. Sources consulted include; Chemical Abstracts, 1951-1955; Physics Abstracts, 1951-1955; Industrial Arts Index, 1955-Jan, 1957; and the library card catalog. Starred articles are available in the library.

"This is a selective bibliography of books and periodical articles relating to extrusion die design with special emphasis on extrusion of beryllium. Material on the extrusion process has been included when it contains information that might be of possible help in die designing."