It has previously been shown that the polymer formed in solid state polymerization of acrylamide is amorphous in spite of the fact that the reaction takes place within a crystalline solid. The stage at which it becomes amorphous is not known at present. Work with dilute solid solutions of acrylamide in propionamide suggests that this occurs after the addition of, at most, a very few monomer units.

The plastic behavior of both unirradiated and gamma-ray irradiated NaCl single crystals has been studied with a variety of techniques. These include the determination of stress-strain curves, and photoelastic, surface, topography, and F-center absorption band, measurements, The different stages of deformation in unirradiated crystals are compared with the corresponding stages of irradiated ones. One effect is that irradiation greatly extends the easy glide region. Some insight into this behavior is obtained from the photoelastic and topography measurements. In unirradiated crystals almost all glide occurs on one slip system and there is considerable pile up. In irradiated crystals slip occurs on two perpendicular systems, the number of operating glide planes is, at least, doubled, and the pile up is very much reduced. Both the yield-point and F-center concentration increases rapidly with dose up to approximately 10 7 r and at a much slower rate for larger doses. Also investigated was the effect of crystal shape (or geometry) on the stress strain curves obtained from unirradiated crystals. The most interesting results are, the yield-point decreases with increasing cross section and that the slope of the linear strain hardening region depends on the radio of the crystals shortest dimension to its height.

Water may decompose under radiation to give hydrogen and oxygen gases and small amounts of hydrogen peroxide. The amount of decomposition depends critically on the nature of the radiation, the kind and amount of dissolved materials present, and the temperature. Destruction of dissolved material may proceed to a greater extent than that of the water itself. The basic theory of these effects is briefly outlined. Engineering problems resulting from radiation chemical effects in water are discussed for various cases in which ordinary or heavy water is used in reactors as moderator, coolant or shielding material.

A neutron diffraction program was initiated recently at the Puerto Rico Nuclear Center. The two double crystal spectrometers in use were assembled with the aid of staff members of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The first research problem to be completed was a single crystal structure analysis of CaWO4. Choosing the origin at the 4(a) tungsten site in the tetragonal I41/a cell. the 16(f) oxygen parameters were found to be as follows: x=0.2413 ± 0.0005, y=0.1511 ± 0.0006, z=0.0861 ± 0.0001. Anisotropic temperature parameters were also determined for all atoms in the least squares analysis of the structure. The magnetic structure of CuSO4 has been determined in a continuation of a study started at Brookhaven in collaboration with Dr. P.J. Brown. Using the Wollan-Koehler-Bertaut notation, the antiferromagnetic spin ordering mode in the orthorhombic Pbnm cell is Ax, with the spin axis parallel to a. A moment of approximately 1 μB was found for the Cu2_ ion. The crystal structure of BaNiO2 was re-examined in a neutron powder diffraction study, and it was found that the earlier x-ray study of Lander is essentially correct. An alternative oxygen arrangement, for which x-rays would not have been very sensitive, had been suspected. BaNiO2 was …

The non-existence of technetium in nature, long considered a fact of axiomatic validity, has become subject to considerable doubt in recent years due to the discovery of technetium in the sun and in S-type stars.

Our interest in the light metal carbonyls is twofold. One phase concerns the general chemistry and structure of these compounds inasmuch as they provide interesting and important organic materials and may be considered to be organometallic substances. Secondly and secondarily, these materials afford a convenient synthetic route to isotopically labeled compounds since the labeled precursor, carbon monoxide, is readily available.

There is but little known about the thermal process involving the dynamics and thermodynamics of the cycling liquid H2 in the chamber and those of the H2 fluid flow in the cooling coil as well as the geometrical characteristics of the chamber body. This the physical equations governing this process are involving so many variables that this analysis becomes rather complex even if simplifying assumptions are made. To those difficulties is added the ignorance even of an approximative expression for some physical quantities such as film heat transfer coefficients entering as major parameters the process equation.

Boron-10 has a high thermal neutron capture cross section (3880 barns). Following neutron capture, the subsequent nuclear disintegration produces an alpha particle and a lithium-7 nucleus with the release of an average of 2.34 MeV for the particle irradiation, and in 93% of the reactions there is also the emission of an 0.48 MeV gamma ray: [equation not transcribed]. The kinetic energy is divided between the lithium-7 nucleus and the alpha particle giving the equal and opposite momentums with a range in tissue of about 8-14μ or approximately 1 cell diameter (1). This fact and the reported favorable partition of boron between tumor and the normal brain suggested a possible therapeutic usefulness which has been investigated clinically. The object of our study is to document the biological effects of the B10 (n,α) Li7 reaction on the brain of dogs injected with boron-10 30 minutes prior to irradiation with thermal neutrons. For this, we felt it desirable to estimate a dose for the boron-10 reaction which if exceeded, produces destruction of normal tissue. This dose could then be a reference dose to be utilized as a maximal limit for the irradiation of normal tissue. We have assured that the largest fluence …

The biological evaluation of the thermal neutron capture reaction of boron-10, B10 (n,α)Li7 + 2.786 MeV, has previously been studied, using different particles from the boron-10 thermal neutron capture reaction compared with 250 kvp x-rays has been reported as 1.05 for spleen-thymic weight reduction (1), as 1.5 to 2.0 for skin lesions in pigs (2), and 1.87 for skin lesions of the rabbit's ear (3). The significance of such a calculation is felt to be unreliable for the boron-10 reaction in animals because of the vagaries of dose determination resulting from irregular boron distribution, and by the presence of an adventitious irradiation from fast neutrons and capture gammas that is inadequately determined at present. Our present experiment attempts to circumvent the difficulties attendent to studies of the boron-10 reaction in animals by comparing the effect of this reaction on the proliferative capacity of HeLa cells with those produced with 250 kvp x-ray.

Previous investigations that the pancreas is a radioresistant organ. Ivy in 1924 noted the presence of a fibrotic atrophic pancreas in a dog which had received one erythema dose to the epigastrium. Fisher in 1923 reported that four to five erythema doses delivered in a single application caused complete disappearance of the irradiated pancreatic remnant in about two months. These dogs died because of uncontrolled diabetes. One dog that received four erythema doses (possibly 200 r) was sacrificed after five months. At autopsy the irradiated pancreas had disappeared, but 275 mgm of regenerated pancreas were found at the base of the main duct and 100 mgm at the base of the accessory duct. Leven in 1933 implanted radon seeds into the pancreas. Dosages varied from 528 to 1584 millicurie hours. At postmorten the pancreas surrounding the seeds demonstrated fibrous atropy and foci of necrosis. The islets appeared normal but were relatively larger in size. Rauch in 1952 reported that dogs given 200 r in air over the pancreas on alternate days until a total of 1600 r was received failed to show any histological changes after two months. Lushbaugh and Spalding and Lushbaugh reported that over 1500 r of whole-body …

This paper considers the duty of the physician to provide comfort and care for cancer patients and suggests four tenants for physicians to follow to assist with this: 1) No matter what the patient's condition, the physician shall be always available, even if only to listen and talk. 2) In spite of the ravages of cancer, the patient lives with it. 3.) The patient is an adult under guarantees of the constitution. and 4) The physician will always communicate with the patient. The paper ends with a discussion of the objectives for management of cancer patients.

An isochronal differential-type microcalorimeter has been designed and constructed. As a result of its simple design it is very easy to handle the samples and assemble the calorimeter. Important to the operation of the calorimeter is a program, also working on the differential principle, that provides linear temperature rise of the samples. This calorimeter is used to measure very small energy releases such as those found in precipitation, stored energy, etc. It is demonstrated that the calorimeter is easily capable of measuring 0.0005 cal with a probable error of the order of 1% to 2%.

A kinetic study of the exchange of normal and radioactive bromine in graphite-bromine lamellar compounds has been made at temperatures of 30° to 50°C. Natural and synthetic graphite powders were investigated. Two alternative mechanisms for the exchange, volume diffusion and surface exchange, were considered. The data were in better agreement with the diffusion mechanism. Diffusion coefficients of 10 -9 to 10 -8 cm2/sec and an activation energy of 11 to 14 kcal/mole were calculated for the natural graphite powders. The diffusion coefficients increased with increasing bromine content. Reversibly absorbed bromine exchanged more rapidly than irreversibly absorbed bromine.

Report issued by the Brookhaven National Laboratory discussing corrosion behaviors of materials in bismuth. As stated in the introduction, "this report will present the details of the corrosion testing and the results obtained to date on materials tested under static conditions in bismuth media" (p. 1). This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.

Technical report outlining the nature and effects of energy loss and radiation in biological materials during radiobiological processes.

In calculating diffusion coefficients for gases diffusing from solids, the numerical solutions tabulated by Darken and Gurry, were found to lack the required precision, and the intervals between the arguments were too great to permit precise interpolations. Consequently the diffusion equation solutions of interest (diffusion from a sphere, cylinder, and plate, for the condition that the concentration of the diffusing species initially uniform) were re-evaluated. Computer programs for the three cases were written in FORTRAN for the IBM 7090. The solutions programmed are given in Crank. Values of the fractional completion were computed at approximately 0.01 increments, to the nearest 0.00001, and are tabulated in Table 1 to the nearest 0.0001. The table covers the fractional range from about 0.04 to 0.99. For smaller fractions satisfactory approximations are available. The table may be conveniently interpolated by plotting points about the region of interest and drawing a curve.

Technical report describing a bubble chamber film track measuring stage designed for maximum versatility that was build at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The report includes photographs and diagrams of the device.

Technical report describing "A means for automatically determining the coordinates of a point at the center of a bubble chamber track." from the abstract.

A computer program which optimizes the locations and strengths of magnets in a beam transport system has been written for the IBM 704 and 7090 computers Programs have been previously written which trace a ray through a system of magnets and determine its focusing properties When using such a program, one examines the characteristics of the emergent beam and then varies the parameters of the system manually to optimize it In the program which will now be described, the computer itself performs the examination and varies the parameters.

Recent measurements of the pion-proton total cross section, taken with small statistical errors, have shown the existence of two new maxima in the momentum range between 2 and 3 BeV/c. Measurements of comparable statistical accuracy, covering the momentum range from 2.5 to 8 BeV/c are reported in the present paper. In addition to the total cross sections for π± mesons on protons, their total cross sections on deuterons have also been determined. Some data were also taken on the total cross sections for K+ mesons on protons and deuterons and for K- mesons on protons.

Description of a computer program which optimizes the locations and strengths of magnets for experimental beams at the Brookhaven AGS written for the IBM 7090 computer. Layout, method, and routines are given particular attention, and representative data cards are shown.

In the fall of 1961 an extensive program of investigation of high energy p-p interactions was begun at the Brookhaven AGS. The BNL 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber and an electrostatically separated beam were used to obtain a total (to date) of 300,000 exposure with about 15 antiprotons per pulse. The exposures were made at antiproton momenta of 3.25 Bev/c and 3.69 Bev/c in the laboratory. Approximately 80% of the exposures were made 3.69 Bev/c antiprotons. A wide variety of reactions occur in these collisions. Some of these such as elastic scattering, pion production, and associated production of hyperons and K-mesons have analogues in p-p collisions. The similarities and differences between the p-p and p-p results can usually be understood in a qualitative way and in some cases quantitative comparison with theory has been possible. The annihilation reactions leading to final states containing pions alone or pions with K-mesons are unique to the nucleon-antinucleon system as are the reactions in which a hyperon, anti-hyperon pair is produced. In the following, we report the principal characteristics of proton-antiproton reactions. Although the scope of this paper is comprehensive it is not a definitive report of the experiment as much of the work …

Preliminary results are presented on hyperon-anti-hyperon production in proton-anti-proton collisions at 3.25 Bev/c. The exposure consisted of approximately 40,000 pictures taken in the Brookhaven National Laboratory 20" liquid hydrogen bubble chamber. The anti-proton beam was extracted from the A.G.S. and electro-statically separated. An average of approximately 15 anti-protons per picture was obtained at this momentum with an estimated beam contamination of less than 10K. The beam momentum was determined from kinematical analysis of a large sample of events. The scanning and measuring of the film has been done both at Yale and at Brookhaven, as well as the analysis of the data. A combination of the data from both laboratories is presented.

During 1961 and 1962, a separated beam was designed and installed at the AGS for use with the 20 inch hydrogen bubble chamber. The beam utilizes electromagnetic velocity spectrometers in two stages of separation. Since the fall of 1962, the bubble chamber has taken 600,000 pictures containing antiprotons, K± mesons, and π± mesons as beam tracks. This paper concerns the use of the separated beam for antiprotons and π⁺ mesons.