This annual technical progress report, based on the same four divisions used in our original proposal, provides only a brief synopsis of the research carried out dudng the past three years. We have also included a brief description of algorithms and computer programs that have been transferred to the ARM management. Such transfers of knowledge and technique are vital for the success of the ARM program. Various members of our research group participated in two major field programs: the First ISSCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) Cirrus II Experiment held in November 1991, in Kansas, and the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment (ASTEX) held in the Azores in June 1992. Although our participation in these campaigns was funded primarily through other agencies, the data collected in these programs were essential for certain components of our research. The graphical user interface programs that were transferred to ARM were a direct outgrowth of these field activities as well. In addition, we collected a variety of data at Penn State using our 94 GHz radar, microwave radiometer, wind profilers, and other instruments. Again these data were acquired to meet the needs of our proposed research.

This investigation of structural foam-core panels (foam panels) in manufactured housing was initiated during the Super Good Cents (SGC) program. The SGC program limited allowable glazing area because of the relatively high thermal losses associated with most windows. Due to their superior thermal performance, foam panels appeared to be a viable option to allow increased glazing area without compromising the thermal integrity of the wall. With the inception of the Manufactured-Housing Acquisition Program (MAP), however, the focus of this study has shifted. MAP permits unlimited glazing area if expensive, super-efficient, vinyl-framed, argon-gas-filled, low-emissivity coated windows are installed. Although MAP permits unlimited glazing area, a foam panel wall could allow the use of less expensive windows, larger window area, or less insulation and still provide the required thermal performance for the building. Bonneville contracted with the Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL) to investigate the feasibility of using foam panels in HUD-code manufactured housing. This study presents the results from a product and literature search. The potential barriers and benefits to the use of foam panels are determined from a regional survey of the HUD-code manufacturers and foam panel producers.

This report discusses the two-stage light-gas gun which was developed by the Super-High-Altitude Research Project (SHARP) is a step toward realizing a launcher that can do this at a fraction of the cost of rockets. The SHARP gun is different from other two-stage designs because it is larger and its launch and pump tube are joined at right angles. This configuration allows the launch tube to point at any angle toward the sky while the pump tube remains horizontal. We have demonstrated that this gun can fire projectiles when the launch tube is in the horizontal position. Dr. Michael M. May who was the Laboratory`s fifth Director (1965--71) and is now a Director Emeritus. Under his directorship, the groundwork was laid for the Laboratory`s Energy Program, environmental science programs, and Laser Program. May remains active in research on arms control, nonproliferation, and cooperative security, and he is doing research and teaching at UC San Diego and at Stanford University. As part of the Laboratory`s 40th anniversary celebration, May was invited to lecture on his views of the changing world and the role of LLNL. In 1992, he participated in an influential National Academy of Sciences study on the reduction of …

Photoelectron diffraction and photoelectron holography, a newly developed variant of it, can provide a rich range of information concerning surface structure. These methods are sensitive to atomic type, chemical state, and spin state. The theoretical prediction of diffraction patterns is also well developed at both the single scattering and multiple scattering levels, and quantitative fits of experiment to theory can lead to structures with accuracies in the {plus_minus}0.03 {Angstrom} range. Direct structural information can also be derived from forward scattering in scanned-angle measurements at higher energies, path length differences contained in scanned-energy data at lower energies, and holographic inversions of data sets spanning some region in angle and energy space. Diffraction can also affect average photoelectron emission depths. Circular dichroism in core-level emission can be fruitfully interpreted in terms of photoelectron diffraction theory, as can measurements with spin-resolved core-spectra, and studies of surface magnetic structures and phase transitions should be possible with these methods. Synchrotron radiation is a key element of fully utilizing these techniques.

This research is concerned with developing mathematical analysis, numerical analysis, and computer tools for separation processes involving nonideal, homogeneous, and heterogeneous multi-component mixtures. Progress, organized in terms of mathematical analysis, numerical analysis, and algorithmic development, is summarized.

The polarization of {tau} leptons produced in the reaction e{sup +}e{sup {minus}} {yields} {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup {minus}} near the peak of the Z{degree} resonance has been measured using a sample of 24904 {tau}{sup +}{tau}{sup {minus}} events, with an estimated background of 1.5%. We have selected 4562 {tau} {yields} e{nu}{bar {nu}} 2218 {tau} {yields} {pi}{nu} and 5133 {tau} {yields} {rho}{nu} candidates. The mean value obtained is P{sub {tau}} = {minus}0.176 {plus_minus} 0.029. This corresponds to a ratio of the neutral current vector to the axial-vector coupling constants of the {tau} lepton of g{sub V}{sup {tau}}/g{sub A}{sup {tau}} = 0.088 {plus_minus} 0.014. This leads to a value of the electroweak mixing angle of sin{sup 2}{theta}{sub W} = 0.2280 {plus_minus} 0.0036. This result is in good agreement with previous measurements of the weak mixing angle from the study of the Z{degree} lineshape and the forward-backward asymmetries in the processes Z{degree} {yields} l{sup +}l{sup {minus}} and Z{degree} {yields} q{bar q}.

The resource characterization and residuals remediation task embraces the beginning and the end of the energy use cycle. It provides fundamental characterization of fuel and associated resources so these can be used most effectively. Once resources have been used, any residues produced must be used and or disposed of in an environmentally compatible manner. Sulfur, for example, is widespread throughout the environment in many forms. Understanding the occurrence, transport, and fate of sulfur as it moves along energy pathways through the environment is the key to managing the environmental effects of sulfur. Subtask 1.1, Sulfur Forms and Thermal Transformations, focuses on the ability to identify and measure different forms of sulfur. Progress is being made in our analytical ability to distinguish the forms of sulfur, a prerequisite to engineering management. Similarly, Subtask 1.3, Data Resource Evaluation, is focused on integrating resource characterization information on energy resources from cradle to grave in a comprehensive, integrated system. A geographic information system is being tested with a representative case used field resource data from North Dakota and Montana.

The roughly 0.5-km{sup 2} (0.2-mi{sup 2}) Hanford Waste Vitrification Plant (WHVP) site is located in the Pasco Basin in south-central Washington State at the US Department of Energy`s Hanford Site. The HWVP site is planned for use as a waste treatment facility for treating the high-activity fraction of waste currently stored in underground storage tanks on the Hanford Site. In order to determine the pre-construction chemical properties of the proposed construction site soils and to enable the HWVP to segregate these, as necessary, from any impact of HWVP operations, a soil baseline sampling plan was written and implemented. The report describes the baseline sampling plan.

A dynamic model of a once-through, helical-coil steam generator is presented. The model simulates the advanced liquid metal reactor superheated cycle steam generator with a four-region, moving-boundary, drift-flux model. The model is described by a set of nonlinear differential equations derived from the fundamental equations of conversation of mass, energy, and momentum. Sample results of steady-state and transient calculations are presented.

The authors are developing a next-generation software environment to support large-scale DNA sequencing for the Human Genome Project. The goal is to automate the data flow from its generation by the DNA sequencing hardware to the final reconstructed sequence. Thus, the emphasis is on automation while providing efficient graphical interfaces for interaction with or inspection of the data. A secondary goal is to develop a system flexible enough to support a range of sequencing strategies, including random, and various directed and mixed strategies. The project will result in a software product named the {open_quotes}Genome Reconstruction Manager{close_quotes} (GRM). The authors are presently engaged in the final phase during which they plan to deliver a production quality system to a small number of DNA sequencing laboratories. By the end of the project they will have accomplished the main objectives stated in their original proposal except that GRM will not include all of the analytical capabilities that were planned. The reason for this is that the system proved to be much more complex than originally expected and required more effort to be devoted to system design and implementation. However, the design of GRM anticipates the addition of analytical capabilities and the strategy to …

A mechanically alloyed 15 vol % SiCp/IN9021 aluminum composite exhibited a maximum elongation of 610 % at a very high strain of 5 s{sup {minus}1} at 823 K. Nonetheless, the maximum elongation was obtained at a lower strain rate than that where the maximum m value (about 0.5) was obtained. This discrepancy between the optimum superplastic strain rate for the largest elongation and the strain rate for the maximum m value was believed to be associated with the cavitation behavior. Cavitation behavior of the SiCp/IN9021 aluminum composite was, therefore, carried out. It was found that cavities initiated at ends of particulate reinforcements and parallel to the applied stress direction within initial small strains, and their subsequent growth and coalescence invariably leads to premature failure. Experimental results indicated that cavity growth is plasticity controlled and can be described by a model proposed by Stowell.

Beam diagnostic ion chambers are used throughout the SLC to perform a variety of tasks including locating beam losses along the beam direction, determining localized losses from individual bunches in a multibunch beam, and detecting scattered particles from beam profile wire scanners where backgrounds are too high to use photomultiplier tubes. Construction and instrumentation of very fast ion chambers with pulse duration of less than 60ns are detailed. Long ion chambers referred to as PLIC (Panofsky`s Long Ion Chamber) are the primary diagnostic used to locate losses in all the SLC transport lines. Accurately locating beam loss with the use of fiducial cables and coaxial switches will be discussed.

Addition of nonmetal interstitial atoms to Zr-Ni compounds has resulted in several new phases. A single-crystal x-ray study was carried out for Zr{sub 3}NiO. Zr{sub 4}Ni{sub 2}O is a high- temperature phase, forming in samples annealed at 1250 C. Huekel band calculations led to prediction and confirmation of additional phases in more electron rich systems. Other phases studied by XRD are Zr{sub 6}Ni{sub 4}Ti{sub 2}O{sub 0.6}, Nb{sub 6}Ni{sub 6}O, and Nb{sub 6}Ni{sub 4}Ta{sub 2}O{sub 2}. Phases identified by powder diffraction are Nb{sub 4}Ni{sub 2}O, Zr{sub 4}Cu{sub 2}O, and Zr{sub 6}Co{sub 4}Ti{sub 2}O. New Zr kappa phases in space group P6s{sub 3}/mmc were found: Zr{sub 9}Mo{sub 4}SO{sub x} and Zr{sub 9}W{sub 4}(S,Ni)O{sub 3}. A new structure type was discovered with Zr{sub 6}Ni{sub 6}TiSiO{sub 1.8}. In all these interstitially stabilized phases, O is coordinated in Zr octahedral; there are no Ni-O interactions.

This report describes the Riverland Expedited Response Action taking place at the Hanford Reservation. Characterization of potential waste sites within the Riverland ERA boundaries was conducted in October and November 1992. This sampling and analysis plan contains two parts: The field sampling plan (Part 1) and the quality assurance project plan (Part 2). The field sampling plan describes the activities to be performed, defines sample designation, and identifies sample analysis to be performed. The quality assurance project plan establishes data quality objectives, defines analytical methods and procedures and documentation requirements, and provides established technical procedures to be used for field sampling and measurement. The quality assurance project plan details all quality assurance/quality control procedures to be followed to ensure that usable and defensible data are collected.

This environmental assessment (EA) reviews the environmental consequences of ongoing natural resource management activities on the Savannah River Site (SRS). Appendix A contains the Natural Resources Management Plant (NRMP). While several SRS organizations have primary responsibilities for different elements of the plan, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service, Savannah River Forest Station (SRFS) is responsible for most elements. Of the river scenarios defined in 1985, the High-Intensity Management alternative established the upper bound of environmental consequences; it represents a more intense level of resource management than that being performed under current resource management activities. This alternative established compliance mechanisms for several natural resource-related requirements and maximum practical timber harvesting. Similarly, the Low-Intensity Management alternative established the lower bound of environmental consequences and represents a less intense level of resource management than that being performed under current resource management activities. This alternative also established compliance mechanisms, but defined a passively managed natural area. The Proposed Action of this EA describes the current level of multiple-natural resource management. This EA reviews the proposed action, and the high and low intensity alternative scenarios.

During the In-Tank Precipitation (ITP) process, solid deposits may form at the water-line on internal waste tank surfaces. These solids may be combustible due to the presence of tetraphenylborate compounds and hence there is a potential that a waste tank deflagration could ignite a solids fire. The work described in this report evaluates the potential for a waste tank deflagration to ignite a solids fire and the subsequent effect on gas pressure. Thermal analyses were performed using a one-dimensional conduction model, radiative heat flux values calculated with the Deflagration Pressure Analysis Code (DPAC), and effective deposit properties calculated from the component properties. It was shown that a solids fire could only be ignited by a waste tank deflagration for a limited range of cases. For the best-estimate mixtures, a solids fire could not be ignited prior to the time the peak gas pressure is reached and would not increase the peak pressure. For the upper-bound mixtures, the thickness of the solid layer which could be ignited is insufficient to increase the energy released by the deflagration by a significant amount. It was also shown that these conclusions are relatively insensitive to uncertainties related to deposit composition. Thus, the contribution from …

District energy systems are a major part of the energy use and delivery infrastructure of the United States. With nearly 6,000 operating systems currently in place, district energy represents approximately 800 billion BTU per hour of installed thermal production capacity, and provides over 1.1 quadrillion BTU of energy annually -- about 1.3% of all energy used in the US each year. Delivered through more that 20,000 miles of pipe, this energy is used to heat and cool almost 12 billion square feet of enclosed space in buildings that serve a diverse range of office, education, health care, military, industrial and residential needs. This Census is intended to provide a better understanding of the character and extent of district heating, cooling and cogeneration in the United States. It defines a district energy system as: Any system that provides thermal energy (steam, hot water, or chilled water) for space heating, space cooling, or process uses from a central plant, and that distributes the energy to two or more buildings through a network of pipes. If electricity is produced, the system is a cogenerating facility. The Census was conducted through surveys administered to the memberships of eleven national associations and agencies that collectively …

Under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) the ground water protection standards for permitted facilities were promulgated on July 26, 1982. Subpart F establishes the requirements for a ground water monitoring and response program. These regulations, address how to identify, monitor, and possibly remediate any leachate plume that reaches the uppermost aquifer below the regulated unit. A regulated unit is defined as a surface impoundment, waste pile, landfill, or land treatment unit that received hazardous waste after July 26, 1982. Such units require a permit under RCRA. The requirements for the design, construction, operation, closure, and, if required, corrective action are specified in the permit and are established through submittal of a permit application to, and review and approval of the application by, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or an authorized State. As part of the permit application, the owner or operator may seek exemptions from various Subpart F requirements. These exemptions are discussed in this Information Brief, which is one of a series on RCRA corrective action.

Ultimate analysis was conducted for the fossil resin concentrate and results obtained are given in Table 2. Based on these results and other results from spectroscopic analysis it appears that the fossil resin from the Wasatch Plateau coal field consists mainly of aliphatic components and partially aromatized multicyclic terpenoids with a few oxygen functional groups. As compared with the parent high volatile bituminous coal, the resin has higher hydrogen and carbon content, low oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur contents, and relatively low aromaticity. The values of the acid number and iodine number indicate that the fossil resins from the Wasatch Plateau coal field contain only a modest amount of oxygen functional groups and unsaturated carbon-carbon double-bonds in their molecular structures. Fossil resin is a complex mixture of sesquiterpenoids and the solubility of these resin compounds depends on the type of solvent used. The determination of the extractable resin content in the resin concentrate by different solvents provides an important control variable for selective solvent refining and purification. The data generated during preliminary solvent extraction tests are especially important for process design, control of the refined resin quality and prediction of the refined resin products. In this work, the extractable resin content …

Cyclic and acyclic polyether compounds with pendent carboxylic acid, phosphonic acid monoethyl ester, sulfonic acid, phosphinic acid and hydroxamic acid groups have been synthesized. The proton-ionizable polyethers can come with and without lipophilic groups. Two types of lipophilic di-ionizable lariat ethers have been prepared. Conformations of proton-ionizable lariat ethers have been probed. Competitive alkali metal cation transport by syn-(decyl)dibenzo-16-crown-5-oxyacetic acid and lipophilic proton-ionizable dibenzo lariat ethers in polymer-supported liquid membranes was studied. Complexation of alkali metal cations with ionized lariat ethers was studied. Condensation polymerization of cyclic and acyclic dibenzo polyethers containing pendent mono-ionizable groups with formaldehyde produces novel ion exchange resins with both ion exchange sites for metal ion complexation and polyether binding sites for metal ion recognition. Resins prepared from lariat ether dibenzo phosphonic acid monoethyl esters show strong sorption of divalent heavy metal cations with selectivity for Pb{sup 2+}.

The ground water protection requirements under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 40 CFR 264, Subpart F, apply to surface impoundments, waste plies, land treatment units, and landfills that received hazardous waste after July 26,1982 (i.e., regulated units). There are three phases to the Subpart F ground water protection requirements: detection monitoring, compliance monitoring, and corrective action. Subpart F corrective action applies to remediation of ground water contamination resulting from releases from regulated units at a treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). The TSDF owner or operator is responsible for complying with these requirements. This Information Brief provides information on the permit requirements under Subpart F. This Information Brief is one of a series on RCRA corrective action. The first step in the permitting process is for the facility to determine the need for ground-water monitoring. The regulations found in 40 CFR 264 Sections 264.90 to 264.100 (Subpart F) apply to all regulated units. A ``regulated unit`` is defined as a surface impoundment, waste pile, landfill, or land treatment unit that received hazardous waste after July 26, 1982. Such units require a permit under RCRA. Subpart F entails a three-phased program designed to detect, evaluate, and, if necessary, respond …

Two independent models of the dynamics of a Schilling Titan II hydraulic manipulator were developed and compared in order to obtain an accurate model of the manipulator dynamics. These models will be used in the development of feedback control laws and active damping algorithms. One of the model is an analytical model which was developed {open_quotes}by hand{close_quotes} with the assistance of computer symbolic manipulation. The other is a numerical model developed using a commercially available dynamics code. The data from these models were then compared with experimental data from an actual Titan II manipulator.

The PEP-II project, a joint proposal of SLAC, LBL, and LLNL, will involve an upgrade of the PEP storage ring at SLAC to serve as an asymmetric B factory. The upgrade will involve replacing the vacuum and rf systems of PEP, which will serve as the high-energy ring (containing 9 GeV electrons), along with the addition of a new low-energy ring (containing 3.1 GeV positrons) mounted atop the high-energy ring. The present design status of the project and a summary of recent R&D results are presented here. If approved, the PEP-II project is ready to begin construction in October 1993.

Work over the past 3 years was directed toward the dynamics of elementary gas phase proton transfer reactions, particularly those of the O{sup {minus}} ion. Such reactions are important in flames. Published work over the past 30 months was concerned with dynamics of reactions of O{sup {minus}} with H{sub 2}O, NH{sub 3}, and HF. Results are enumerated here.