Maywood Chemical Works (MCW) of Maywood, New Jersey, generated process wastes and residues associated with the production and refining of thorium and thorium compounds from monazite ores from 1916 to 1956. MCW supplied rare earth metals and thorium compounds to the Atomic Energy Commission and various other government agencies from the late 1940s to the mid-1950s. Area residents used the sandlike waste from this thorium extraction process mixed with tea and cocoa leaves as mulch in their yards. Some of these contaminated wastes were also eroded from the site into Lodi Brook. At the request of the US Department of Energy (DOE), a group from Oak Ridge National Laboratory conducts investigative radiological surveys of properties in the vicinity of MCW to determine whether a property is contaminated with radioactive residues, principally /sup 232/Th, derived from the MCW site. The survey typically includes direct measurement of gamma radiation levels and soil sampling for radionuclide analyses. The survey of this site, 80 Industrial Road, Lodi, New Jersey (LJ061), was conducted during 1985 and 1986. Results of the survey demonstrated radionuclide concentrations in excess of DOE remedial action criteria, primarily from the /sup 232/Th decay chain, with some contamination from /sup 226/Ra. The …

The confinement and scaling features of the S-1 spheromak have been investigated using magnetic, spectroscopic, and Thomson scattering data in conjunction with numerical modeling. Results from the multipoint Thomson scattering diagnostic shows that the central beta remains constant (/beta//sub to/ /approximately/ 5%) as the plasma current density increases from 0.68--2.1 MA/m/sup 2/. The density is observed to increase slowly over this range, while the central electron temperature increases much more rapidly. Analysis of the global plasma parameters shows a decrease in the volume average beta and energy confinement as the total current is increased. The power balance has been modeled numerically with a 0-D non-equilibrium time-dependent coronal model and is consistent with the experimental observations. 20 refs., 12 figs., 2 tabs.

The US and FRG have developed methodologies to determine the performance of and fission product release from TRISO-coated fuel particles under postulated accident conditions. The paper presents a qualitative and quantitative comparison of US and FRG models. The models are those used by General Atomics (GA) and by the German Nuclear Research Center at Juelich (KFA/ISF). A benchmark calculation was performed for fuel temperatures predicted for the US Department of Energy sponsored Modular High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (MHTGR). Good agreement in the benchmark calculations supports the on-going efforts to verify and validate the independently developed codes of GA and KFA/ISF. This work was performed under the US/FRG Umbrella Agreement for Cooperation on Gas Cooled Reactor Development. 6 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

The next generation of linear colliders will require alignment accuracies and stabilities of component placement at least one, perhaps two, orders of magnitude better than can be achieved by the conventional methods and procedures in practice today. The magnitudes of these component-placement tolerances for current designs of various linear collider subsystems are tabulated. In the micron range, long-term ground motion is sufficiently rapid that on-line reference and mechanical correction systems are called for. Some recent experiences with the upgraded SLAC laser alignment systems and examples of some conceivable solutions for the future are described. The so called ''girder'' problem is discussed in the light of ambient and vibratory disturbances. The importance of the quality of the underlying geology is stressed. The necessity and limitations of public-beam-derived placement information are mentioned. 40 refs., 4 figs., 1 tab.

An overview is given of atomic physics issues which have been studied on tokamaks with the help resolution x-ray spectroscopy. The issues include the testing of model calculations predicting the excitation of line radiation, the determination of rate coefficients, and accurate atomic structure measurements. Recent research has focussed primarily on highly charged heliumlike (22 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 28) and neonlike (34 less than or equal to Z less than or equal to 63) ions, and results are presented from measurements on the PLT and TFTR tokamaks. Many of the measurements have been aided by improved instrumental design and new measuring techniques. Remarkable agreement has been found between measurements and theory in most cases. However, in this review those areas are stressed where agreement is worst and where further investigations are needed. 19 refs., 13 figs., 2 tabs.

The focus of this report is on North American wet deposition temporal patterns from 1979 to 1986 and spatial patterns for 1986. The report provides statistical distribution summaries of annual precipitation-weighted average concentration and annual deposition for nine ion species: hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, calcium, chloride, sodium, potassium, and magnesium. The data in the report are from the Acid Depositing System (ADS) for the statistical reporting of North American deposition data. Isopleth maps, based on surface estimation using kriging, display concentration and deposition spatial patterns of pH, hydrogen, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and calcium ion species for 1986 annual, winter, and summer periods. The temporal pattern analyses use a subset of 30 sites over an 8-year (1979-1986) period and an expanded subset of 137 sites with greater spatial coverage over a 5-year (1982-1986) period. The 8-year period represents the longest period with wet deposition monitoring data unavailable that has a sufficient number of sites with data of known quality to allow a descriptive summary of annual temporal patterns. 19 refs., 105 figs., 29 tabs.

Approximately half the luminosity of a typical cataclysmic variable may emerge as an optically thick component peaking in the EUV. Observations of this component are important for understanding the energetics and accretion rates of CV's in general, as well as for understanding the physics of the accretion process. The nature of the turbulent boundary layers and winds of disk accretors and the heating of the white dwarfs by accretion are among the problems which can be addressed by observations in the EUV. 46 refs., 2 figs.

This summary covers progress for the month of July 1989 during which we completed the scheduled milestone 0504-B, Measured River Fish Concentrations; presented a project status update at the TSP meeting on July 21 in Richland, WA; presented the potential role of iodine-129 in the HEDR Project at the TSP meeting; displayed posters at the TSP meeting summarizing available information for the Columbia River between Priest Rapids Dam and McNary Dam; held a working session on the dose calculational model with PNL staff, TSP members, and three members of the public; presented an overview of the HEDR Project's Quality Assurance (QA) program to six members of the TSP; continued internal PNL clearance on several draft reports, which will become part of the Phase I summary report; completed entry of meteorological data for 1983 through 1987 into the meteorological data base; completed verification of the modified MESOILT code; completed preliminary reviews of the analytical methods used as the basis for determining potential biases and the level of uncertainty for two milestones, 0504-B, Measured River Fish Concentrations and 0503-B, Final River and Sediment Monitoring Data; and completed the creation and verification of data files on radionuclide concentrations in vegetation through August 1946.

The leaching and transport of chemical constituents from spent oil shale disposal areas is an area of environmental concern at the present time. Sulfur-containing compounds are prevalent in spent oil shales and have the potential to leach into aqueous systems surrounding disposal sites. Computer modeling has been used in recent years to predict the transport of species in an aqueous environment. The quality of model predictions, however, depends on the validation steps taken in comparing model predictions with laboratory data on ion speciation. Further, the quality of the validation step depends on the reliability of laboratory methods in generating ion speciation data. The purpose of this study was to develop methods to separate and quantify sulfur-containing anions in spent oil shale leachates by suppressed ion chromatography. The anions studied were S{sup 2{minus}} (sulfide), SO{sup 2{minus}}{sub 3} (sulfite), SO{sup 2{minus}}{sub 4} (sulfate), SCN{sup {minus}} (thiocyanate), S{sub 2}O{sup 2{minus}}{sub 3} (thiosulfate), and S{sub 4}O{sup 2{minus}}{sub 6} (tetrathionate). After the separations were developed, a series of method-challenging experiments were performed to test the reliability of the methods and assure the development of an analytically sound product. 24 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs.

It is shown that the forward matrix elements of j{sub 5}{sup {mu}}, the flavor singlet axial vector current, do not measure the helicity carried by quarks and anti-quarks but also include a spin-dependent gluonic component due to the anomaly. Detailed phenomenological and field theoretic reasons are given for the necessity of a gluonic component in the matrix element of j{sub 5}{sup {mu}}. The first higher order corrections to the basic box and triangle graphs are discussed and shown not to modify the conclusions drawn in the leading order calculation. We close with a few comments on the possible phenomenological implications of the anomalous contribution. 25 refs., 6 figs.

Time-of-flight neutron powder diffraction offers unique capabilities for structural studies at high pressure. Scientific applications have included studies of compression mechanisms, new high-pressure structures, and phase transitions. 11 refs., 1 fig.

We describe an ultra-high density scintillating fiber and tungsten calorimeter used as an active beam-dump for electrons. Data showing the calorimeter response to electrons with momenta between 50 and 350 GeV/c are presented. 9 figs.

Most energy discharge power supplies obtain their bursts of power from the energy stored in charged capacitors when it is suddenly released into a load. This note describes the design of a similar small 800 Joules energy discharge type power supply and magnet. The magnet gap is 2 in.{times}2 in.{times}25-1/2 in. long and produces about 4.4 kGauss-meters at a rate of 12 pulses per minute. Each pulse is current regulated at the top for a duration of 6 msec. and varies less than 0.6% of set value. Current regulation at flattop is obtained by switching a resistor in and out of the discharge circuit with an IGBT at a rate of about 5 kHz. Most energy discharge systems produce half sine wave pulses, and current regulation is obtained by controlling the charge voltage at the energy storage capacitor, resulting only in a controlled peak current value of the half sine wave pulse. The current value at the top changes substantially during 6 msec. depending on the operating frequency.

General framework of linear first order differential equation for four-point conformal block is studied by using flat connection. Integrability and SL{sub 2} invariance restrict possible form of flat connection. Under a special ansatz classical Yang-Baxter equation appears as an integrability condition and the WZW model turns to be unique conformal field theory in that case. Monodromy property of conformal block can be easily determined by the flat connection. 11 refs.

Limitations placed on wire chambers by radiation damage and rate requirements in the SSC environment are reviewed. Possible conceptual designs for wire chamber tacking systems that meet these requirements are discussed. Computer simulation studies of tracking in such systems are presented. Simulations of events from interesting physics at the SSC, including hits from minimum bias background events, are examined. Results of some preliminary pattern recognition studies are given. 13 refs., 11 fig., 1 tab.

Device structures and operation principles are described for detecting various kinds of radiation with hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) layers. With some new configurations such as the buried p-i-n structure and the use of interdigitated electrodes, the a-Si:H radiation detectors will find their applications in many fields of science. Some applications in high energy physics, medical imaging, materials sciences and life sciences are discussed in this paper. 41 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.

This paper presents a recently modified version of the 2-D code, DART, which can simulate the behavior of a beam of charged particles whose trajectories are determined by electric and magnetic fields. This code was originally used to design laboratory-scale and full-scale beam direct converters. Since then, its utility has been expanded to allow more general applications. The simulation includes space charge, secondary electrons, and the ionization of neutral gas. A beam can contain up to nine superimposed beamlets of different energy and species. The calculation of energy conversion efficiency and the method of specifying the electrode geometry are described. Basic procedures for using the code are given, and sample input and output fields are shown. 7 refs., 18 figs.

The poloidal field of a tokamak can be determined by observing the light emitted by He/sup +/ ions injected into the plasma by a perpendicular He/sup 0/ beam. These ions will orbit in small circles located where the neutral atom became ionized, and they will remain there for a few microseconds. During this time, some of these ions will also emit light at various spectral lines. The observed spectrum of any of these lines will have a peculiar and very wide shape, and it will be offset (Doppler shifted) with respect to the natural line location. The location and width of the spectral pattern provide independent information about the components of the poloidal field which are parallel and perpendicular to the beam velocity, and this information is local to the point where the light is emitted. For a horizontal beam, these components are b/sub x/ and b/sub y/, respectively. The difference in Doppler shift between two measurement points above one another (at the top and bottom of the beam) is directly proportional to /delta/b/sub x/, which in turn is proportional to the transform on that flux surface. Thus, this technique provides a means to measure directly local values of q(r). …

An inventory verification procedure was developed for facilities with very large and diverse item inventories to meet the material control and accountability performance requirements specified in the US Department of Energy orders for protracted thefts or diversions. The large number of special nuclear material (SNM)-bearing items in the material balance area inventory mandates that a statistical sampling plan be implemented. Containment of the SNM in a wide range of quantities and in different types of items permits the stratification of the inventory into ranges defined by the attractiveness of the SNM. The attractiveness of the SNM is defined by the average quantity of /sup 235/U removable by an adversary per man-hour. Inventory verification periods were determined from the minimum length of time required for an adversary to obtain the target quantity of SNM from each stratum. The number of items to be verified within each stratum was calculated based on the desired detection probability. 3 refs., 3 tabs.

It has been found necessary to perform a series of first-wall conditioning steps prior to successful high power plasma operation in the Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor (TFTR). This series begins with glow discharge cleaning (GDC) and is followed by pulse discharge cleaning (PDC). During machine conditioning, the production of impurities is monitored by a Residual Gas Analyzer (RGA). PDC is made in two distinct modes: Taylor discharge cleaning (TDC), where the plasma current is kept low (15--50 kA) and of short duration (50 ms) by means of a relatively high prefill pressure and aggressive PDC, where lower prefill pressure and higher toroidal field result in higher current (200--400 kA) limited by disruptions at q(a) /approx/ 3 at /approx/ 250 ms. At a constant repetition rate of 12 discharges/minute, the production rate of H/sub 2/O, CO, or other impurities has been found to be an unreliable measure of progress in cleaning. However, the ability to produce aggressive PDC with substantial limiter heating, but without the production of x-rays from runaway electrons, is an indication that TDC is no longer necessary after /approx/ 10/sup 5/ pulses. During aggressive PDC, the uncooled limiters are heated by the plasma from the bakeout temperature of …

The principal source of negative ion generation in hydrogen discharges is now recognized to be low-energy electron attachment to H/sub 2/(/nu//prime//prime/) molecules excited to the middle portion of the vibrational spectrum. Electron excitation processes are generally taken to be the principal source of H/sub 2/(/nu//prime//prime/) generation, with high-energy excitations through the singlet spectrum being the principal excitation process populating the active portion of the vibrational spectrum. A description of the collisional re-excitation from level /nu//prime//prime/, to level /nu//prime//prime/, requires 15 /times/ 15 matrix of cross sections linking all initial and final levels. These cross sections have been evaluated and incorporated into the modelling code. An additional source of vibrational excitation may be derived from recombination of H/sub 2//sup +/ and H/sub 3//sup +/ ions on the surfaces of the discharge. In this case the molecular ions will impinge with kinetic energies given by the plasma potential, 1--10 eV. In this paper we report the evaluation of H/sub 2/(/nu//prime//prime/) resulting from the surface recombination process. The use of low-work-function materials for the discharge surfaces makes possible two additional source of negative ions: the direct formation of negative ions by hydrogen atoms rebounding from the surface, and the dissociation of H/sub 2//sup …

The MHTGR is an advanced reactor concept being developed under a cooperative program involving the US Government, the utilities and the nuclear industry. The programs objective is the development of an environmentally safe, reliable, and economic nuclear power option for the USA and other nations of the world. HTGR design features, such as the ceramic fuel, helium coolant, and graphite moderator, are incorporated into the MHTGR reference plant design which incorporates four 350 MW(t) reactor modules. This papers objective is to describe those plant features, which minimize the environmental impact of MHTGR operation through efficient energy production, management of normal plant non-radioactive/radioactive effluents, and inherent characteristics and passive safety features which ensure benign plant site suitability source terms. 16 refs.

With the advent of the SLAC electron-positron linear collider (SLC) in the 100 GeV center-of-mass energy range, research and development work on even higher energy machines of this type has started in several laboratories in the United States, Europe, the Soviet Union and Japan. These linear colliders appear to provide the only promising approach to studying e/sup /plus//e/sup /minus// physics at center-of-mass energies approaching 1 TeV. This thesis concerns itself with the study of radio frequency properties of periodic accelerating structures for linear colliders and their interaction with bunched beams. The topics that have been investigated are: experimental measurements of the energy loss of single bunches to longitudinal modes in two types of structures, using an equivalent signal on a coaxial wire to simulate the beam; a method of canceling the energy spread created within a single bunch by longitudinal wakefields, through appropriate shaping of the longitudinal charge distribution of the bunch; derivation of the complete transient beam-loading equation for a train of bunches passing through a constant-gradient accelerator section, with application to the calculation and minimization of multi-bunch energy spread; detailed study of field emission and radio frequency breakdown in disk-loaded structures at S-, C- and X-band frequencies under …

Sputtering erosion of the proposed ITER divertor has been analyzed using the REDEP computer code. A carbon coated plate at medium and low plasma edge temperatures, as well as beryllium and tungsten plates, have been examined. Peak net erosion rates for C and Be are very high (/approximately/20--80 cm/burn/center dot/yr) though an order of magnitude less than the gross rates. Tritium buildup rates in codeposited carbon surface layers may also be high (/approximately/50--250 kg/burn/center dot/yr). Plasma contamination, however, from divertor sputtering is low (/approx lt/.5%). Operation with low Z divertor plates, at high duty factors, therefore appears unacceptable due to erosion, but may work for low duty factor (/approximately/2%) ''physics phase'' operation. Sweeping of the poloidal field lines at the divertor can reduce erosion, by typical factors of /approximately/2--8. A tungsten coated plate works well, from the erosion standpoint, for plasma plate temperatures of /approximately/40 eV or less. 18 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.