An initial study has been performed of the feasibility of employing an axial array of gamma detectors located outside the pressure vessel to monitor the coolant in a PWR. A one-dimensional transport analysis model is developed for the LOFT research reactor and for a mock-PWR geometry. The gamma detector response to coolant voiding in the core and down-comer has been determined for both geometries. The effects of various conditions (for example, time after shutdown, materials in the transport path, and the relative void fraction in different water regions) on the detector response are studied. The calculational results have been validated by a favorable comparison with LOFT experimental data. Within the limitations and approximations considered in the analysis, the results indicate that the gamma-ray detection scheme is able to unambiguously respond to changes in the coolant inventory within any vessel water region.

Report on the development of square integrable solutions for Hamiltonian systems in all cases, including intermediate cases.

In closed-loop district heating and cooling (DHC) systems, the addition of a friction-reducing additive to the working fluid conveying energy between the energy sources and end users would allow increased load-handling capability (in an existing system) or the use of much smaller pipes and/or pumps (in a new system). As the first step in identifying friction-reducing additives that have a reasonable lifetime at DHC temperatures, two high-molecular-weight linear-polymer additives have been tested at two different temperatures (25.0 C and 87.8 C). The additives are Polyox WSR-301 and Separan AP-273 at 200 wppm in deionized water. Results of capillary tube screening tests with fresh solutions show that both polymers can give more than 60% friction reduction. However, Separan is effective at high temperatures, whereas Polyox undergoes thermal degradation. Degradation tests in a closed recirculatory flow system show that (1) friction reduction is always accompanied by heat transfer reduction regardless of the hours of shear, (2) Polyox cannot be used in recirculatory systems because it is very sensitive to mechanical degradation, and (3) although Separan does degrade under high flow shear conditions, it does not degrade completely; it achieves a plateau value of friction reduction even under continuous shear. This is an …

The numerical prediction of buoyancy-induced flows provides special difficulties for standard numerical techniques associated with velocity-buoyancy coupling. We present a multigrid algorithm based upon a novel relaxation scheme that handles this coupling correctly. Numerical experiments have been performed that show that this approach is reasonably efficient and robust for a range of Rayleigh numbers and a variety of cycling strategies.

The ANSI Standards Subcommittee X3J3 on Fortran has recently completed a draft proposed standard for the Fortran programming language. The draft proposed standard, known informally as Fortran 8x, is a revision of the current standard X3.9-1978, known informally as Fortran 77. This report is a review of Fortran 8x and consists of a series of six articles. The first article gives a general overview of Fortran 8x. The next three articles give brief discussions of the array facilities; the enhanced numeric facilities; and user-defined data types, procedure interfaces, and the new program unit called a module. The fifth article provides a brief analysis of the controversial issues discussed by X3J3 (including both the accepted and rejected facilities for Fortran 8x). The sixth article gives a brief comparison with Ada. The report concludes with a summary giving information on how and where to express opinions of the draft proposed standard.

We report on experiments run on a set of shared-memory multiprocessors. Our goal was to demonstrate that one could conveniently utilize a set of shared-memory multiprocessors cooperatively working on typical state-space searches. We utilized a technology for writing portable code for multiprocessors, coded three depth-first state-space searches, and ran them on a set of multiprocessors. The final problem used substantial resources (over 65 hours on a single processor) and was successfully distributed over four distinct shared memory multiprocessors (2 Sequents and 2 Encores), reducing the time to perform the computation to slightly over 2 hours.

Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), under sponsorship of the US Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Buildings and Community Systems, has embarked upon a comprehensive, long-range program to develop high-performance advanced energy transmission fluids for use in district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. ANL has the lead technical role in this DOE program. These advanced fluids will substantially reduce flow frictional losses and enhance energy transfer. In system enhancement scoping studies conducted by ANL, the fluids yielded potentially significant upfront capital equipment cost reductions by allowing the use of smaller pipes, pumps, heat exchangers, and storage tanks as well as reductions in operational costs. This report presents the first-phase results of assessment of impact of the advanced fluids on DHC systems. Future reports will focus on assessment of impact on hardware performance, capital equipment, and operation costs.

Simple boundary conditions, pressure losses, and channel geometries necessary for the unstable, rigid-body translational vibrations of the wall of one-dimensional leakage-flow channel are identified. General expressions for the flow damping and stiffness forces acting on the vibrating channel wall are derived and specific results are given for channels with wall friction, point pressure losses, sharp-edged constrictions, and diverging or converging widths. The minimum conditions necessary for dynamic and static (divergence) instability were found to be an upstream point pressure loss and a diverging channel width with a finite-length throat region, respectively.

Report of activities of the Argonne Physics Division, including medium-energy physics research, ATLAS research, theoretical nuclear physics, superconducting LINAC development, and accelerator operations.

The literature on parameterizations of cloud microphysical processes was reviewed to examine the theoretical bases of those parameterizations and to evaluate their applicability to regional models. New parameterizations were produced by multiple regression upon the solution fields derived from simulations of a cloud model incorporating sophisticated microphysics. The currently available rates for cloud microphysical interactions were generally derived under the assumption that the size distribution functions for various hydrometeors are given. Such parameterizations must therefore be applied with caution because the spectral evolution of various types of hydrometeors in reality varies significantly during the stages of cloud development. Uncertainties exist in assigning values for aerodynamic properties such as the bulk collection efficiency, and the growth processes for various types of ice crystals are not well enough known for accurate multiphase cloud-microphysics parameterizations. The new parameterizations, in general, compare favorably with those currently available and are more efficient and applicable to regional models. The largest discrepancies occur in the autoconversion rates, whereas the accretion rates agree closely when the assumed collection efficiencies in other formulas are smaller than unity.

Two-phase flow exists in many shell-and-tube heat exchangers and power generation components. The flowing fluid is a source of energy that can induce small-amplitude subcritical oscillations and large-amplitude dynamic instabilities. In fact, many practical system components have experienced excessive flow-induced vibrations. To prevent unacceptable flow-induced vibration, we must understand excitation mechanisms, develop analytical and experimental techniques, and provide reliable design guidelines. Thus, we are conducting a comprehensive program to study structural vibration in components subjected to two-phase flow. This report reviews the current understanding of vibration of circular cylinders in quiescent fluid, cross-flow, and axial flow, with emphasis on excitation mechanisms, mathematical models, and available experimental data. A unified theory is presented for cylinders oscillating under different flow conditions. Based on the theory, future research needs are outlined.

Weight losses of marble and limestone samples exposed to outdoor environments at field sites in the eastern United States have been monitored in studies initiated in 1984. The procedures are described, and the results are tabulated and discussed. A rate of marble loss approximately equivalent to 16 micrometers of surface recession per year was found in North Carolina, and losses of this order were also observed in New Jersey, New York, and Washington, DC. Limestone weight losses were much higher than for marble in the first year; loss of extraneous materials from the porous limestone appeared to be a likely contributor to the overall loss. The rate of limestone loss diminished in the second year, though it continued to be higher than for marble. Exposures are continuing in a planned 10-yr program of tests.

ANL has decontaminated and decommissioned (D and D) seven radiologically contaminated surplus facilities at its Illinois site: a ''Hot'' Machine Shop (Building 17) and support facilities; Fan House No. 1 (Building 37), Fan House No. 2 (Building 38), the Pangborn Dust Collector (Building 41), and the Industrial Waste Treatment Plant (Building 34) for exhaust air from machining of radioactive materials. Also included were a Nuclear Materials Storage Vault (Building 16F) and a Nuclear Research Laboratory (Building 22). The D and D work involved dismantling of all process equipment and associated plumbing, ductwork, drain lines, etc. After radiation surveys, floor and wall coverings, suspended ceilings, room partitions, pipe, conduit and electrical gear were taken down as necessary. In addition, underground sewers were excavated. The grounds around each facility were also thoroughly surveyed. Contaminated materials and soil were packaged and shipped to a low-level waste burial site, while nonactive debris was buried in the ANL landfill. Clean, reusable items were saved, and clean metal scrap was sold for salvage. After the decommissioning work, each building was torn down and the site relandscaped. The project was completed in 1985, ahead of schedule, with substantial savings.

This document is a summary of the activities conducted on post-test examination of aqueous electric-vehicle batteries from January 1985 to September 1986. The post-test analyses were conducted to determine the causes of performance degradation (e.g., capacity decline, power loss, self-discharge) in lead-acid and nickel/iron batteries. For the lead-acid batteries, the primary causes of capacity decline were generally found to be morphological changes in the positive active material, corrosion of the positive electrode grid, and loss of contact between the active material and grid in the positive electrode. For the nickel/iron batteries, the primary factors responsible for performance degradation were transport of iron through the separator to the nickel electrode and loss of contact between the active materials and current collector. These results have permitted more accurate assessments of current technical progress in development of aqueous electric-vehicle batteries and have helped to direct future R and D efforts.

Let A be any n x n positive definite matrix and B any n x n non-negative definite matrix. In an earlier paper we showed that for each n there is a real number t/sub n/> 2 such that if t <t/sub n/ then the solution X of the matrix equation A²X + XA² + tAXA = B is non-negative definite. For n = 2, t₂ = infinity and for n = 3, t₃ = 8. In this report we show that t₄ = 4, t₅ <3.02048507 and t₆ <2.62120330.

The SEFOR experimental results and the three original analyses are reviewed and discussed. The emphasis of the review is placed on aspects that are pertinent to a possible modern re-analysis of the experimental results. Looking at the analysis results in terms of zero and first order effects shows that the zero order effects, the Doppler constant of the two SEFOR cores, are obtained by the three analyses in satisfactory agreement. But the first order effects, but temperature variation of this Doppler-constant quantity, cannot be determined with any informative accuracy. Since this is likely due to limitations in the experiments, a re-analysis - except for methodological reasons - does not appear to be fruitful.

Annual report of Argonne National Laboratory's Chemical Technology (CMT) Division. In this period, CMT conducted research and development in areas that include the following: (1) high-performance batteries--mainly lithium-alloy/metal sulfide and sodium/sulfur; (2) aqueous batteries (lead-acid, nickel/iron, etc.); (3)advanced fuel cells with molten carbonate or solid oxide electrolytes; (4) coal utilization, (5) methods for recovery of energy from municipal waste; (6) methods for the electromagnetic continuous casting of steel sheet; (7) techniques for treatment of hazardous waste such as reactive metals and trichloroethylenes; (8) nuclear technology related to waste management.

In the application software development of the SUPRENUM project (the German supercomputer project) many parallel grid-oriented algorithms are being programmed, especially multigrid and computational fluid dynamics codes. As the communication tasks are similar, a central SUPRENUM communications library with subroutines covering all communication requirements of the applications programs has been created. By implementing versions of the library for the Intel iPSC hypercube and the planned SUPRENUM machine, full portability of the applications software has been achieved.

This report presents two detailed computerized operating procedures developed to assist and control the shearing and dissolution of irradiated fuel rods. The procedures were employed in the destructive analysis of end-of-life fuel rods from the Light Water Breeder Reactor (LWBR) that was designed by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. Seventeen entire fuel rods from the end-of-life core of the LWBR were sheared into 169 precisely characterized segments, and more than 150 of these segments were dissolved during execution of the LWBR Proof-of-Breeding (LWBR-POB) Analytical Support Project at Argonne National Laboratory. The procedures illustrate our approaches to process monitoring, data reduction, and quality assurance during the LWBR-POB work.

The technology of breeding uranium-233 from thorium-232 in a light water reactor is being developed and evaluated by the Westinghouse Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory (BAPL) through operation and examination of the Shippingport Light Water Breeder Reactor (LWBR). Bettis is determining the end-of-life (EOL) inventory of fissile uranium in the LWBR core by nondestructive assay of a statistical sample comprising approximately 500 EOL fuel rods. This determination is being made with an irradiated-fuel assay gauge based on neutron interrogation and detection of delayed neutrons from each rod. The EOL fissile inventory will be compared with the beginning-of-life fissile loading of the LWBR to determine the extent of breeding. In support of the BAPL proof-of-breeding (POB) effort, Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) carried out destructive physical, chemical, and radiometric analyses on 17 EOL LWBR fuel rods that were previously assayed with the nondestructive gauge. The ANL work included measurements on the intact rods; shearing of the rods into pre-designated contiguous segments; separate dissolution of each of the more than 150 segments; and analysis of the dissolver solutions to determine each segment's uranium content, uranium isotopic composition, and loading of selected fission products. This report describes the facilities in which this work was carried …

Beam hardening (BH), caused by the energy dependence of x-ray attenuation in materials, reduces the reliability of images generated by computed tomographic (CT) when polychromatic x-ray sources are used. The magnitude of the BH effect was calculated, and four different approaches to BH correction for CT imaging of ceramics were investigated: the ''water bag'' approach, pre-hardening of the beam by use of a filter, linearization correction, and dual-energy methods. The dual-energy approach appears to be a promising means of BH correction for CT imaging of ceramics.

During the past decade, synchrotron radiation emitted by circulating electron beams has come into wide use as a powerful, versatile source of x-rays for probing the structure of matter and for studying various physical processes. Several synchrotron radiation facilities with different designs and characteristics are now in regular operation throughout the world, with recent additions in this country being the 0.8-GeV and 2.5-GeV rings of NSLS at Brookhaven National Laboratory. However, none of the operating facilities has been designed to use a low-emittance, high-energy stored beam, together with modern undulator devices, to produce a large number of hard x-ray beams of extremely high brilliance. This document is a proposal to the Department of Energy to construct and operate high-energy synchrotron radiation facility at Argonne National Laboratory. We have now chosen to set the design energy of this facility at 7.0 GeV, with the capability to operate at up to 7.5 GeV.

The factors that limit the performance of thermally activated Li-Si/FeS2 batteries were defined through the use of electrochemical characterization tests and post-test examinations. For the characterization tests, 82 individual cells were instrumented with multiple voltage sensors and discharged under isothermal and isobaric conditions. The voltage data for the sensors were recorded to determine the ohmic and electrochemical impedances of each cell component at different levels of discharge. The data analysis completed to date has demonstrated that this approach can successfully differentiate the influence of various operating parameters (e.g., temperature, current density), electrode structures (e.g., FeS2 particle size), and additives on cell capacity, specific energy, and power capability. Thirty cells selected from these tests and additional tests at SNL were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. These analyses documented microstructural and compositional changes in the active materials and electrolyte. In general, the electrochemical impedance of the FeS2 electrode limited cell performance. Several methods (including use of fine FeS2 particle size, graphite additions, and higher operating temperatures) produced measurable reductions in this impedance and yielded significant improvements in specific energy and power. Additions of KCl to the negative electrode extended the low-temperature capacity of this …

Recommended criteria are given for the performance of Advanced Photon Source (APS), taking into consideration undulator tunability criteria and their relationship to the storage ring energy and undulator gap, length of straight sections.