Nuclear Reactors Built, Being Built, or Planned contains unclassified information about facilities built, being built, or planned in the United States for domestic use or export as of December 31, 1992. The Office of Scientific and Technical Information, US Department of Energy, gathers this information annually from Washington headquarters and field offices of DOE from the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC); from the US reactor manufacturers who are the principal nuclear contractors for foreign reactor locations; from US and foreign embassies; and from foreign governmental nuclear departments. Information is presented on five parts: Civilian, Production, Military, Export and Critical Assembly.

In 1980, EPA promulgated hazardous waste management regulations under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which included standard for generators of hazardous waste. With respect to storage of hazardous waste on-site by generators, these regulations originally made no distinction between the initial accumulation of hazardous waste at various points of generation (i.e., ``satellite`` accumulation) and storage at locations where hazardous waste is consolidated for on-site management or transportation off-site. EPA amended the hazardous waste generator regulations on December 20, 1984, to allow generators to store hazardous waste in satellite areas as long as certain conditions were met. State programs, however, do not have to allow for the accumulation of hazardous waste in satellite areas or may have more stringent requirements for these waste accumulation areas. A satellite accumulation area is a storage location at or near any point of generation where hazardous wastes initially accumulate, which is under the control of the operator of the process generating the waste. Wastes stored in these areas are subject to regulatory requirements that are less stringent than requirements applicable to hazardous wastes stored in permitted, interim status, or 90-day storage areas meeting the applicable provisions of 40 CFR 264, 265, or 262.34(a), …

We have investigated scattering from the classic wedge and have shown that the method of iteration of the surface current integral equation predicts currents and backscattered fields that are good approximations to the Sommerfeld solution. The method of iteration has also been applied to truncated wedges on flat surfaces with the result that the scattering from this wedge is been to be very much different from the Sommerfeld solution. These results and their implications for ocean backscatter are reported herein.

Corrective action is required under the authority of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Sections 3004(u) and(v) which were added by the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments of 1984 (HSWA). In response to HSWA, the US Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) proposed a comprehensive corrective action program under 40 CFR 264 Subpart S [55 FR 30798, July 27, 1990]. Although Subpart S is still only proposed, it is being implemented by the EPA Regions until the rule is finalized. Proposed Subpart S corrective action applies to releases to any media from any solid waste management unit (SWMU) at a treatment, storage, or disposal facility (TSDF). Corrective action requirements under proposed Subpart S are imposed through permit conditions or, for interim status facilities, through a RCRA Section 3008(h) order. In general, upon initial regulation of a TSDF, the owner or operator submits a Part A permit application, notifying the regulatory agency of waste management activities. The Part A consists of a form containing general information about the facility, the unit(s) affected, and the wastes managed in the units. Part B of the permit application provides detailed information on the facility, the units affected, and the waste managed. The Part B permit application …

This RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) information brief answers some questions regarding the 40 CFR 258 and 40 CFR 257 regulations on solid waste disposal facilities and their closure/cover. Section 405 of the Clean Water Act is covered as well as the RCRA.

Different collector adsorption phenomena including adsorption density, adsorption state, and conformation have been examined for soluble salt, semi-soluble salt and insoluble oxide mineral systems. In the case of the soluble salt system, the influence of crystal lattice defects on the surface charge of KCl and its flotation response was studied. In the case of semi-soluble salt minerals, the behavior of fatty acid collectors adsorbed at the surfaces of calcite and fluorite was determined by in-situ Fourier transform infrared internal reflection spectroscopy (FT-IR/IRS), multichannel laser Raman spectroscopy (MLRS), and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) techniques. Finally, changes in the hydrophobic character of the insoluble oxide mineral surfaces of sapphire and quartz were examined with respect to the aggregative nature of the adsorbed collector phase. A number of papers and presentations were prepared from this research and these contributions are listed at the end of this progress report.

This Waste Management Facility Cost Information (WMFCI) report for Greater-Than-Class C low-level waste (GTCC LLW) and DOE equivalent special case waste contains preconceptual designs and planning level life-cycle cost (PLCC) estimates for treatment, storage, and disposal facilities needed for management of GTCC LLW and DOE equivalent waste. The report contains information on 16 facilities (referred to as cost modules). These facilities are treatment facility front-end and back-end support functions (administration support, and receiving, preparation, and shipping cost modules); seven treatment concepts (incineration, metal melting, shredding/compaction, solidification, vitrification, metal sizing and decontamination, and wet/air oxidation cost modules); two storage concepts (enclosed vault and silo); disposal facility front-end functions (disposal receiving and inspection cost module); and four disposal concepts (shallow-land, engineered shallow-land, intermediate depth, and deep geological cost modules). Data in this report allow the user to develop PLCC estimates for various waste management options. A procedure to guide the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its contractor personnel in the use of estimating data is also included in this report.

The objectives of this project are automation for optimization of multiplex sequencing. We have integrated direct transfer electrophoresis, automated multiplex hybridizations and automated film reading and applied this toward sequencing of E. coli and human DNA. Primers for the directed dideoxy sequence walking and sequence confirmation steps are synthesized to include DNA tags complementary to an alkaline phosphatase conjugate. A higher throughput synthesis device is well along in testing as are new automated hybridization devices. We have developed software for automatically annotating ORFs and databases of precise termini of proteins and RNA.

The Environmental Regulatory Update Table provides information on regulatory initiatives of interest to DOE operations and contractor staff with environmental management responsibilities. The table is updated bimonthly with information from the Federal Register and other sources, including direct contact with regulatory agencies. Each table entry provides a chronological record of the rulemaking process for that initiative with an abstract and a projection of further action.

The objective of this project is to evaluate and demonstrate a cost effective emission control technology for acid rain precursors, oxides of nitrogen (NO{sub x} and sulfur (SO{sub x}), on two coal fired utility boilers in Illinois. The units selected are representative of pre-NSPS design practices: tangential and cyclone fired. Work on a third unit, wall fired, has been stopped because of funding limitations. Specific objectives are to demonstrate reductions of 60 percent in NO{sub x} and 50 percent in SO{sub x} emissions, by a combination of two developed technologies, gas reburning (GR) and sorbent injection (SI). With GR, about 80--85 percent of the coal fuel is fired in the primary combustion zone. The balance of the fuel is added downstream as natural gas to create a slightly fuel rich environment in which NO{sub x} is converted to N{sub 2}. The combustion process is completed by overfire air addition. SO{sub x} emissions are reduced by injecting dry sorbents (usually calcium based) into the upper furnace. This project is conducted in three phases at each site: (1) Design and Permitting, (2) Construction and Startup, and (3) Operation, Data Collection, Reporting and Disposition. In phase AIII at Hennepin - Testing, Data Collection, …

Materials research and development activities for the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), i.e., the next generation fusion reactor, are investigating beryllium as the first-wall containment material for the reactor. Important in the selection of beryllium is the ability to process, fabricate and repair beryllium first-wall components using existing technologies. Two issues that will need to be addressed during the engineering design activity will be the bonding of beryllium tiles in high-heat-flux areas of the reactor, and the in situ repair of damaged beryllium tiles. The following review summarizes the current technology associated with welding and joining of beryllium to itself and other materials, and the state-of-the-art in plasma-spray technology as an in situ repair technique for damaged beryllium tiles. In addition, a review of the current status of beryllium technology in the former Soviet Union is also included.

Temperature-programmed desorption spectra from steam-gasified chars were examined. At least two major CO-liberating features were identified for the resin char samples, one centered 1000 C and the other 1050 C. Presence of catalytic mineral matter appears to be related to the appearance of an additional low temperature feature for the Wyodak char. Although total amount of surface oxygen seems to be a gross indicator of reactivity, analysis of the desorption data assuming two different types of oxygen surface complexes, each exhibiting a single desorption activation energy, shows that the reactivity cannot be explained by the desorption rates of the complexes alone. 6 figs, 4 tabs, 9 refs.

We report on an existing program of research on the production and decay of particles containing the charm and beauty quarks. Charm is studied in Fermilab fixed target experiments E769 and E691. Design and development for a hadron collider beauty experiment is studied in CERN test experiment P238 and in simulation studies for the SSC.

Our objective during the second quarter of the project was to complete the procurement of necessary parts for our reactor set-up, complete equipment modification, start safety and shake-down tests and complete preliminary calculations that are needed before starting experimentation. The experimental set-up was completed. Different pieces of equipment such as the reactor, the mass flow controller, steady state low pressure glass trap, etc. were installed in the system. The system was then pressure tested for safety purposes. There were many aspects of the safety tests like the cold pressure tests, the hot pressure tests, the flow through tests, etc. All these tests were successfully completed. various safety devices in the set-up such as relief valves, temperature interlocks, solenoid valves and the emergency shut-down system were also tested successfully.

This report is the official inventory for radioactive waste stored in underground tanks in the 200 Areas at the Hanford Site. Data that depict the status of stored radioactive waste and tank vessel integrity are contained within the report. This report provides data on each of the existing 177 large underground waste storage tanks and 49 smaller catch tanks and special surveillance facilities, and supplemental information regarding tank surveillance anomalies and ongoing investigations.

We developed and experimentally tested physical models for growth and breakdown of passive films on metal surfaces. These models are ``point defect models,`` in which the growth and breakdown are described in terms of movement of anion and cation vacancies. The work during the past 5 years resulted in: theory of growth and breakdown of passive films, theory of corrosion-resistant alloys, electronic structure of passive films, and estimation of damage functions for energy systems. Proposals are give for the five ongoing tasks. 10 figs.

Photodesorption and photoreaction was investigated using a mass spectrometer, on O{sub 2} alone and coadsorbed with CO on Pt(111) at 80 K. Desorption of O{sub 2} continues for 1 ps, indicating multiple excitation of adsorbed O{sub 2} by photogenerated hot electrons. The branching ratio for O{sub 2} desorption to CO{sub 2} product formation increases as the O{sub 2} is photoexcited by femtosecond light pulses, in contrast to the larger CO{sub 2} photoyield for nanosecond laser excitation.

This report describes the results of a study of thermal energy storage (TES) systems integrated with combined-cycle gas turbine cogeneration systems. Integrating thermal energy storage with conventional cogeneration equipment increases the initial cost of the combined system; but, by decoupling electric power and process heat production, the system offers two significant advantages. First, electric power can be generated on demand, irrespective of the process heat load profile, thus increasing the value of the power produced. Second, although supplementary firing could be used to serve independently varying electric and process heat loads, this approach is inefficient. Integrating TES with cogeneration can serve the two independent loads while firing all fuel in the gas turbine. An earlier study analyzed TES integrated with a simple-cycle cogeneration system. This follow-on study evaluated the cost of power produced by a combined-cycle electric power plant (CC), a combined-cycle cogeneration plant (CC/Cogen), and a combined-cycle cogeneration plant integrated with thermal energy storage (CC/TES/Cogen). Each of these three systems was designed to serve a fixed (24 hr/day) process steam load. The value of producing electricity was set at the levelized cost for a CC plant, while the value of the process steam was for a conventional stand-alone boiler. …

In the two year funding period from August 15, 1992--August 14, 1994, the authors progresses can be summarized as follows: (1) the solenoidal partial snake was installed in the AGS synchrotron in May, 1993 and was subsequently successfully tested; (2) the internal polarimeter for the AGS was assembled, tested and installed in the AGS; (3) the 200 MeV polarimeter at the LINAC was tested; (4) the AGS polarized ion source was renovated; (5) the first phase of the polarized beam experiments was successfully accomplished in April 1--8, 1994, of polarized proton acceleration up to G{sub {gamma}} {approx} 20; (6) they are currently renovating tune jump quadrupoles in order to accelerate polarized proton up to 25 GeV/c. The full test of these experiments will be in 1995. During this funding period, the principal investigator has spent about 20% of his research time on this project, which includes the design and manufacturing of the solenoid partial snake, beam dynamics issues of the AGS with the 5% solenoid partial snake and spin dynamics of synchrotrons with snakes in general. The graduate student, Mr. H. Huang has spent 100% of his research time working on spin dynamics. The graduate student is currently staying at …

The stochastic characteristics of the turbulent inflow have been shown to be of major significance in the accumulation of fatigue in wind turbines. Because most of the wind turbine installations in the US have taken place in multi-turbine or wind farm configurations, the fatigue damage associated with the higher turbulence levels within such arrangements must be taken into account when making estimates of component service lifetimes. The simultaneous monitoring of two adjacent wind turbines over a wide range of turbulent inflow conditions has given the authors more confidence in describing the structural load distributions that can be expected in such an environment. The adjacent testing of the two turbines allowed the authors to postulate that observed similarities in the response dynamics and load distributions could be considered quasi-universal, while the dissimilarities could be considered to result from the differing design of the rotors. The format has also allowed them to begin to define appropriate statistical load distribution models for many of the critical components in which fatigue is a major driver of the design. In addition to the adjacent turbine measurements, they also briefly discuss load distributions measured on a teetered-hub turbine.

DOE Office of Fossil Energy (OoFE) is participating with private sector in developing molten carbon fuel cell (MCFC) and advanced concepts including solid oxide fuel cell for application in utility/commercial/industrial sectors. Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) development was sponsored by OoFE and is now being commercialized. In 1993 DOD is undertaking use and demonstration of PAFC and other fuel cells. DOE Office of Conservation and Renewable Energy is sponsoring fuel cell development for propulsion. The Conservation program is focused on polymer electrolyte or proton exchange membrane fuel cells, although they also are implementing a demonstration program for PAFC buses. DOE fuel cell research, development and demonstration efforts are also supported by private sector funding. This Plan describes the fuel cell activities of the Office of Fossil Energy.

Section 205(a)(2) of the Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977 requires the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration (EIA) to carry out a central, comprehensive, and unified energy data and information program that will collect, evaluate, assemble, analyze, and disseminate data and information relevant to energy resources, reserves, production, demand, technology, and related economic and statistical information. The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive overview of changes in the structure of the US coal industry between 1976 and 1991. The structural elements examined include the number of mines, average mine size, the size distribution of mines, and the size distribution of coal firms. The report measures changes in the market shares of the largest coal producers at the national level and in various regions. The Central Appalachian low-sulfur coal market is given special attention, and the market for coal reserves is examined. A history of mergers in the coal industry is presented, and changes in the proportions of US coal output that are produced by various types of companies, including foreign-controlled firms, are described. Finally, the impact of post-1991 mergers on the structure of the industry is estimated. The legislation that created the EIA vested the …

The Dynamic Gas Pulse Loading (DGPL) process is an hydraulic fracturing method which uses CO{sub 2} and CO gas as a working fluid instead of a liquid. The DGPL system can be used to generate fractures for horizontal and vertical oil and gas well completions in both open hole and perforated casing. The DGPL system provides a cost effective tool for repairing near well bore permeability damage caused by inappropriate chemical treatment, migrating fines and paraffins, or slotted liners blocked by sand. Because the gas is generated from a solid propellant material by chemical reaction, no heavy equipment is required. Tremendous pump rates can be obtained. Peak pressures are naturally localized at the tool position by the tamping effect of well fluids. Thus many of the leakage and sealing problems which plague static hydrofrac processes ore completely avoided. DGPL may be effectively used before acid treatment to provide fresh pathways for the acid to reach the formation. The smaller tools may be positioned by wireline, though most Stressfrac tools are tubing conveyed.

This program began in January 1993. Its primary goals are studies of highly excited matter and its production in nuclear collisions at very high energies. After a general orientation on the project, abstracts describing the contents of completed papers and providing some details of current projects are given. Principal topics of interest are the following: the dynamics of nuclear collisions at very high energies (RHIC and LHC), the dynamics of nuclear collisions at AGS energies, high-temperature QCD and the physics of the quark-gluon plasma, and the production of strangelets and other rare objects.