Directed Technologies, Inc. has previously submitted a detailed technical assessment and concept design for a mid-size, five-passenger fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), under contract to Argonne National Laboratory. As a supplement to that contract, DTI has reviewed the literature and conducted a preliminary evaluation of two energy carriers for the FCEV: hydrogen and methanol. This report compares the estimated fuel efficiency, cost of producing and delivering the fuel, and the resultant life cycle costs of the FCEV when fueled directly by hydrogen and when fueled by methanol with on-board reforming to produce the required hydrogen-rich gas for the fuel cell. This work will be supplemented and expanded under the Ford contract with the Department of Energy to develop the FCEV and its fuel infrastructure.

To model the shock-induced behavior of porous or damaged energetic materials, a nonequilibrium mixture theory has been developed and incorporated into the shock physics code, CTH. The foundation for this multiphase model is based on a continuum mixture formulation given by Baer and Nunziato. This multiphase mixture model provides a thermodynamic and mathematically-consistent description of the self-accelerated combustion processes associated with deflagration-to-detonation and delayed detonation behavior which are key modeling issues in safety assessment of energetic systems. An operator-splitting method is used in the implementation of this model, whereby phase diffusion effects are incorporated using a high resolution transport method. Internal state variables, forming the basis for phase interaction quantities, are resolved during the Lagrangian step requiring the use of a stiff matrix-free solver. Benchmark calculations are presented which simulate low-velocity piston impact on a propellant porous bed and experimentally-measured wave features are well replicated with this model. This mixture model introduces micromechanical models for the initiation and growth of reactive multicomponent flow that are key features to describe shock initiation and self-accelerated deflagration-to-detonation combustion behavior. To complement one-dimensional simulation, two-dimensional numerical calculations are presented which indicate wave curvature effects due to the loss of wall confinement. This study is …

This report describes various options that are now available for retail electric customers, or that may become available during the next few years as the electric utility industry restructures. These options include different ways of meeting demand for energy services, different providers of service or points of contact with providers, and different pricing structures for purchased services. Purpose of this document is to examine these options from the customer`s perspective: how might being a retail electric customer in 5--10 years differ from now? Seizing opportunities to reduce cost of electric service is likely to entail working with different service providers; thus, transaction costs are involved. Some of the options considered are speculative. Some transitional options include relocation, customer-built/operated transmission lines, municipalization, self-generation, and long-term contracts with suppliers. All these may change or diminish in a restructured industry. Brokers seem likely to become more common unless restructuring takes the form of mandatory poolcos (wholesale). Some options appear robust, ie, they are likely to become more common regardless of how restructuring is accomplished: increased competition among energy carriers (gas vs electric), real-time pricing, etc. This report identified some of the qualitative differences among the various options. For customers using large amounts of …

GENERAL PHYSICAL LAYOUT: (1) The backplane is comprised of 2 identical sections, the upper half designated J1, and the lower half designated j3; (2) For each section, there are a total of 16 slots, designated 1 through 16, from left to right; (3) Odd numbered slots are left handed (Connectors to the left of the card), these slots utilize inverse DIN connectors; (4) Even numbered slots are right handed (Connectors to the right of the card), these slots utilize standard DIN connectors; (5) There are 2 60 pin daisy-chain headers associated with each section, 3M part number 3597-6003; (6) The headers associated with the J2 (upper) section are designated J2CHAINR and J2CHAINL; (7) The headers associated with the J3 (lower) section are designated J3CHAINL and J3CHAINR; and (8) Mechanical layout presented in drawing number 3823.113-MD-330045. TRIGGER SIGNALS: (1) There are 21 trigger signal which originate from a given slot and are routed to the slot immediately to the left and 21 trigger signals which originate from a given slot and are routed to the slot immediately to the right; (2) There are 21 trigger signals which originate from the slot immediately to the left of a given slot and 21 …

The design for the scaffolding platform which will be connected to the muon chamber wall was analyzed for a load rating of 400 lbs. The platform is supported on each end and the calculations were done for the full 400 lbs. on the end of the horizontal beam. Both members were analyzed for maximum stresses and were compared to the allowable stress, and both members were found to be acceptable in accordance with the ASCE and AISC specifications. The only recommendation is for all the 3/8-inch steel bolt to be of grade 5 or better. This is necessary to insure safety.

Two wire lengths (one from Supercon and one from IGC) were delivered for testing at the LBL Short-Sample Test Facility. Several samples of each wire-type were wound onto forms and reacted according to the requested prescriptions. Leads and voltage-tap wires were carefully attached after reaction according to standard LBL short-sample test procedures. Testing of some of the samples has been completed. Liquid helium immersion (4.2K) data was gathered over a limited range of magnetic fields (5-10T). Additional gas-cooled data was collected over a range of temperatures (1.8-14 K). Testing was interrupted when the test-magnet's persistent-switch-heater failed. Good sample-to-sample and retest repeatability was observed for the 4.2K data when it was checked. Temperature measruements on the Supercon samples used CGR's and revealed a disappointing, non-repeatable (pressure-dependent) temperature offset for the gas-cooled measurements. They also observed a systematic dependence upon magnetic-field strength. Changing to a second CGR did not help. The IGC sample used a Cernox-type resistor which showed negligible magnetic and pressure dependencies. Testing is expected to resume when the magnet is repaired.

The purpose and objective of this calculation is to determine the momentary and interrupting duty on the breakers, for 69kV temporary power only.

This report uses the computer software LEVSEEP to describe analysis methodology for levee underseepage analyses and rehabilitation. Information required for data input, calculation procedures, output, and graphics is presented. In addition, comprehensive results of case studies and parameter analyses utilizing LEVSEEP are included.

The Bluebell field produces from the Tertiary lower Green River and Wasatch Formations of the Uinta Basin, Utah. The productive interval consists of thousands of feet of interbedded fractured clastic and carbonate beds deposited in a fluvial-dominated deltaic lacustrine environment, sandstones deposited in fluvial-dominated deltas; and carbonates and some interbedded sandstones of the lower Wasatch transition deposited in mud flats. Bluebell project personnel are studying ways to improve completion techniques used in the field to increase primary production in both new wells and recompletions. The study includes detailed petrographic examination of the different lithologic reservoir types in both the outcrop and core. Outcrop, core, and geophysical logs are being used to identify and map important depositional cycles. Petrographic detail will be used to improve log calculation methods which are currently highly questionable due to varying water chemistry and clay content in the Green River and Wasatch Formations. Field mapping of fractures and their relationship to basin tectonics helps predict the orientation of open fractures in the subsurface. The project includes acquiring bore-hole imaging logs from new wells in the Bluebell field thereby obtaining detailed subsurface fracture data previously not available. Reservoir simulation models are being constructed to improve the understanding …

NUS received authorization from DOE on August 14, 1987 to provide technical support services to assist the Office of Environmental Audit (OEV) in conducting the DOE Environmental Survey and to provide technical assistance on environmental compliance issues. The overall contract is to accomplish a one-time, no-fault baseline Survey of all DOE operating facilities, and to provide technical assistance and support for the resolution of environmental compliance issues. NUS has completed the Preliminary Reports and continues to support DOE on the Prioritization and Tiger Team Assessment efforts. The project requires a broad range of environmental protection expertise, necessitating senior-level personnel as the primary project staff. Many of the tasks assigned by DOE require quick startup and performance, and several tasks may be active at any one time.

Just prior to this award and reporting period but as part of this program, EnerTech initiated preliminary pilot scale slurry carbonization experiments with Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and preliminary pilot scale combustion experiments with the carbonized RDF slurry fuel. For this award and the time period April 1995--July 1995, several modifications to the pilot plant facilities were completed to improve operational reliability, system performance, and characteristics of the carbonized slurry fuel, based upon the previous plant experiments.

HALLIBURTON NUS received authorization from DOE on August 14, 1987 to provide technical support to assist the Office of Environmental Audit (OEV) in conducting the DOE Environmental Survey and to provide technical assistance on environmental compliance issues. The overall contract is to accomplish a one-time, no-fault baseline Survey of all DOE operating facilities, and to provide technical assistance and support for the resolution of environmental compliance issues. NUS has completed the Preliminary Reports and continues to support DOE on the Prioritization and Tiger Team Assessment efforts. The project requires a broad range of environmental protection expertise, necessitating senior-level personnel as the primary project staff. Many of the tasks assigned by DOE require quick startup and performance, and several tasks may be active at any one time. The objective of the DOE Environmental Survey Program is to identify and prioritize areas of existing environmental risk at 36 DOE facilities. NUS`role is to technically assist the Office of Environmental Audit in the implementation of the Surveys.

The objectives of this project are to demonstrate the effectiveness of a multi-diciplinary approach to targeted infill drilling and improved reservoir management. The first phase involves geophysical, geological, and engineering data acquisition and analysis to identify optimum well sites and to develop a reservoir operations plan. This report summarizes activities concerned with phase I of the Sooner Unit Project.

Processes involving liquid-to-gas phase change in porous media are routinely encountered, for example in the recovery of oil, geothermal processes, nuclear waste disposal or enhanced heat transfer. They involve diffusion (and convection) in the pore space, driven by an imposed supersaturation in pressure or temperature. Phase change proceeds by nucleation and phase growth. Depending on pore surface roughness, a number of nucleation centers exist, thus phase growth occurs from a multitude of clusters. Contrary to growth in the bulk or in a Hele-Shaw cell, however, growth patterns in porous media are disordered and not compact. As in immiscible displacements, they reflect the underlying pore microstructure. The competition between multiple clusters is also different from the bulk. For example, cluster growth may be controlled by a combination of diffusion (e.g. Laplace equation in the quasi-static case) with percolation. Novel growth patterns axe expected from this competition. While multiple cluster growth is important, the simpler problem of single-bubble growth is still not well understood. In this section, we focus on the growth of a single bubble, subject to a fixed far-field supersaturation (e.g. by lowering the pressure in a supersaturated solution or by raising the temperature in a. superheated liquid). Our emphasis …

Bingham plastics, which exhibit a finite yield stress at zero shear rate, have been used to model the flow behavior of certain heavy oils at reservoir conditions. In such fluids, the onset of flow and displacement occurs only after the applied pressure gradient exceeds a minimum value. Understanding the flow behavior of such fluids has been limited to phenomenological approaches. In this paper, we present numerical simulations and experimental visualization of flow and immiscible displacement of Bingham plastics in porous media using micromodels. First, we describe a novel pore network simulation approach to determine the onset of flow. The dependence of the critical yield stress on the pore-size distribution is discussed. Visualization experiments of the constant-rate immiscible displacement of Bingham plastics in glass micromodels and Hele-Shaw cells are next presented. The process is subsequently simulated in a pore network. Experiments are successfully simulated with the pore network model. We discuss the effect of the yield stress and injection rate on the displacement patterns. We also propose a classification of the displacement patterns, similar to that for Newtonian displacement.

Alternative cleaning methods and materials were required to reduce the use of ozone-depleting solvents or potentially hazardous materials (chlorofluorocarbons and chlorinated hydrocarbons) at purchased product suppliers. Three groups of printed wiring boards were fabricated by Sparton Technology Inc., the vendor selected to complete the project. These printed wiring boards were evaluated in the Materials Engineering laboratory at the Kansas City Division. Recommendations included using a rosin-based flux and an enhanced cleaning process with Bioact EC-7R as the preferred solvent. Results of the study were included in the Solvent Waste Stream database.

This report contains reports from research programs conducted at the Sandia Combustion Research Facility. Research is presented under the following topics: laser based diagnostics; combustion chemistry; reacting flow; combustion in engines and commercial burners; coal combustion; and industrial processing. Individual projects were processed separately for entry onto the DOE databases.

This document, which is a reproduction of slides from a presentation at the June 1995 ASHRAE conference, evaluates and provides data on a number of motor parameters after the motor materials have been exposed to the refrigerant R-245ca. Data on conditions of the insulating varnish, the magnet wire, the insulations, and the elastomers are presented, as well as a note on work in progress. While it was concluded that most materials are compatible with R-245ca under retrofit conditions, it was also noted that the flammability, toxicity, efficiency, and cost of R-245ca and/or Blends are unresolved.

An experimental study of the hydrodynamics of a narrow channel was performed in order to obtain the heat transfer mechanisms and influences contributing to the flow regime transition from inverted annular to inverted slug flows for post dryout downflow. The experimental series consisted of both adiabatic and diabatic visualization tests over a wide range of fluid and thermal parameters. The system inlet gas velocities ranged from 0 to 14 meters per second while the inlet fluid velocities ranged from 1 to 3 meters per second. Full extent visualization of the flow regime was possible due to a quartz tube in tube construction with a clear heating fluid. Constant temperature heating of the freon was accomplished at bulk fluid temperatures above the critical heat flux temperature. For each hydrodynamic flow condition, one to three minuets of VHS-video filming was performed to acquire both flow regime and break-up length data. In addition to this the flow field parameters were recorded simultaneously with the filming.

The Frio Fluvial-Deltaic Sandstone Play of South Texas is one example of a mature play where reservoirs are being abandoned at high rates, potentially leaving behind significant unrecovered resources in untapped and incompletely drained reservoirs. Nearly 1 billion barrels of oil have been produced from Frio reservoirs since the 1940`s, yet more than 1.6 BSTB of unrecovered mobile oil is estimated to remain in the play. Frio reservoirs of the South Texas Gulf Coast are being studied to better characterize interwell stratigraphic heterogeneity in fluvial-deltaic depositional systems and determine controls on locations and volumes of unrecovered oil. Engineering data from fields throughout the play trend were evaluated to characterize variability exhibited by these heterogeneous reservoirs and were used as the basis for resource calculations to demonstrate a large additional oil potential remaining within the play. Study areas within two separate fields have been selected in which to apply advanced reservoir characterization techniques. Stratigraphic log correlations, reservoir mapping, core analyses, and evaluation of production data from each field study area have been used to characterize reservoir variability present within a single field. Differences in sandstone depositional styles and production behavior were assessed to identify zones with significant stratigraphic heterogeneity and a …

The relaxation of vibrationally excited pyrazine (E=40,640 cm{sup -1}) by collisions which populate the high J tail (J=58-82) of the vibrationless ground state (00{sup 0}0) of CO{sub 2} has been studied using tunable infrared diode lasers to probe the scattered CO{sub 2} molecules. The nascent rotational populations and translational recoil velocities for a series of rotational states in the high J tail of the 00{sup 0}0 level of CO{sub 2} were measured at five collision cell temperatures: 243, 263, 298, 339, and 364 K. Both the rate constants describing these V-R/T processes and the translational temperatures describing the recoiling CO{sub 2} molecules exhibit a very weak positive temperature dependence indicating that the high energy CO{sub 2} molecules must originate from near the center of the pre-collision energy distribution. Quantitative estimates of the actual amount of energy transferred in collisions between CO{sub 2} and vibrationally excited pyrazine, based on an angular momentum and translational energy exponential gap model of the cross section, indicate that {triangle}E{sub total} can be as large as 7090 cm{sup -1} ({approximately}20 kcal/mol). These experiments offer compelling evidence that these energy transfer events can indeed be classified as supercollisions since they involve unusually large, single collision energy transfer …

For the last 25 years, the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has conducted operations which have generated solid, contact-handled transuranic (CH-TRU) waste. At present the CH-TRU waste inventory at ORNL is about 3400 55-gal drums retrievably stored in RCRA-permitted, aboveground facilities. Of the 3400 drums, approximately 2600 drums will need to be repackaged. The current US Department of Energy (DOE) strategy for disposal of these drums is to transport them to the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) in New Mexico which only accepts TRU waste that meets a very specific set of criteria documented in the WIPP-WAC (waste acceptance criteria). This report describes activities that were performed from January 1994 to May 1995 associated with the design and preparation of an existing facility for repackaging and certifying some or all of the CH-TRU drums at ORNL to meet the WIPP-WAC. For this study, the Irradiated Fuel Examination Laboratory (IFEL) in Building 3525 was selected as the reference facility for modification. These design activities were terminated in May 1995 as more attractive options for CH-TRU waste repackaging were considered to be available. As a result, this document serves as a final report of those design activities.

The objectives of the research program are to (1) identify and develop polymer systems which have potential to improve reservoir conformance of fluid displacement processes, (2) determine the performance of these systems in bulk and in porous media, and (3) develop methods to predict their performance in field applications. The research focuses on three types of aqueous gel systems - a polysaccharide (KUSP1) that gels as a function of pH, a polyacrylamide-chromium(III) system and a polyacrylamide-aluminum citrate system. This report describes work conducted during the second year of a three-year program. Progress was made in the utilization of KUSP1 as a gelling agent. It was shown that gels can be formed in situ in porous media using CO{sub 2} or ester hydrolysis to lower pH. An ester was identified that could be used in field-scale operations. It was determined that KUSP1 will form strong gels when ortho boric acid is added to the system. It was also determined, in cooperation with Abbott Laboratories, that KUSP1 can be produced on a commercial scale. Rheological studies showed that shear rate significantly affects gelation time and gel strength. The effect of rock-fluid interactions at alkaline conditions was examined experimentally and through mathematical modeling. …

This document provides guidance for the implementation of the requirements identified in Vol. 1 of this Standard. This guidance is intended for the managers, designers, operators, and other personnel with safety responsibilities for facilities designated as magnetic fusion facilities. While Vol. 1 is generally applicable in that requirements there apply to a wide range of fusion facilities, this volume is concerned mainly with large facilities such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). Using a risk-based prioritization, the concepts presented here may also be applied to other magnetic fusion facilities. This volume is oriented toward regulation in the Department of Energy (DOE) environment.