Sandia National Laboratories and Los Alamos National Laboratory have been designated as the technical lead for Security, Safeguards and Computer/Information Security systems for all the DOE Complex 21/Weapons Complex Reconfiguration (WCR) facilities. The physical protection systems in these facilities will be required to meet the most current DOE orders and incorporate the latest physical protection technologies, proven state-of-the-art systems and strategies. The planned approach requires that security assistance and information be provided to the designers (e.g. the Complex 21 Architect & Engineer and the Weapons Complex Lead Laboratories) as early as possible and throughout all design phases. The outcome should avoid the costly retrofits to existing facilities that have occurred in the past and result in effective and comprehensive protection against current and projected threats with minimal impact on operations, safety and costs. This paper discusses the physical protection considerations being promoted for the integrated design effort for the Complex 21/Reconfiguration facilities, such as the tritium, uranium/lithium, plutonium processing and storage, high explosive and assembly and disassembly facilities.

The purpose of this report is to summarize the status of computational analysis of hypervelocity impact lethality in relatively nontechnical terms from the perspective of the author. It is not intended to be a review of the technical literature on the problems of concern. The discussion is focused by concentrating on two phenomenology areas which are of particular concern in computational impact studies. First, the material`s equation of state, specifically the treatment of expanded states of metals undergoing shock vaporization, is discussed. Second, the process of dynamic fragmentation is addressed. In both cases, the context of the discussion deals with inaccuracies and difficulties associated with numerical hypervelocity impact simulations. Laboratory experimental capabilities in hypervelocity impact for impact velocities greater than 10.0 km/s are becoming increasingly viable. This paper also gives recommendations for experimental thrusts which utilize these capabilities that will help to resolve the uncertainties in the numerical lethality studies that are pointed out in the present report.

The booster at the NSLS is being upgraded from 0.75 to 2 pulses per second by means of the installation of new dipole, quadrupole, and sextupole power supplies. Here the authors outline the design of the power supply control system.

The study of the removal of heteroatoms from naphtha using second row unsupported metal sulfide catalysts was completed. For the HDS reaction, the maximum and minimum % sulfur removal, based on three grams of catalyst, is obtained for molybdenum sulfide and niobium sulfide, respectively. Chianelli et al.(l) reported for the second row transition metals that ruthenium sulfide has the highest activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene and zirconium sulfide has the lowest activity. The maximum activity for HDN, based on three grams of catalyst, is obtained for molybdenum sulfide and the minimum activity is obtained for niobium sulfide, just as was the case for the HDS reaction. A HDS of dibenzothiophene was carried over the unsupported second row transition metal sulfides following the procedure of Chianelli (1). The results show that the transition metal sulfides prepared at the CAER were similar in activity for HDS of dibenzothiophene as those prepared by Chianelli at al.(1).

The capture process for a rapid cycling protron synchrotron is studied by numerical simulation. The rf-programming is optimized to allow efficient capture such that minimum particle losses and reasonable capture voltage are attained. The total capture time is constrained to be less than 700 {mu}seconds. Two methods of trapping the injected beam by the synchrotron rf system are examined: by stationary adiabatic capture and by synchronous injection in a standing bucket of the ring. In the adiabatic method, the non-linear function of Lilliequist and Symon is employed. The simulation allows the ``tracking back`` of the original distribution of any set of particles, in particular of those not captured at a given time, which is useful in studying injection alternatives such as shaping the phase-space density prior to injection. The simulation results will be used to design a chopper system to facilitate loss-free injection.

The design and construction of an all copper S-band one-and-half cell photocathode electron gun without a choke joint is described. The methods utilized to determine the field balance at the operational frequency without usage of the bead pulling perturbation measurement is given together wit the computational data.

The Met Lab Carolina Bay is subject to Subtitle C of RCRA and CERCLA requirements. Located in the northwestern section of the Savannah River Site, the Met Lab Carolina Bay is a marshy, oval-shaped natural depression covering approximately six acres. The Carolina Bay received wastes from three sources: the Met Lab Basin A-007 drainage outfall, the A-Area coal-fire power plant A-008 drainage outfall and the A/M-Area vehicle maintenance parking lot stormwater runoff A-009 outfall. Two characterization efforts conducted in 1988/89 and 1991 indicate the presence of metals in the sediments and soils of the bay. The greatest concentrations of the metals and organics being in the north-central portion of the bay. The metals and organics were primarily associated with surface sediments and the organic-rich soil layer to a depth of about two feet. Conclusions from the Human Health Baseline Risk indicate the future on-unit resident exposure to sediments and soil poses an unacceptable level of risk to human health. However, the assumptions built into the calculations lead to conservative human health risk findings. A qualitative Ecological Risk Assessment was performed on the Carolina Bay. This ecological assessment, based on historical and existing sampling data, was found to be insufficient to …

One of the central problems in nuclear physics is the description of nuclei as systems of nucleons interacting via realistic potentials. There are two main aspects of this problem: (1) specification of the Hamiltonian, and (2) calculation of the ground (or excited) states of nuclei with the given interaction. Realistic interactions must contain both two- and three-nucleon potentials and these potentials have a complicated non-central operator structure consisting, for example, of spin, isospin and tensor dependencies. This structure results in formidable many-body problems in the computation of the ground states of nuclei. At Argonne and Urbana, the authors have been following a program of developing realistic NN and NNN interactions and the methods necessary to compute nuclear properties from variational wave functions suitable for these interactions. The wave functions are used to compute energies, density distributions, charge form factors, structure functions, momentum distributions, etc. Most recently they have set up a collaboration with S. Boffi and M. Raduci (University of Pavia) to compute (e,e{prime}p) reactions.

The coupling of the waves launched from a 4.6 GHz lower hybrid system into PBX-M plasmas has been studied for both L-mode and H-mode plasmas. The characteristics of the plasma in front of the LH coupler have been measured with a fast Langmuir probe. The reflected power of the coupler has been measured across the transition to H-mode as a function of phase and the distance between the coupler and the separatrix. A transient rise in the LH reflection coefficient was observed near the L-H transition under some conditions. Coupling depends primarily on the electron density in the vicinity of the coupler, and proper positioning of the coupler can compensate for changes in the plasma edge due to H-mode transitions. Good coupling can be maintained throughout the H-mode.

A preconceptual design for an Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) facility is currently under development by several national laboratories in conjunction with industry. The design consists of an accelerator that bombards a spallation target with high energy protons. Neutrons are produced in the spallation target and are absorbed in a blanket material to produce tritium. Two spallation targets are currently under investigation: (1) a tungsten neutron source target and (2) a lead neutron source target. In the tungsten target the neutrons are captured in helium-3, which is circulated through the system, thus producing tritium. The lead target is surrounded with a lithium-aluminum blanket and the tritium is produced in the lithium-6. The investigation of possible radiological impacts on the public is being performed as a part of the safety evaluations of the preconceptual design. These studies include the estimation of releases of radioactive materials from the two spallation targets and the possible impacts on the public.

NonDestructive Testing (NDT) is commonly used to monitor structures before, during and after testing. This paper reports on the use of two NDT techniques to monitor the behavior of a typical wind turbine blade during a quasi-static test-to-failure. The test used a three-point spanwise load distribution to load a 7.9-m blade to failure. The two NDT techniques used were acoustic emission and coherent optical. The former monitors the acoustic energy produced by the blade as it is loaded. The latter uses electronic shearography to measure the differences in surface displacements between two load states with an accuracy of a few microns. Typical results are presented to demonstrate the ability of these two techniques to locate and monitor both high damage regions and flaws in the blade structure. Further, this experiment highlights the limitations in the techniques that must be addressed before one or both can be transferred, with a high probability of success, to the inspection and monitoring of turbine blades during the manufacturing process and under normal operating conditions.

A second successful year has been completed of demonstrating and evaluating electric vehicle technology. The G-Van has begun to show signs of system failure (<10 miles/charge). The DSEP minivan remains idle. The Soleq vehicle performed well.

An oxygen deficiency exists when the concentration of oxygen, by volume, drops to a level at which atmosphere supplying respiratory protection must be provided. Since liquid cryogens can expand by factors of 700 (LN{sub 2}) to 850 (LH{sub e}), the uncontrolled release into an enclosed space can easily cause an oxygen-deficient condition. An oxygen deficiency hazard (ODH) fatality rate per hour ({O}) is defined as: {O} = {Sigma} N{sub i}P{sub i}F{sub i}, where N{sub i} = number of components, P{sub i} =probability of failure or operator error, and F{sub i} - fatality factor. ODHs range from ``unclassified`` ({O}<10{sup {minus}9} 1/h) to class 4, which is the most hazardous ({O}>10{sup {minus}1} 1/h). For Superconducting Super Collider Laboratory (SSCL) buildings where cryogenic systems exist, failure rate, fatality factor, reduced oxygen ratio, and fresh air circulation are examined.

The modulators used in the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory have been redesigned with an emphasis on electrical noise reduction. Since the modulators are 100 MW modulators with <700 ns rise time, electrical noise can be coupled very easily to other electronic equipment in the area. This paper will detail the effort made to reduce noise coupled to surrounding equipment. Shielding and sound grounding techniques accomplished the goal of drastically reducing the noise induced in surrounding equipment. The approach used in grounding and shielding will be discussed, and data will be presented comparing earlier designs to the improved design.

The problem of finite pressure plasma equilibrium in a system with closed magnetic field lines consisting of quadrupole mirrors linked by simple toroidal cells with elliptical cross-sections is analyzed. An appropriate analytical procedure is developed, that uses conformal mapping techniques, which enables one to obtain the magnetic field structure for the free boundary equilibrium problem. This method has general applicability for finding analytic solutions of the two-dimensional Dirichlet problem outside of an arbitrary closed contour. Using this method, the deformations of the plasma equilibrium configuration due to finite plasma pressure in the toroidal cell are calculated analytically to the second order in {lambda}-expansion, where {lambda} {approximately} {beta}/{epsilon}E, {beta} is the ratio of plasma pressure to the magnetic field pressure, {epsilon} is the inverse aspect ratio and E is the ellipticity of the plasma cross-section. The outer displacement of the plasma column is shown to depend nonlinearly on the increase of plasma pressure, and does not prevent the achievement of substantial {beta} {approximately} 10% in the toroidal cells.

The aims of this study are to develop, characterize and optimize a novel treatment scheme that would be effective simultaneously against the toxic organics and the heavy metals present in coal conversion wastewaters. In this report, the following findings have been reported and discussed. Hec-CBDA-PA, (HCPA), a modified hectorite containing a mixed bilayer of a cationic (CBDA) and a long chain carboxylic acid (palmitic acid, PA) type surfactants, has been shown to adsorb Cu (II) strongly at pH 6.0. Increasing concentrations of NaCl reduce the affinity of CU(II) adsorption onto HCPA. For example, the binding constants for CU(II) adsorption onto HCPA at pH 6.0 are 88 and 35 mM{sup {minus}1} at 20 and 200 mM NaCl respectively. The saturation binding capacity is also observed to decrease from 0.25 to 0.12 mmoles Cu(II)/g adsorbent in the same ionic strength range. Spectral properties of Cu(II)-DT complex have been examined. Our previous results had shown that DT, an alkyl diamine, binds Cu(II) strongly at pH 7.4, but very weakly at pH 3.0. The formation of Cu(II)-DT complex at pH 7.4 produces an intense blue color and spectral measurements at 626 mn reveal a stoichiometric ratio of 3:1 for the DT-Cu(II) complex. {beta}-naphthoic acid, …

Low-Q diffractometers at spallation sources that use time of flight methods have been successfully implemented at several facilities, including the Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center. The proposal to build new, more powerful, advanced spallation sources using advanced moderator concepts will provide luminosity greater than 20 times the brightest spallation source available today. These developments provide opportunity and challenge to expand the capabilities of present instruments with new designs. The authors review the use of time of flight for low-Q measurements and introduce new designs to extend the capabilities of present-day instruments. They introduce Monte Carlo methods to optimize design and simulate the performance of these instruments. The expected performance of the new instruments are compared to present day pulsed source- and reactor-based small-angle neutron scattering instruments. They review some of the new developments that will be needed to use the power of brighter sources effectively.

Progress was made in elucidating the mechanism of the O{sub 2} activation by tris(pyrazolyl)borate cobalt complexes. A series of Tp{sup i}Co-complexes (Tp{sup i}=hydridotris(3-i-propyl-5- methylpyrazolyl)borate) was prepared.

Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) has shown that an automated personnel tracking and material monitoring system enhances protection of sensitive and classified parts against an insider. Such a system also significantly reduces the number of required, manual physical inventories at Department of Energy (DOE) sites while increasing assurance that material has not been diverted. SNL`s Insider Technology Department developed and is enhancing its generic, real-time, personnel tracking and material monitoring system. The system consists of facility selectable modules. This paper presents an overview of the modules, evaluation results, user`s suggestions, and future modules.

High critical currents have been obtained in Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O by the powder-in-tube approach. Owing to the inherent structural anisotropy of the Bi-based high-Tc superconducting materials, high-Jc is only obtained when the wires are subsequently rolled into rectangularly cross-sectioned tapes. Previously, intermediate annealing was employed to maintain ductility in the silver with a high temperature sintering just before the final rolling in order to form the high-Tc superconducting phase. Here, the authors report on the effects of hot-rolling at various temperatures for the final rolling of powder-in-tube BSCCO-2212 tapes. Hot-rolling was accomplished by preheating the rolls with infrared heaters and rolling the tapes directly from the furnace. The highest current densities were obtained by final hot-rolling the 2212 tapes at 420{degrees}C with the furnace temperature of 750{degrees}C, the highest temperature studied. Results showed the enhancement of Jc was due to the improvement of grain alignment as well as the reduction of the size and fraction of Bi-free phases during the final heat treatment. Furthermore, an analytical model of the hot-rolling process has been developed that illustrates the importance of preheating the tapes and heating the rolls.

The research has involved the characterization of catalyst acidity, {sup 2}D NMR studies of Bronsted acid sites, and kinetic, calorimetric, and spectroscopic studies of methylamine synthesis and related reactions over acid catalysts. Approach of this work was to explore quantitative correlations between factors that control the generation, type, strength, and catalytic properties of acid sites on zeolite catalysts. Microcalorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy have provided information about the nature and strength of acid sites in zeolites. This was vital in understanding the catalytic cycles involved in methylamine synthesis and related reactions over zeolite catalysts.

This report covers work performed in the various physicochemical factors for the improvement of oil recovery efficiency. In this context, three general areas were studied: (i) The understanding of vapor-liquid flow in porous media, whether the flow is internal (boiling), external (steam injection) or countercurrent (as in vertical heat pipes); (ii) The effect of reservoir heterogeneity, particularly as it regards fractured systems; (iii) The flow properties of additives for the improvement of recovery efficiency, in particular the injection of caustic and foams. The studies completed under this contract involved ap three research tools, analysis, computation and experiments. We have focused on pore level modeling using pore networks and on flow visualization using Hele-Shaw cells. Experiments involving core samples were conducted for the chemical additives investigation. Finally, simulation at the pore scale, pore network scale and reservoir scale were also undertaken. Part of the work has been detailed in five DOE Technical Reports as shown at the end of this report.

Summarized in this report are the data collected through Environmental Monitoring programs conducted at the Idaho Chemical Processing Plant (ICPP) by the Environmental Safety & Health (ES&H) Department. This report is published in response to DOE Order 5400.1. This report covers the period from December 21, 1991 through December 20, 1992 and details airborne and liquid effluents from the Chemical Processing Plant.

At the Savannah River Site (SRS), several facilities have nearly all their special nuclear material in solution and therefore, volume measurements play a key role in the accountability of these materials. Normally, facilities rely on frequent instrument calibrations, periodic tank calibrations and proper instrument configuration to ensure measurement control. At SRS, methods have been employed that go beyond these basic steps to monitor the volume measurement systems and provide real time indication of measurement control. These methods can be used to indicate if a tank requires recalibration, if there is a sampling problem, or if there is an instrument problem. The methods include: sample density comparison, in-tank to laboratory density comparison, redundant instrument comparison and tank to tank transfer comparison. This paper describes these methods and the generation of control charts to track these comparisons in real time.