The computer programs, including HYBRID, VSYS, VEHIC and CRASH, used to compute the energy and fuel consumption, life-cycle costs and performance characteristics of a hybrid electric-powered vehicle are described and their use documented. (LCL)

The results are presented of a comprehensive systems study which assessed the engineering and economic feasibilities of the production of methanol from biomass utilizing existing technology. The three major components of the biomass to methanol system assessed are the availability of biomass feedstocks, the thermochemical conversion of biomass to methanol fuels, and the distribution and markets for methanol fuels. The results of this study show that methanol fuel can be produced from biomass using commercially available technology in the near term, and could be produced economically in significant quantities in the mid-to-late 1980's when advanced technology is available.

Crop residues could serve as an alternative energy source for producing electric power and heat in agricultural regions of the United States. Nearly 2 quads of residues are estimated to be available as a sustainable annual yield. These can substitute for up to one quad of conventional fuels used to generate electricity and up to an additional quad of petroleum and natural gas currently used for producing heat. The most promising routes to residue conversion appear to be regional generators sized in the megawatt range, and the mixing of residues with coal for burning in coal power plants. Costing farmers from $0.70 to $1.25 per million Btu, to harvest and prepare for use as a fuel, residues can be a competitive renewable energy supply.

In the Northeast region, the physical potential for all sites exceeds 33,000 MW of capacity with an estimated average annual energy of some 153,000 GWH. By comparison, the available data represent about 6% of the total capacity and 11% of the hydroelectric energy potential estimated for the entire US. Of the total capacity estimated for the region, 6100 MW has been installed. The remainder (27,200 MW, excluding the undeveloped capacity in the New England States) is the maximum which could be developed by upgrading and expanding existing projects (18,700 MW), and by installing new hydroelectric power capacity at all potentially feasible, undeveloped sites (8500 MW). Small-scale facilities account for about 15% of the region's total installed capacity, but another 1800 MW could be added to these and other small water-resource projects. In addition, 500 MW could be installed at potentially feasible, undeveloped small-scale sites. The small-scale resource varies considerably, with the states of New York, Maine, and New Hampshire having the largest potential for incremental development at existing projects in the Northeast region. West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Vermont, and Maine comprise the Northeast region.

The design requirements, design philosophy, method and assumptions, and preliminary computer-aided design of the Near-Term Hybrid Vehicle including its electric and heat power units, control equipment, transmission system, body, and overall vehicle characteristics are presented. (LCL)

The assumptions made, analysis methods used, and preliminary results of research to determine the design specifications for a hybrid electric-powered and internal combustion engine-powered vehicle that would optimize the fuel economy of passenger automobiles are described. Information is included on body and component design, selection of spark-ignition engine and Ni-Zn batteries, life-cycle costs and life-cycle fuel consumption. (LCL)

The pyrolysis products of benzene and toluene were studied as functions of temperature (up to 2000/sup 0/C) and pressure. Above 1400/sup 0/C, most of the larger species are unstable; above 1700/sup 0/C, no species heavier than C/sub 6/H/sub 6/ are observed at any pressure. Above 1500/sup 0/C and at higher pressures, the products are dominated by species containing even numbers of carbon atoms (C/sub 2/ to C/sub 12/). While polyacetylenes up to C/sub 8/H/sub 2/ were observed, they are present in low abundances, with the max concentrations occurring at 1350/sup 0/C. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are formed readily. 6 figures. (DLC)

The study is presented in five sections: design loads, conceptual designs, trade studies, cost analysis and concept evaluation and ranking. Extensive appendixes provide back up calculations and data to support the results. Environmental forces and yaw moments acting on the barge and spar in the various design sea states are presented including wave, wind and current effects. A parametric analysis illustrates the impact on holding power requirement of varying the return periods for operational and extreme sea state. The conceptual designs are presented for the barge followed by those for the spar, including configuration definition, performance characteristics, interfaces, areas for development, and deployment scenarios for selected concepts. The concept definition is followed by a set of trade studies that were performed to evaluate candidate anchor types and anchor leg materials. Parametric variations in anchor leg characteristics, wire-rope-to-chain length ratio for example, illustrate the influence of the significant design parameters on performance. An extensive cost analysis of the candidate SKSS concepts is presented, including cost estimates, life cycle cost scenarios leading to expected value of life cycle cost, and cost equivalence of operational failures. An evaluation of the eight SKSS concepts is presented, including assessment of performance and rankings based on …

One of the largest consumers of energy in industrial processing is the equipment that concentrates weak aqueous solutions to stronger more sellable or reusable concentrations. The technical and economic feasibility of applying freeze concentration (that is, crystallization and removal from solution of pure solvent - water) as an alternative to heat evaporation (or distillation) to three industrial applications is established. For each of the applications - pulp mill black liquor concentration, acetic acid recovery and orange juice concentration - the economic analyses indicate that the energy savings achievable by freezing justify the respective capital investments with pay out periods of generally one to three years. Past freeze concentration operations have been in the 10,000 to 100,000 gallons per day range for sea water desalination. Research and development work will be required to adapt this work to the three industrial applications.

The major areas of environmental concern with regard to the commercialization of coal-fired MHD generators are discussed. MHD technology and expectations about its future utilization are described. Information pertinent to the technology was drawn from the DOE technology program office and from an Environmental Development Plan developed for the technology by EV and the program office through an Environmental Coordination Committee. The environmental concerns associated with the technology are examined, and the current status of knowledge about each concern and its potential seriousness and manageability through regulation and control technology, is discussed. Present and projected societal capabilities to reduce and control undesirable environmental, health, safety, and related social impacts to a level of public acceptability -- as reflected in current and proposed environmental standards -- which will allow the technology to be commercialized and utilized in a timely manner are summarized. The ERD as a whole thus provides an assessment, within the limits of available knowledge and remaining uncertainties, of the future environmental readiness of the technology to contribute to the meeting of the Nation's energy needs. (WHK)

Results of temperature logging the five DOE 1000 foot test wells in Delaware indicate that the potential is good for a relatively low temperature geothermal resource (temperatures less than about 80/sup 0/C). A preliminary Bouguer gravity map was made for portions of Kent and Sussex counties in order to detect gravity anomalies possibly related to granitic plutons. The map indicates a gravity low trending northeast-southwest across Sussex County that could be indicative of other structural features within the basement rocks beneath the Coastal Plain. Other logging activities and study of the cores and drill cuttings in the DOE test holes were useful in better defining the stratigraphic framework and in determining the fresh-salt water interface in southern Delaware.

This publication provides a localized source of descriptions for the evaluations contained in the ENDF/B Library. The summary documentation presented is intended to be a more detailed description than the (File 1) comments contained in the computer readable data files, but not so detailed as the formal reports describing each ENDF/B evaluation. The summary documentations were written by the CSEWB (Cross Section Evaluation Working Group) evaluators and compiled by NNDC (National Nuclear Data Center). This edition includes documentation for materials found on ENDF/B Version V tapes 501 to 516 (General Purpose File) excluding tape 504. ENDF/B-V also includes tapes containing partial evaluations for the Special Purpose Actinide (521, 522), Dosimetry (531), Activation (532), Gas Production (533), and Fission Product (541-546) files. The materials found on these tapes are documented elsewhere. Some of the evaluation descriptions in this report contain cross sections or energy level information. (RWR)

The three-year contract expired on August 28, 1978, without completion of the original intent of testing the effectiveness of carbon dioxide on effective enhanced oil recovery agent, owing to unforeseen problems of environment control, the dump flood and extreme weather condition. However, all of the preparations for carbon dioxide has been accomplished and the pilot is in excellent condition for proceeding with the program. Although cost overruns may be over $1,500,000, additional testing over that programmed indicates that the pilot operation will be more successful than previously hoped for. Guyan Oil Company has developed a two year plan of operation to complete the program.

This report presents 14 conceptual flow sheets and major equipment lists for coal handling and preparation operations that could be required for future, commercial coal conversion plants. These flow sheets are based on converting 50,000 tons per day of clean coal representative of the Pittsburgh and Kentucky No. 9 coal seams. Flow sheets were used by Union Carbide Corporation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, in a survey of coal handling/preparation equipment requirements for future coal conversion plants. Operations covered in this report include run-of-mine coal breaking, coarse coal cleaning, fine coal cleaning, live storage and blending, fine crushing (crushing to top sizes ranging from 1/4-inch to 20 mesh), drying, and grinding (70 percent minus 200 mesh). Two conceptual flow sheets and major equipment lists are also presented for handling ash or granulated slag and other solid wastes produced by nine leading coal conversion processes. These flow sheets provide for solid wastes transport to an environmentally acceptable disposal site as either dry solids or as a water slurry.

The objective of this research program is to investigate the technical and economic feasibility of producing solar-cell-quality sheet silicon. We plan to do this by coating one surface of carbonized ceramic substrates with a thin layer of large-grain polycrystalline silicon from the melt. During the quarter, significant progress was demonstrated in several areas: (1) a 10-cm/sup 2/ cell having 9.9 percent conversion efficiency (AM1, AR) was fabricated; (2) the Honeywall-sponsored SCIM coating development succeeded in producing a 225-cm/sup 2/ layer of sheet silicon (18 inches x 2 inches); and (3) 100 ..mu..m-thick coatings at pull speed of 0.15 cm/sec wer$obta9ned, although apoproximately 50 percent of the layer exhibited dendritic growth. Other results and accomplishments during the quarter are reported in detail. (WHK)

The current program to convert biomass into liquid hydrocarbon fuels is an extension of the previous program to ferment marine algae to acetic acid. In that study, it was found that marine algae could be converted to higher aliphatic organic acids and that these acids could be readily removed from the fermentation both by membrane or liquid-liquid extraction. It was then proposed to convert these higher organic acids to aliphatic hydrocarbons via Kolbe Electrolysis, which may be used as a diesel fuel. The accompishments in this program for the first year of work are as follows: a coenzyme M anologue, 2-bromoethanesulfonic acid has been shown to be an effective suppressor of methane in nonsterile anaerobic fermentation of cellulosic substrates; a tapered auger device has been designed and built which has been demonstrated on the bench to be effective for adding substrate and removing residue in a continuous manner from a fixed packed bed fermenter; a solvent extracter system using kerosene as the nonaqueous phase has been constructed and is currently in operation in series with the 300 liter fixed packed bed fermenter; although additional work is required to optimize the electrolysis process the electrolytic oxidation of organic acids produced in …

The estimates of existing, incremental, and the undeveloped hydropower potential for all states in the various regions of the country are presented. In the Pacific Southwest region, the maximum physical potential for all sites exceeds 33,000 MW of capacity with an estimated average annual energy greater than 85,000 GWH. By comparison, these values represent about 6% of the total potential capacity and hydroelectric energy generation estimated for the entire US. Of the total capacity estimated for the region, 9900 MW has been installed. The remainder (23,200 MW) is the maximum which could be developed by upgrading and expanding existing projects (6000 MW) and by installing new hydroelectric power capacity at all potentially feasible, undeveloped sites (17,200 MW). Small-scale facilities account for less than 4% of the region's total installed capacity, but another 600 MW could be added to these and other small water resource projects. In addition, 600 MW could be installed at potentially feasible, undeveloped small-scale sites. The small-scale resource varies considerably, with the states of California and Utah having the largest potential for incremental development at existing projects in the Pacific Southwest region. States comprising the Southwest are Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, and Utah.

The estimates of existing, incremental and the undeveloped hydropower potential for all states in the various regions of the country are presented. In the Lake Central region, the maximum physical potential for all sites exceeds 26,000 MW with an estimated average annual energy of more than 75,000 GWH. By comparison, these values represent about 5% of both the total potential capacity and hydroelectric energy estimated for the entire US. Of the total capacity estimated for the region, 2600 MW has been installed. The remainder (23,600 MW) is the maximum which could be developed by upgrading and expanding existing projects (15,800 MW), and by installing new hydroelectric power capacity at all potentially feasible, undeveloped sites (7800 MW). Small-scale facilities account for some 24% of the region's total installed capacity, but another 900 MW could be added to these and other small water-resource projects. In addition, 900 MW could be installed at potentially feasible, undeveloped small-scale sites. The small-scale resource varies considerably, with the states of Michigan and Wisconsin having the largest potential for incremental development at existing projects in the Lake Central region. This Lake Central region is composed of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, and Iowa.

Separate abstracts were prepared for Parts I and II.

OTEC cold water pipes in an ocean current cross-flow will experience time dependent hydrodynamic loads induced by alternate shedding of vortices. For flexible pipes the problem becomes increasingly complex since the hydrodynamics couples with the dynamics of the pipe producing a phenomenon known as vortex strumming. The general approach taken is to first identify the important parameters influencing the motion of typical OTEC cold water pipes in still water. The relevant parameters are identified by first formulating and nondimensionalizing the structural equation of motion that is applicable to all OTEC CWP designs. An order-of-magnitude analysis then yields the parameters which most strongly influence the natural response of any given cold water pipe design. The nondimensional equation also specifies how one must scale the parameters in order to conduct a useful experiment. The natural response of the pipe serves as basis for comparison for the overall fluid-structural response. Although most of the proposed CWP designs are geometrically similar and all convey an incompressible fluid, the many combinations of materials, wall thickness-to-diameter ratios, and end conditions provide a wide variety of possible dynamic responses. For example, internal pumping is important in some designs but not in others, as is shown. However, through …

The YMCA Geothermal Heating project proposes to obtain approximately 57% of the total facility energy usage through direct application of the Klamath Falls KGRA. This will be accomplished through the design and construction of a retrofit and injection system for the utilization of an existing 110/sup 0/F geothermal energy source at the project site. The existing 2016 foot well will be outfitted with a turbine pump with variable speed drive. The well head will be enclosed by a 10' x 10' building. The geothermal fluid, pumped at a peak rate of 350 gpm will be transported to the YMCA Facility through 5'' diameter schedule 40 black iron pipe fitted with victaulic couplings for expansion. All underground supply pipes will be equipped with magnesium anodes for galvaic protection and will be insulted with 1'' thick calcium silicate insulation, with two layers of 45 number roofing felt applied with asphaltic compound. All supply lines within the building will be insulated with 1'' fiberglass insulation material with a cloth jacket. The fluids will pass through a heating coil and heat exchanger system to provide heat for the 30,000 square foot YMCA facility as well as for the 90,000 gallon swimming pool. The spent …

The Gulf Management Sciences Group (GMSG) in Pittsburgh was asked to provide assistance in performing a confidence analysis for the SRC-II demonstration plant as required by the Department of Energy. Specifically, the contract says to discuss confidence levels for plant operating and capital costs; plant operability and technical risk. It was decided that the best way to obtain estimates for these variables would be through interviews of people with substantial experience in the field. Each subject was first asked what modifications he envisioned being made to the current plant design. Discussion was limited to major systems that might require partial redesign and comments concerning the plant in general. The interviewees were next asked to estimate the probability of success for the project, given that the modifications they envisioned were in fact made. The modes of the combined distributions of the interview results indicate that the respondents in general felt that the base case estimates represented the most probable outcomes with the possible exception of the capital cost estimate. On the other hand, the respondents consistently judged that there is a chance that the demonstration plant will perform significantly worse than the base case for each of the variables that were …

The principal objective of ORNL-ESP is to demonstrate process monitoring as it might be accomplished by inspectors of any nuclear fuel recycle facility. Improved instrumentation and computer interfacing, currently being installed, provide the ORNL /sup 233/U Pilot Plant with the capability of a dynamic volume balance in the solvent extraction system. Later, an accurate, (almost) instantaneous fissile mass balance will be routinely obtainable in the Pilot Plant. Subsidiary objectives include minimizing MUF/LEMUF, detecting material diversions, and alerting appropriate authorities in control of the facility in case of process anomalies. A continuing program will examine technology which might be utilized for facility design. Ultimately, process monitoring/control integrated with safeguards can convert the ORNL /sup 233/U Pilot Plant into a partial safeguards demonstration facility.

This report on the Sensitivity of Mission Analysis and Trade-off Studies provides an analysis of the sensitivity of the results of previous mission analysis and performance specification studies to the possible variations of the values of significant parameters as projected to the year 1985. These parameters include vehicle usage by purpose, driving cycles, trip lengths, ownership projections, and life-cycle costs. Tabulated data are included from calculations with variations in these parameters. (LCL)