The stochastic characteristics of the turbulent inflow have been shown to be of major significance in the accumulation of fatigue in wind turbines. Because most of the wind turbine installations in the US have taken place in multi-turbine or wind farm configurations, the fatigue damage associated with the higher turbulence levels within such arrangements must be taken into account when making estimates of component service lifetimes. The simultaneous monitoring of two adjacent wind turbines over a wide range of turbulent inflow conditions has given the authors more confidence in describing the structural load distributions that can be expected in such an environment. The adjacent testing of the two turbines allowed the authors to postulate that observed similarities in the response dynamics and load distributions could be considered quasi-universal, while the dissimilarities could be considered to result from the differing design of the rotors. The format has also allowed them to begin to define appropriate statistical load distribution models for many of the critical components in which fatigue is a major driver of the design. In addition to the adjacent turbine measurements, they also briefly discuss load distributions measured on a teetered-hub turbine.

The recent publication of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) database by the US Geological Survey (USGS) has provided a unique opportunity for the development of cost-effective wind energy prospecting technology. This database contains terrain elevation values on a Latitude-Longitude grid with a resolution of 3 arc-seconds (about 90 m) for the contiguous United States, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. This database has been coupled with software that will produce shaded-relief maps on a laser printer in a format compatible with the state wind power maps in the US wind energy atlas. By providing a much higher resolution of the terrain features than was possible when the US atlas was prepared, these maps can be useful in general wind prospecting activities. As highly resolved as the 90-m DEM data seem to be when compared to the atlas grid, they still appear to be too coarse to resolve terrain features in the detail required for local wind flow characterization and wind plant layout. Gridded terrain data at about 10-m resolution are available from the USGS for some areas of the United States. In areas where these data are unavailable, they may be generated by digitizing and gridding the contours from a 1:24,000-scale USGS …

Using Fabry-Perot interferometry techniques, we have determined the early time rate of energy release from detonating PETN and TNT explosives filled with 5 to 20 wt % of either 5 {mu}m or 18 {mu}m spherical aluminum with the detonation products, and calculate the extent of reaction at 1--3 {mu}s after the detonation. All of the metal in PETN formulations filled with 5 wt % and 10 wt % of either 5 {mu}m or 18 {mu}m aluminum reacted within 1.5 {mu}s, resulting in an increase of 18--22% in energy compared to pure PETN. For TNT formulations, between 5 to 10 wt % aluminum reacts completely with the same timeframe. A reactive flow hydrodynamic code model based on the Zeldovich-von Neumann-Doring (ZND) description of the reaction zone and subsequent reaction product expansion (Taylor wave) is used to address the reaction rate of the aluminum particles with detonation product gases. The detonation product JWL equation of state is derived from that of pure PETN using a parametric normalization methodology.

The grout system dynamic computer simulation was created to allow investigation of the ability of the grouting system to meet established milestones, for various assumed system configurations and parameters. The simulation simulates the movement of tank waste through the system versus time, from initial storage tanks, through feed tanks and the grout plant, then finally to a grout vault. The simulation properly accounts for the following (1) time required to perform various actions or processes, (2) delays involved in gaining regulatory approval, (3) random system component failures, (4) limitations on equipment capacities, (5) available parallel components, and (6) different possible strategies for vault filling. The user is allowed to set a variety of system parameters for each simulation run. Currently, the output of a run primarily consists of a plot of projected grouting campaigns completed versus time, for comparison with milestones. Other outputs involving any model component can also be quickly created or deleted as desired. In particular, sensitivity runs where the effect of varying a model parameter (flow rates, delay times, number of feed tanks available, etc.) on the ability of the system to meet milestones can be made easily. The grout system simulation was implemented using the ITHINK* …

The international effort to develop and implement new research reactor fuels utilizing low-enriched uranium, instead of highly- enriched uranium, continues to make solid progress. This effort is the cornerstone of a widely shared policy aimed at reducing, and possibly eliminating, international traffic in highly-enriched uranium and the nuclear weapon proliferation concerns associated with this traffic. To foster direct communication and exchange of ideas among the specialists in this area, the Reduced Enrichment Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) Program, at Argonne National Laboratory, sponsored this meeting as the eleventh of a series which began 1978. Individual papers presented at the meeting have been cataloged separately.

An unrecrystallized structure is found to significantly improve the work hardening characteristics by lowering the work hardening rate during early stages of deformation. This is in contrast to a recrystallized structure, which requires a higher work hardening rate to accommodate the greater degree of multiple slip necessary to maintain strain compatibility between the more randomly oriented grains. The stronger texture associated with the unrecrystallized structure allows deformation to occur more efficiently. Addition of magnesium also improves work hardening by increasing overall level of the work hardening rate. The improved characteristics of the work hardening behavior result in a parallel increase in both the strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures. These findings are positive since they suggest a method by which improvements in the work hardening behavior and subsequent mechanical properties may be obtained through practical modifications of the microstructure and composition.

Measures to reduce the use of fossil fuels, suppression of on-farm emissions of methane (CH{sub 4}) and nitrous oxide (N{sub 2}O), afforestation, and geoengineering ``fixes`` have been proposed to mitigate or eliminate greenhouse-forced climate change. These measures will impact agriculture and other sectors of the economy. this report discusses the above impacts.

The cost of thin superconducting solenoid magnets can be estimated if one knows the magnet stored energy, the magnetic field volume product or the overall mass of the superconducting coil and its cryostat. This report shows cost data collected since 1979 for large superconducting solenoid magnets used in high energy physics. These magnets are characterized in most cases by the use of indirect two phase helium cooling and a superconductor stabilizer of very pure aluminum. This correlation can be used for making a preliminary cost estimate of proposed one of a kind superconducting magnets. The magnet costs quoted include the power supply and quench protection system but the cost of the helium refrigerator and helium distribution system is not included in the estimated cost.

Photoelectron diffraction and photoelectron holography, a newly developed variant of it, can provide a rich range of information concerning surface structure. These methods are sensitive to atomic type, chemical state, and spin state. The theoretical prediction of diffraction patterns is also well developed at both the single scattering and multiple scattering levels, and quantitative fits of experiment to theory can lead to structures with accuracies in the {plus_minus}0.03 {Angstrom} range. Direct structural information can also be derived from forward scattering in scanned-angle measurements at higher energies, path length differences contained in scanned-energy data at lower energies, and holographic inversions of data sets spanning some region in angle and energy space. Diffraction can also affect average photoelectron emission depths. Circular dichroism in core-level emission can be fruitfully interpreted in terms of photoelectron diffraction theory, as can measurements with spin-resolved core-spectra, and studies of surface magnetic structures and phase transitions should be possible with these methods. Synchrotron radiation is a key element of fully utilizing these techniques.

A mechanically alloyed 15 vol % SiCp/IN9021 aluminum composite exhibited a maximum elongation of 610 % at a very high strain of 5 s{sup {minus}1} at 823 K. Nonetheless, the maximum elongation was obtained at a lower strain rate than that where the maximum m value (about 0.5) was obtained. This discrepancy between the optimum superplastic strain rate for the largest elongation and the strain rate for the maximum m value was believed to be associated with the cavitation behavior. Cavitation behavior of the SiCp/IN9021 aluminum composite was, therefore, carried out. It was found that cavities initiated at ends of particulate reinforcements and parallel to the applied stress direction within initial small strains, and their subsequent growth and coalescence invariably leads to premature failure. Experimental results indicated that cavity growth is plasticity controlled and can be described by a model proposed by Stowell.

Beam diagnostic ion chambers are used throughout the SLC to perform a variety of tasks including locating beam losses along the beam direction, determining localized losses from individual bunches in a multibunch beam, and detecting scattered particles from beam profile wire scanners where backgrounds are too high to use photomultiplier tubes. Construction and instrumentation of very fast ion chambers with pulse duration of less than 60ns are detailed. Long ion chambers referred to as PLIC (Panofsky`s Long Ion Chamber) are the primary diagnostic used to locate losses in all the SLC transport lines. Accurately locating beam loss with the use of fiducial cables and coaxial switches will be discussed.

The PEP-II project, a joint proposal of SLAC, LBL, and LLNL, will involve an upgrade of the PEP storage ring at SLAC to serve as an asymmetric B factory. The upgrade will involve replacing the vacuum and rf systems of PEP, which will serve as the high-energy ring (containing 9 GeV electrons), along with the addition of a new low-energy ring (containing 3.1 GeV positrons) mounted atop the high-energy ring. The present design status of the project and a summary of recent R&D results are presented here. If approved, the PEP-II project is ready to begin construction in October 1993.

Recent investigations on the nonlinear optical response of semiconductor quantum wells in a strong perpendicular magnetic field, H, are reviewed. After some introductory material the evolution of the linear optical properties of GaAs QW`s as a function of H is discussed; an examination is made of how the magneto-excitons (MX) extrapolate continuously between quasi-2D QW excitons (X) when H = 0, and pairs of Landau levels (LL) when H {yields} {infinity}. Next, femtosecond time resolved investigations of their nonlinear optical response are presented; the evolution of MX-MX interactions with increasing H is stressed. Finally, how, as the dimensionality is reduced by application of H, the number of scattering channels is limited and relaxation of electron-hole pairs is affected. How nonlinear optical spectroscopy can be exploited to access the relaxation of angular momentum within magneto-excitons is also discussed.

The chemical equilibrium and thermodynamic properties of detonated explosive mixtures at high temperature (T) and pressure (P) depend critically on all interactions between the major products. Improvements in the homomolecular interaction of nitrogen, carbon-dioxide, and condensed carbon have had significant effects on detonation properties of LX-14 (an HMX formulation). Extensive work on O, N, and C products also showed the importance of including high temperature unstable species in determining the potential-constant of the major products of detonation. That work also showed the need to improve the unlike pair interaction constants in our statistical mechanical chemical equilibrium theory (CHEQ). Thirdly, a recent comparison of experimental and theoretical detonation velocities (D) indicated that the original set of interaction potentials used contains canceling errors that limit the overall effectiveness of the code as a predictor of high P and T properties of reactive mixtures. This study proceeds from explosives with simple product mixtures, RX-23-AB, HNB, and PETN, to HMX-like mixtures. The present set of potential constants is compared to the experimental EOS used for a number of experimental systems that use LX-14.

Incoloy-908 was designed as a structural alloy for the conduit of cable-in-conduit superconductors. The conduit is a thin-wall tube that encloses superconducting cables. Since the conduit may be as thin as 3 to 12 mm in thickness and is subject to cyclic loads, fatigue crack growth behavior at liquid helium temperature, especially in the small crack regime, is a critical issue for magnet design. Because it is difficult to perform small fatigue crack propagation tests at 4.2 K, we have studied mechanisms of small crack propagation at room temperature and 77 K, and use the results to propose a feasible method for estimating small crack propagation at 4.2 K.

Recent earthquake damage investigations at various industrial facilities have resulted in providing the DOE complex with reminders of practical lessons for structures, systems, and components (SSCs) involving: confinement of hazardous materials; continuous, safe operations; occupant safety; and protection of DOE investments and mission-dependent items. Recent assessments are summarized, showing examples of damage caused by the 1992 California Earthquakes (Cape Mendocino, Landers, and Big Bear) and the 1991 Costa Rica Earthquake (Valle de la Estrella). These lessons if applied along with the new DOE NPH Standards (1020--92 Series) can help assure that DOE facilities will meet the intent of the seismic requirements in the new DOE NPH Order 5480.28.

A continuing concern within the DOE complex is the control and accountability of special nuclear material. It is not enough to have a paper record of accountable material but it must be physically verified on a statistical sampling basis. The Material Control and Accountability section of the Westinghouse Savannah River Company has been developing a technique to confirm radioactive isotopes of interest in the field using a battery operated portable multichannel analyzer and a sodium iodide gamma probe detector. A description of the instrument and examples of actual confirmatory measurements at a variety of locations and environments will be presented.

The K-shell emission from porous aluminum targets is used to infer the density and temperature of plasmas created with 800 nm and 400 nm, 140 fs laser light. The laser beam is focused to a minimum spot size of 5 {mu}m with 800 nm light and 3 {mu}m with 400 nm light, producing a normal incidence peak intensity of 10{sup 18} Watts/cm{sup 2}. A new 800 fs x-ray streak camera is used to study the broadband x-ray emission. The time resolved and time integrated x-ray emission implies substantial differences between the porous target and the flat target temperature.

At the Savannah River Site (SRS) a new gas (tritium) processing facility uses hydride beds for storage of large quantities of gas. Unloading of these hydride beds for periodic inventories is not practical because of long loading and unloading (absorption/desorption) times and difficulty in removing residual heels from the beds. The technique chosen for these measurements is based on measuring the temperature rise from a known mass of gas flowing over the beds. The measurement of mass flow and temperature rise are the key parameters in establishing the reliability of the method. The facility installed process grade mass flow controllers on all of the beds. A measurement sensitivity study was performed to assess the effects of flow measurement, temperature, calibration, and modeling error on the quality of the overall measurement. The results of this study and future work needed to more fully understand this measurement process are presented in this paper.

A class of models with applications to swarm behavior as well as many other types of spatially extended complex biological and physical systems is studied. Internal fluctuations can play an active role in the organization of the phase structure of such systems. Consequently, it is not possible to fully understand the behavior of these systems without explicitly incorporating the fluctuations. In particular, for the class of models studied here the effect of internal fluctuations due to finite size is a renormalized decrease in the temperature near the point of spontaneous symmetry breaking. We briefly outline how these models can be applied to the behavior of an ant swarm.

The superconducting magnets in Fusion Reactors are subjected to pulsed, nuclear, and resistive heating. The thermo-hydraulic response of the helium forced-flow cooled conductors to the various heat sources is critical to magnet design and performance. Recently developed computer codes allow accurate modeling of conductor response and have been used as an aid to design of the toroidal field (TF) magnets for the Tokamak Physics experiment (TPX). We present results of design studies that determine the trade-off between double- and single-pancake helium flow configurations, the minimum-temperature margin, and the stability against rapid heat input. The results guide the choice and design of the liquid helium refrigerator.

The energies of low-spin yrast states, E(4{sub 1}{sup +}) and E(2{sub 1}{sup +}), and the transition probabilities, B(E2; 2{sub 1}{sup +} {yields} 0{sub 1}{sup +}), which are among the most revealing and easiest to measure observables of collectivity, show remarkable global correlations that provide new signatures to identify particular structures.

Specification, heat treatment, strength, and fatigue life of the Advanced Photon Source (APS) Storage Ring 352-MHz radio frequency (RF) accelerating cavity copper is discussed. Heat transfer studies, including finite element analysis, and configuration of water cooling is described. Requirements for and techniques of machining are considered. Braze and electron beam joint designs are compared. Vacuum considerations during fabrication are discussed.

The Analytic System and Software for Evaluation of Safeguards and Security (ASSESS) Facility module records site information in the path elements and areas of an Adversary Sequence Diagram. The ASSESS Outsider evaluation module takes this information and first calculates performance values describing how much detection and delay is assigned at each path element and then uses the performance values to determine most-vulnerable paths. This paper discusses new Outsider capabilities that allow the user to view how elements are being defeated and to modify some of these values in Outsider. Outsider now displays how different path element segments are defeated and contrasts the probability of detection for alternate methods of defeating a door (e.g., the lock or the door face itself). The user can also override element segment delays and detection probabilities directly during analysis in Outsider. These capabilities allow users to compare element performance and to verify correct path element performance for all elements, not just those on the most-vulnerable path as is the case currently. Improvements or reductions in protection can be easily checked without creating a set of new facility files to accomplish it.