To model the shock-induced behavior of porous or damaged energetic materials, a nonequilibrium mixture theory has been developed and incorporated into the shock physics code, CTH. The foundation for this multiphase model is based on a continuum mixture formulation given by Baer and Nunziato. This multiphase mixture model provides a thermodynamic and mathematically-consistent description of the self-accelerated combustion processes associated with deflagration-to-detonation and delayed detonation behavior which are key modeling issues in safety assessment of energetic systems. An operator-splitting method is used in the implementation of this model, whereby phase diffusion effects are incorporated using a high resolution transport method. Internal state variables, forming the basis for phase interaction quantities, are resolved during the Lagrangian step requiring the use of a stiff matrix-free solver. Benchmark calculations are presented which simulate low-velocity piston impact on a propellant porous bed and experimentally-measured wave features are well replicated with this model. This mixture model introduces micromechanical models for the initiation and growth of reactive multicomponent flow that are key features to describe shock initiation and self-accelerated deflagration-to-detonation combustion behavior. To complement one-dimensional simulation, two-dimensional numerical calculations are presented which indicate wave curvature effects due to the loss of wall confinement. This study is …

Both the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and National Information Infrastructure (NU) efforts have ambitious goals that are expected to improve the fundamental infrastructure, commerce, and society of the United States. Achieving these goals will require rapid development and deployment of information compatibility methods through technical and institutional standards. These standards will have to be scaleable and flexible to support new, and as-yet-undiscovered, data. Yet they will also need to accommodate our valuable data reserves. The area of geospatial data, and thus the creation of a National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI), is particularly challenging due to the profoundly different forms, evolutionary histories, and meanings attached to spatial data. We discuss technical issues resulting from the different natures and inaccuracy of existing geodata, and areas where federal policy could lead the way to greater compatibility.

This report describes various options that are now available for retail electric customers, or that may become available during the next few years as the electric utility industry restructures. These options include different ways of meeting demand for energy services, different providers of service or points of contact with providers, and different pricing structures for purchased services. Purpose of this document is to examine these options from the customer`s perspective: how might being a retail electric customer in 5--10 years differ from now? Seizing opportunities to reduce cost of electric service is likely to entail working with different service providers; thus, transaction costs are involved. Some of the options considered are speculative. Some transitional options include relocation, customer-built/operated transmission lines, municipalization, self-generation, and long-term contracts with suppliers. All these may change or diminish in a restructured industry. Brokers seem likely to become more common unless restructuring takes the form of mandatory poolcos (wholesale). Some options appear robust, ie, they are likely to become more common regardless of how restructuring is accomplished: increased competition among energy carriers (gas vs electric), real-time pricing, etc. This report identified some of the qualitative differences among the various options. For customers using large amounts of …

This fact sheet reviews the uses and successes of a new transportable molecular beam mass spectrometer developed by NREL. This sophisticated research tool is used to measure chemical composition of gases created from various industrial processes.

GENERAL PHYSICAL LAYOUT: (1) The backplane is comprised of 2 identical sections, the upper half designated J1, and the lower half designated j3; (2) For each section, there are a total of 16 slots, designated 1 through 16, from left to right; (3) Odd numbered slots are left handed (Connectors to the left of the card), these slots utilize inverse DIN connectors; (4) Even numbered slots are right handed (Connectors to the right of the card), these slots utilize standard DIN connectors; (5) There are 2 60 pin daisy-chain headers associated with each section, 3M part number 3597-6003; (6) The headers associated with the J2 (upper) section are designated J2CHAINR and J2CHAINL; (7) The headers associated with the J3 (lower) section are designated J3CHAINL and J3CHAINR; and (8) Mechanical layout presented in drawing number 3823.113-MD-330045. TRIGGER SIGNALS: (1) There are 21 trigger signal which originate from a given slot and are routed to the slot immediately to the left and 21 trigger signals which originate from a given slot and are routed to the slot immediately to the right; (2) There are 21 trigger signals which originate from the slot immediately to the left of a given slot and 21 …

The g-2 muon storage nng magnet system consists of four large superconducting solenoids that are up to 15.1 m in diameter. The g-2 superconducting solenoids and a superconducting inflector dipole will be cooled using forced two-phase helium in tubes. The forced two-phase helium cooling will be provided from the J-T circuit of a refrigerator that is capable of delivering 625 W at 4.5 K. The two-phase helium flows from the refrigerator J-T circuit through a heat exchanger in a storage dewar that acts as a phase separator for helium returning from the magnets. The use of a heat exchanger in the storage dewar reduces the pressure drop in the magnet flow circuit, eliminates most two phase flow oscillations, and it permits the magnets to operate at variable thermal loads using the liquid in the storage dewar as a buffer. The g-2 magnet cooling system will consist of three parallel two-phase helium flow circuits that provide cooling to the following components: (1) the four large superconducting solenoids, (2) the current interconnects between the solenoids and the solenoid gas cooled electrical leads, and (3) the inflector dipole and its gas cooled electrical leads. This report describes a cryogenic test of the two …

The design for the scaffolding platform which will be connected to the muon chamber wall was analyzed for a load rating of 400 lbs. The platform is supported on each end and the calculations were done for the full 400 lbs. on the end of the horizontal beam. Both members were analyzed for maximum stresses and were compared to the allowable stress, and both members were found to be acceptable in accordance with the ASCE and AISC specifications. The only recommendation is for all the 3/8-inch steel bolt to be of grade 5 or better. This is necessary to insure safety.

Two wire lengths (one from Supercon and one from IGC) were delivered for testing at the LBL Short-Sample Test Facility. Several samples of each wire-type were wound onto forms and reacted according to the requested prescriptions. Leads and voltage-tap wires were carefully attached after reaction according to standard LBL short-sample test procedures. Testing of some of the samples has been completed. Liquid helium immersion (4.2K) data was gathered over a limited range of magnetic fields (5-10T). Additional gas-cooled data was collected over a range of temperatures (1.8-14 K). Testing was interrupted when the test-magnet's persistent-switch-heater failed. Good sample-to-sample and retest repeatability was observed for the 4.2K data when it was checked. Temperature measruements on the Supercon samples used CGR's and revealed a disappointing, non-repeatable (pressure-dependent) temperature offset for the gas-cooled measurements. They also observed a systematic dependence upon magnetic-field strength. Changing to a second CGR did not help. The IGC sample used a Cernox-type resistor which showed negligible magnetic and pressure dependencies. Testing is expected to resume when the magnet is repaired.

The Euclidean proton and nucleon responses of ⁴He at <I>q</I>=10 fm^-1, evaluated with the correlated Glauber approximation using a realistic nucleon-nucleon interaction and nonrelativistic kinematics, are compared to those obtained from the Green's function Monte Carlo approach. The results show that final state interactions play a crucial role even at this large value of q, and that their effect can be quantitatively accounted for with the correlated Glauber approximation.

We establish a simple, explicit relation between the formalisms employed in the treatments of polarization observables in deuteron two-body electrodisintegration published by Arenhovel, Leidemann, and Tomusiak in Few-Body Systems 15 , 109 (1993) and the results of the present authors published in Phys. Rev. C 40, 2479 (1989). We comment on the overlap between the two sets of results.

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The purpose and objective of this calculation is to determine the momentary and interrupting duty on the breakers, for 69kV temporary power only.

The authors present a result on the robust stabilization of a class of nonlinear systems exhibiting parametric uncertainty. They consider feedback linearizable nonlinear systems with a vector of unknown constant parameters perturbed about a known value. A Taylor series of the system about the nominal parameter vector coupled with a feedback linearizing control law yields a linear system plus nonlinear perturbations. Via a structure matching condition, a variable structure control law is shown to exponentially stabilize the full system. The novelty of the result is that the linearizing coordinates are completely known since they are defined about the nominal parameter vector, and fewer restrictions are imposed on the nonlinear perturbations than elsewhere in the literature.

The Bluebell field produces from the Tertiary lower Green River and Wasatch Formations of the Uinta Basin, Utah. The productive interval consists of thousands of feet of interbedded fractured clastic and carbonate beds deposited in a fluvial-dominated deltaic lacustrine environment, sandstones deposited in fluvial-dominated deltas; and carbonates and some interbedded sandstones of the lower Wasatch transition deposited in mud flats. Bluebell project personnel are studying ways to improve completion techniques used in the field to increase primary production in both new wells and recompletions. The study includes detailed petrographic examination of the different lithologic reservoir types in both the outcrop and core. Outcrop, core, and geophysical logs are being used to identify and map important depositional cycles. Petrographic detail will be used to improve log calculation methods which are currently highly questionable due to varying water chemistry and clay content in the Green River and Wasatch Formations. Field mapping of fractures and their relationship to basin tectonics helps predict the orientation of open fractures in the subsurface. The project includes acquiring bore-hole imaging logs from new wells in the Bluebell field thereby obtaining detailed subsurface fracture data previously not available. Reservoir simulation models are being constructed to improve the understanding …

This paper discusses the performance of the logarithmic amplifier electronics system used with stripline BPMs to measure electron and positron beam positions at the APS linac. The 2856-MHz, S-band linac accelerates 30-nsec pulses of 1.7 A of electrons to 200 MeV, and focuses them onto a positron conversion target. The resulting 8 mA of positrons are further accelerated to 450 MeV by the positron linac. Beam position resolutions of 50 {mu}m are easily obtainable in both the electron and positron linacs. The resolution of the 12-bit A/D converters limits the ultimate beam positron resolution to between 20 and 30 {mu}m at this time.

The Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program was created in 1982 by Public Law 97-219 and reauthorized in 1992 until the year 2000 by Public Law 102-564. The purposes of the new law are to (1) expand and improve the SBIR program, 2) emphasize the program`s goal of increasing private sector commercialization of technology developed through Federal R&D, (3) increase small business participation in Federal R&D, and (4) improve the Federal Government`s dissemination of information concerning the SBIR program. DOE`s SBIR pro-ram has two features that are unique. In the 1995 DOE SBIR solicitation, the DOE Fossil Energy topics were: environmental technology for natural gas, oil, and coal; advanced recovery of oil; natural gas supply; natural gas utilization; advanced coal-based power systems; and advanced fossil fuels research. The subtopics for this solicitation`s Natural Gas Supply topic are (1) drilling, completion, and stimulation; (2) low-permeability Formations; (3) delivery and storage; and (4) natural gas upgrading.

The Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory will be a 7-GeV machine. It is anticipated that for beam operations beyond the baseline design of 100 mA stored beam current, a transverse and longitudinal damping system is needed to damp instabilities. A key part of this digital damping system is digital signal processing. This digital system will be used to process samples taken from the beam and determine appropriate correction values to be applied to the beam. The processing will take the form of a transversal digital filter with adaptable filter weights. Sampling will be done at 176 MHz with a possible correction bandwidth of 88 MHz. This paper concentrates on the digital processing involved in this system, and especially on the adaptive algorithms used for determining the digital filter weights.

Recently it has been suggested that the Kapchinskij Vladimirskij (KV) distribution may be of practical interest for high intensity machines in that it may provide the maximum space charge limit for such a machine. One can be make a plausible argument that the maximum beam intensity is obtained for a distribution for which all particles have the same tune, at least when the resonance is approached. Therefore, the following steps should be taken: first, reduce the chromaticity of the accelerator ring as much as possible, and second, make the betatron frequencies independent of amplitude, i.e., make the focusing forces linear. One way to make the focusing forces linear is to start with external focusing forces which are linear, and then make the space charge forces also linear by using a K-V distribution. Sections II and III describe two injection scenarios which produce a KV distribution (if we neglect beam-beam interactions during the injection process.) Simulations of these injection scenarios verify that the resulting distribution produces a uniform circular beam in xy-space. A simulation code was written which also includes the space charge interactions between the 500 injected turns in the proposed scenarios; the results are given in section IV. The …

The potential measurement of particle beam emittance at a third-generation synchrotron radiation facility such as the Advanced Photon Source (APS) by characterizing the observed undulator radiation from an insertion device is considered. The nominal APS particle beam parameters have been used in calculations for insertion devices which periods of {lambda}=3.3 cm, {lambda}=5.0 cm (in two configurations), and {lambda}=1.8 cm. The US program, the MDK1F program, and analytical formulae were used. Sensitivity to variations of emittance by 20% from the nominal value are addressed.

NUS received authorization from DOE on August 14, 1987 to provide technical support services to assist the Office of Environmental Audit (OEV) in conducting the DOE Environmental Survey and to provide technical assistance on environmental compliance issues. The overall contract is to accomplish a one-time, no-fault baseline Survey of all DOE operating facilities, and to provide technical assistance and support for the resolution of environmental compliance issues. NUS has completed the Preliminary Reports and continues to support DOE on the Prioritization and Tiger Team Assessment efforts. The project requires a broad range of environmental protection expertise, necessitating senior-level personnel as the primary project staff. Many of the tasks assigned by DOE require quick startup and performance, and several tasks may be active at any one time.

An overview of emissive display technologies is presented. Display types briefly described include: cathode ray tubes (CRTs), field emission displays (FEDs), electroluminescent displays (ELDs), and plasma display panels (PDPs). The critical role of phosphors in further development of the latter three flat panel emissive display technologies is outlined. The need for stable, efficient red, green, and blue phosphors for RGB fall color displays is emphasized.

Just prior to this award and reporting period but as part of this program, EnerTech initiated preliminary pilot scale slurry carbonization experiments with Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and preliminary pilot scale combustion experiments with the carbonized RDF slurry fuel. For this award and the time period April 1995--July 1995, several modifications to the pilot plant facilities were completed to improve operational reliability, system performance, and characteristics of the carbonized slurry fuel, based upon the previous plant experiments.

HALLIBURTON NUS received authorization from DOE on August 14, 1987 to provide technical support to assist the Office of Environmental Audit (OEV) in conducting the DOE Environmental Survey and to provide technical assistance on environmental compliance issues. The overall contract is to accomplish a one-time, no-fault baseline Survey of all DOE operating facilities, and to provide technical assistance and support for the resolution of environmental compliance issues. NUS has completed the Preliminary Reports and continues to support DOE on the Prioritization and Tiger Team Assessment efforts. The project requires a broad range of environmental protection expertise, necessitating senior-level personnel as the primary project staff. Many of the tasks assigned by DOE require quick startup and performance, and several tasks may be active at any one time. The objective of the DOE Environmental Survey Program is to identify and prioritize areas of existing environmental risk at 36 DOE facilities. NUS`role is to technically assist the Office of Environmental Audit in the implementation of the Surveys.

Environmental restoration and waste management activities at US Department of Energy (DOE) facilities are diverse and complex. Contamination at DOE sites and facilities includes radionuclides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, volatile organic compounds, non-aqueous phase liquids, and heavy metals, among others. Soil and groundwater contamination are major areas of concern and DOE has focused very significant efforts in these areas. Relevant technology development activities are being conducted at DOE`s own national laboratories, as well as through collaborative efforts with other federal agencies and the private sector. These activities span research and development (R&D) of new concepts and techniques to demonstration and commercialization of mature technologies. Since 1990, DOE has also supported R&D of innovative technologies through interagency agreements with US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), US Department of Defense, the National Science Foundation, and others.