Guidelines for the control of moisture in attics are in a state of flux. The 1981 ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals gives only ''Past Practice'', and notes that such practice might not be currently valid. Furthermore, in the past it was assumed that the attic was an inert structure on which moisture would either condense or pass through unaffected. Results are presented which show that the attic is in a constant state of flux, absorbing and releasing moisture. A mathematical model for predicting the moisture content of attic wood members is presented. The model is used to predict hour-by-hour attic air humidity ratio, and seasonal wood moisture content. Results are compared with measured data. The application of the model to the re-calculation of attic ventilation standards is discussed, both with respect to condensation and wood rot.

Studies of laminar shocks based on ISEE observations of terrestrial bow shocks, simulation, and theory are presented.

As of this writing, all existing simultaneous x-ray observations of gamma-ray bursts (that is, observation having useful sensitivity below 30 keV at the time of the burst) have been serendipitous. Otherwise stated, there has never been a true GRB instrument designed to collect data in the <30 keV regime. Consequently, all the x-ray measurements have been compromised to some extent by experimental configurations not intended for GRB observations. Until recently, the experimental picture was further complicated by the fact that bursts were not well characterized even at gamma-ray energies. It is therefore not surprising that a reasonable observational understanding of the x-ray emission from GRBs has been difficult to attain. 7 refs., 9 figs.

Leaks in LMFBR steam generators cannot entirely be prevented; thus the steam generators and the intermediate heat transport system (IHTS) of an LMFBR must be designed to withstand the effects of the leaks. A large-scale leak which might result from a sudden break of a steam generator tube, and the resulting sodium-water reaction (SWR) can generate large pressure pulses that propagate through the IHTS and exert large forces on the piping supports. This paper discusses computer programs for analyzing long-term flow and thermal effects in an LMFBR secondary system resulting from large-scale steam generator leaks, and the status of the development of the codes.

A wide range of phenomena is observed in heavy-ion collisions, calling for a comprehensive theory based on fundamental principles of many-particle quantum mechanics. At low energies, the nuclear dynamics is controlled by the mean field, as we know from spectroscopic nuclear physics. We therefore expect the comprehensive theory of collisions to contain mean-field theory at low energies. The mean-field theory is the subject of the first lectures in this chapter. This theory can be studied quantum mechanically, in which form it is called TDHF (time-dependent Hartree-Fock), or classically, where the equation is called the Vlasov equation. 25 references, 14 figures.

This paper presents current ideas from Berkeley concerning a possible new facility for studying the phase transition from hadronic matter to quark matter. The physics ideas have evolved over a period of more than five years, the VENUS concept for a 25 GeV/nucleon colliding beam facility having been presented in 1979. The concept for the Minicollider has been, like that of VENUS, the work of Hermann Grunder and Christoph Leemann.

Since the invention of the alternating gradient principle there has been a rapid evolution of the mathematics and physics techniques applicable to charged particle optics. In this publication we derive a differential equation and a matrix algebra formalism valid to second-order to present the basic principles governing the design of charged particle beam transport systems. A notation first introduced by John Streib is used to convey the essential principles dictating the design of such beam transport systems. For example the momentum dispersion, the momentum resolution, and all second-order aberrations are expressed as simple integrals of the first-order trajectories (matrix elements) and of the magnetic field parameters (multipole components) characterizing the system. 16 references, 30 figures.

Rapporteur's summary reports are given the following workshop sessions: geological background and overview of the Long Valley hydrothermal-magnetic system and processes, concepts and models based on seismological data, electrical and electromagnetic models, and deformation and gravity. 31 references, 36 figures. (MHR)

For many years the orientation dependence of the characteristic x-ray emission close to a Bragg reflection has been regarded as a hindrance to accurate microanalysis, and a random incident beam direction has always been recommended for accurate composition analysis. However, this orientation dependence can be put to use to extract information on the lattice location of foreign atoms within the crystalline matrix. Here a generalization of the technique is described which is applicable to any crystal structure including monatomic crystals, and can quantitatively determine substitutional fractions of impurities. The technique was referred to as electron channeling analysis, by analogy with the closely related and widely used bulk technique of ion channeling analysis, and was developed for lattice location studies of dopants in semiconductors at high spatial resolution. Only two spectra are required for each channeling analysis, one in each of the channeling conditions described above. If the matrix and dopant x-ray yields vary identically between the two orientations then the dopant necessarily lies within the reflecting matrix planes. If the dopant x-ray yield does not vary the dopant atoms are randomly located with respect to the matrix planes. 10 references, 2 figures.

Axion models often have a spontaneously broken exact discrete symmetry. In that case, they have discretely degenerate vacua and hence domain walls. The properties of the domain walls, the cosmological catastrophe they produce and the ways in which this catastrophe may be avoided are explained. Cosmology and astrophysics provide arguments that imply the axion decay constant should lie in the range 10/sup 8/ GeV less than or equal to f/sub a/ less than or equal to 10/sup 12/ GeV. Reasons are given why axions are an excellent candidate to constitute the dark matter of galactic halos. Using the coupling of the axions to the electromagnetic field, detectors are described to look for axions floating about in the halo of our galaxy and for axions emitted by the sun. (LEW)

Neutrons can provide information on magnetic phenomena at surfaces. The simplest experiment involves the measurement of the reflectivity of a well-collimated beam from the surface, as a function either of the neutron wavelength or of the angle of incidence theta/sub i/. Using polarized neutrons, the spin-dependent reflectivity of a magnetically-active material can determine the depth profile of the magnetic induction B. A prototype instrument at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at Argonne has already demonstrated the feasibility of this technique in determining the penetration depth of an external magnetic field in superconductors. Further experiments are being planned to study the magnetic disturbances close to the surface of ferromagnets; a first experiment on films of iron oxides showed a remarkable change of the magnetic depth profile with increasing oxidation.

Ion beam mixing experiments on thin Pt, Au, and Ni markers in Al and Si have performed at 17, 85, and 300 K. After irradiation with 300-keV Ar ions the broadening and relative shifts of the markers have been determined by RBS measurements. The marker broadenings are more pronounced in Si than in Al; in both matrices the broadenings decrease in the following order: Au, Pt, and Ni. No dependence of mixing on irradiation temperature was observed between 17 and 300 K. The shifts of the heavy Au and Pt markers relative to the Ni markers are approximately equal to the experimental accuracy. However, a shift of the Ni marker toward the surface relative to the heavier Au and Pt markers was consistently observed. 13 references, 2 figures.

We describe an analog fiber optic gamma-ray diagnostic system that can transmit signals through fiber cables 600 to 700 m long with a system bandwidth exceeding 1 GHz and measure the relative timing between signals to within 0.3 ns. Gamma rays are converted to visible light via the Cerenkov process in a short length of a radiation-resistant optical fiber. A graded-index optical fiber transmits this pulse to a recording station where the broadened pulse is compensated for material dispersion and recorded using a streak camera. The streak camera can simultaneously record 20 to 30 data channels on a single piece of film. The system has been calibrated using electron linear accelerators and fielded on two experiments.

Pre-test calculations indicate that, for the STEP-1 (Source Term Experimental Program) test, cladding temperatures in excess of 4200/sup 0/F can be reached on a heatup transient similar to that of the AD accident sequence in a 20-min test duration. This is well above the Zircaloy melting point of approx. 3350/sup 0/F and should provide a degree of cladding disruption sufficient to allow a singificant release of products from the fuel into the flowing steam. The same temperature range can be reached in a 60-min-duration run to simulate the TQUW sequence for the STEP-2 test. The complete paper will present initial experimental results from these two tests and perhaps from the two TMLB' simulations run without and with control rod material in STEP-3 and STEP-4, respectively.

This lecture is a status report on work we have been doing at SLAC on studies of large linear colliders (LLC) with energies far beyond those attainable with either the SLC or LEP.

The steam-driven GKSS pressure suppression test facility, which contains 3 full scale vent pipes, has been used for 5 years to investigate the postulated loss-of-coolant accident in a Mark II and Type 69 boiling water reactor. Using the results from several of these tests, wetwell boundary load data (peak pressures and spectral power) during the chugging stage, have been evaluated for sparse pool response (one and two vents in the three vent pool) and for full pool response (one, two, or three vent operation in pools of constant wetwell pool area per vent). The sparse pool results indicate the pool-system, chug event boundary loads are strongly dependent on wetwell pool area per vent, with the load increasing with decreasing area. The full pool results show a substantial increase in the pool-system, chug event boundary loads upon a change from single cell to double cell operation; only minor change occurs in going from double to triple cell operation.

One of the broader applications of synchrotron radiation has been to EXAFS studies for material structure determination, i.e., for an analysis of x-ray absorption over an extended energy region beyond a core ionization limit. Studies of the near edge structure (XANES) give a different type of information, characteristic of the local symmetry and electronic configuration of the absorbing atom. This type of information is reflected also in the x-ray emission spectra, in particular for transitions involving the valence levels. Examination of the near edge absorption or the emission spectrum does not require an instrument capable of scanning a wide energy range with high counting statistics, as does EXAFS; the needs are rather for good resolution and a reliable calibration of the energy scale. Some of the problems of near edge spectra were particularly evident in our investigation of Ru-L..beta../sub 2/ /sub 15/ emission from Ru(NH/sub 3/)/sub 6/Cl/sub 3/. The Ru-L..beta../sub 2/ /sub 15/ emission was measured with a laboratory Rowland circle x-ray spectrometer with a curved quartz (1010) crystal (radius = 22 inches) in a fixed position appropriate to the energy range, and a position sensitive detector which can be positioned along the Rowland circle. The Ru spectrum was excited …

CDF, the Collider Detector at Fermilab, is a collaboration of almost 150 physicists from ten US universities (University of Chicago, Brandeis University, Harvard University, University of Illinois, University of Pennsylvania, Purdue University, Rockefeller University, Rutgers University, Texas A and M University, and University of Wisconsin), three US DOE supported national laboratories (Fermilab, Argonne National Laboratory, and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory), Italy (Frascati Laboratory and University of Pisa), and Japan (KEK National Laboratory and Unversity of Tsukuba). The primary physics goal for CDF is to study the general features of proton-antiproton collisions at 2 TeV center-of-mass energy. On general grounds, we expect that parton subenergies in the range 50 to 500 GeV will provide the most interesting physics at this energy. Work at the present CERN Collider has already demonstrated the richness of the 100 GeV scale in parton subenergies.

We have determined experimentally the absolute gamma-ray to Cerenkov-light conversion efficiency for pure-silica-core optical fibers in the vicinity of metallic Compton-converter slabs. To measure the energy dependence of this process, we used /sup 60/Co and /sup 24/Na radiation sources. The results show how the conversion efficiency varies with Compton-converter material, thickness, angle of the fiber, and fiber-converter distance. We also performed computer calculations of conversion efficiency. This method employs an electron-photon transport code named SANDYL together with analytical calculations of Cerenkov-light generation. We compare the results of these calculations with experimental results.

The reasons for constructing large arrays of Compton-suppressed germanium detectors are discussed and a description is given of the Berkeley array, presently under construction. Preliminary results from the Berkeley system are given for the nucleus /sup 156/Er. A transition is seen, around spin 30, from collective rotational behavior to non-collective single-particle behavior. The transition depends on configuration, as well as spin. 4 references, 7 figures.

Variations in soil loss as a function of certain land use and land management practices were investigated on a small watershed in the Texas Panhandle using CREAMS, a recently developed computer model capable of simulating dynamic rainfall, runoff, and erosion processes over the time-frame of decades. Simulations of different curve numbers, three types of cropping, and varying crop yield and plowing practices were made to determine the sensitivity of soil loss to these parameters. Comparisons were made to actual in-field measurements of soil loss on experimental plots. 8 references, 3 figures.

An empirical model has been developed for the spread of airborne radioactive particles after they are released inside a building. The model has been useful in performing safety analyses of actinide materials facilities at the Savannah River Plant (SRP), operated for the US Department of Energy by the Du Pont Company. These facilities employ the multiple-air-zone concept; that is, ventilation air flows from rooms or areas of least radioactive material hazard, through zones of increasing hazard, to a treatment system. A composite of the data for dispersion of airborne activity during 12 actual case incidents at SRP forms the basis for this model. These incidents occurred during approximately 90 plant-years of experience at SRP with the chemical and metallurgical processing of purified neptunium and plutonium after their recovery from irradiated uranium. The model gives ratios of the airborne activity concentrations in rooms and corridors near the site of the release. All data are normalized to the data from the air sampler nearest the release point. The model can be applied in predicting airborne activity concentrations from particulate releases elsewhere, if the facility in question has similar features of floor plan, air velocity, and air flow direction. The multiple-air-zone concept has …

An experimental study of the susceptibility of wickless titanium/potassium heat pipes to corrosive attack has been conducted in vacuo at 800/sup 0/K for 6511h and at 900/sup 0/K for 4797h without failure or degradation. Some movement of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen was observed in the titanium container tube, but no evidence of attack could be detected in metallographic cross sections of samples taken along the length of the heat pipes. The lack of observable attack of titanium by potassium under these conditions refutes previous reports of Ti-K incompatibility.

We have begun a program designed to study hard quark-quark scattering with exclusive reactions, focusing on quasi-elastic two-body reactions with all possible quark flavor exchanges. Examples are ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. ..pi../sup -/p, rho/sup -/p, ..pi../sup +/..delta../sup -/, K/sup +/..sigma../sup -/, or K..lambda... Of the two-body exclusives, only elastic scattering had been measured at such large t previous to our experiment. By comparing the relative importance of different final states, the energy dependence of the production ratios of these states, the prominence of resonances such as rho/sup -/ over background in this region, and measuring polarizations where accessible, we have collected a large body of data on hard scattering in a completely new domain. Previously, essential all short distance QCD tests have been for inclusive processes. We have taken data with both negative and positive incident beam at 10 GeV/c on a hydrogen target and will present the first results, for ..pi../sup -/p ..-->.. ..pi../sup -/p and rho/sup -/p at THETA/sub cm/ = 90/sup 0/, -t = 9 GeV/sup 2//c/sup 2/. The apparatus consists of a magnetic spectrometer, with Cerenkov particle identification, which selects stable charged particles (protons in this case) at high momentum near 90/sup 0/ in the center-of-mass. A …