A conceptual heat transfer loop for Cascade, a centrifugal-action solid-breeder reaction chamber, has been investigated and results are presented. The Cascade concept, a double-cone-shaped reaction chamber, rotates along its horizontal axis. Solid Li/sub 2/O or other lithium-ceramic granules are injected tangentially through each end of the chamber. The granules cascade axially from the smaller radii at the ends to the larger radius at the center, where they are ejected into a stationary granule catcher. Heat and tritium are then removed from the granules and the granules are reinjected into the chamber. A 50% dense Li/sub 2/O granule throughput of 2.8 m/sup 3//s is transferred from the reaction chamber to the steam generators via continuous bucket elevators. The granules then fall by gravity through 4 vertical steam generators. The entire transport system is maintained at the same vacuum conditions present inside the reaction chamber.

This research is concerned with reburning, which is an NO{sub x} abatement technique involving the injection of secondary fuel into the post flame of a furnace. The specific objectives of this research are to determine whether heterogeneities inherent in diffusion flame environments can be exploited to achieve greater reductions in NO than can be achieved in premixed systems. The research project described here is but a first step to explore this question, and should be viewed more as a screening study rather than as completed research, the results of which are completely understood. The problem was attacked through both experimentation and theoretical modeling. Experiments employed a bench scale, laminar, counter-flow, diffusion flame, which was designed to simulate the stretched diffusion flamelets that arise at the interface between turbulent fuel and oxidant jets. Data gathered were of two types. First, NO destruction from the integral system was investigated through parametric studies in which only inlet and outlet species and flows were measured. Three different experimental configurations were examined, under a wide range of operating conditions, with emphasis on reburning under overall fuel lean conditions. Second, in order to gain insight into the observed phenomena, detailed axial profiles of major and minor …

A single-mode, nonlinear analysis of the 2XIIB experimental results is under development. A Model-I (infinite geometry, no mirror losses or source beams) analysis is nearly complete. Model II (mirror losses, beams, energy drag) is in progress. Nonlinear analysis of the 2..omega../sub p/ instability near the quarter-critical point in an inhomogeneous plasma is continuing.

Program 3 of Operation BREN consisted in a study of the performance of biological shields composed of various arrangements of steel, water, and borated polyethylene in spherical, cubical, and parallelepipedal geometries. Studies were also made of the radiation levels within concrete-lined and -capped pits, 4 ft in dia and 8 ft deep. The principal radiation source was the ORNL Health Physics Research Reactor, an unshielded, unreflected, 90 wt % U-10 wt % Mo, cylindrical bare-metal assembly. It was supported at heights ranging from 27 to 1500 ft by a hoist car riding outside of a 1527-ft-high steel tower. A 1200-curie Co/sup 60/ gamma-ray source, similarly supported, was substituted for the reactor for some measurements. The work reported includes measurements of fast-neutron and gamma-ray dose rates and thermal-neutron fluxes in air and within the various shields, using the reactor source, measurements of gamma-ray dose rates in air from the Co/sup 60/ gamma-ray source, and measurements of gamma-ray pulse-height spectra within the pits, also employing the Co/sup 60/ source. 8 refs., 33 figs., 29 tabs.

Strongly focused and monoenergetic charged-particle beams from modern accelerators and targets fabricated from quantities of isotopically enriched and stable materials are the essential components from many current nuclear physics experiments. Although a large body of this kind of experimental work requires substantial amounts of target material, an important subset of such experiments can be done with as little as a few ..mu..g of material. Experiments where charged particles or electrons can be focused on or transported to a detector are examples of accelerator-based studies which can be made with targets that contain relatively small amounts of material. For these kinds of studies, it then becomes possible to extend the domain of potential target materials to species which are very rare or which are unstable and undergo radioactive decay. At our laboratory during the last ten years, we have made targets for nuclear spectroscopy studies of /sup 152/Eu (13.4y), /sup 154/Eu (8.5y), /sup 249/Bk (320d), /sup 151/Sm (90y), and /sup 148/Gd (75y). We will report our experience with fabricating these and other kinds of stable targets and discuss our plans for preparing additional targets which offer interesting and exciting prospects for future nuclear research studies. 12 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

A geothermal energy feasibility study has been performed for the City of Ouray, Colorado, to determine the potential economic development opportunities to the City. The resource assessment indicates the resource to be associated with the Ouray fault zone, the Leadville limestone formation, the high thermal gradient in the area of the San Juan mountains, and the recharge from precipitation in the adjacent mountains. Four engineering designs of alternative sizes, costs, applications, and years of start-up have been defined to offer the City a range of development scales. Life cycle cost analyses have been conducted for cases of both public and private ownership. All systems are found to be feasible on both economic and technical grounds. 49 refs., 8 figs.

KRW Energy Systems, Inc., is engaged in the continuing development of a pressurized, fluidized-bed gasification process at its Waltz Mill Site in Madison, Pennsylvania. The overall objective of the program is to demonstrate the viability of the KRW process for the environmentally-acceptable production of low- and medium-Btu fuel gas from a variety of fossilized carbonaceous feedstocks and industrial fuels. This report presents process analysis of the 24 ton-per-day Process Development Unit (PDU) operations and is a continuation of the process analysis work performed in 1980 and 1981. Included is work performed on PDU process data; gasification; char-ash separation; ash agglomeration; fines carryover, recycle, and consumption; deposit formation; materials; and environmental, health, and safety issues. 63 figs., 43 tabs.

Special effects underground test (UGT) material response and source diagnostics data require impulse gages that can be used in the 50--150 ktap range and have equilibrated from electrical and mechanical noise sources within 0.001 s. Such gages were designed, analyzed, and tested under this program. One- and two-dimensional stress propagation calculations were performed and predictions were developed for deformation of the gage specimen cup. These predictions were conservative when compared to gas gun test results. The response of the gage will equilibrate within 5% to its final value within 300 {mu}sec. The impulse delivered to the gages for these tests exceeded 250 ktap. The code and experimental results provides a basis for confidence in the operability of the gage in an actual UGT environment.

The thermal-hydraulic analyses presented in this report are based on application of the subchannel concept in association with the use of bulk parameters for coolant velocity and coolant temperature within a subchannel. The interactions between subchannels are due to turbulent interchange, pressure-induced diversion crossflow, directed sweeping crossflow induced by the helical wire wrap, and transverse thermal conduction. The FULMIX-II computer program was successfully developed to perform the steady-state temperature predictions for LMFBR fuel assemblies with the reference straight-start design and the advanced wire-wrap designs. Predicted steady-state temperature profiles are presented for a typical CRBRP 217-rod wire-wrapped assembly with the selected wire-wrap designs.

This paper presents a recently modified version of the 2-D code, DART, which can simulate the behavior of a beam of charged particles whose trajectories are determined by electric and magnetic fields. This code was originally used to design laboratory-scale and full-scale beam direct converters. Since then, its utility has been expanded to allow more general applications. The simulation includes space charge, secondary electrons, and the ionization of neutral gas. A beam can contain up to nine superimposed beamlets of different energy and species. The calculation of energy conversion efficiency and the method of specifying the electrode geometry are described. Basic procedures for using the code are given, and sample input and output fields are shown. 7 refs., 18 figs.

An attractive route for producing ethylene and propylene from coal is to gasify the coal to produce synthesis gas, convert the synthesis gas to methanol, and then convert methanol to the olefins. During this report period the reactions of methanol over chabazite ion exchanged with rare earth chlorides have been studied at reciprocal liquid hourly space velocities of 1.5 to 15, at temperatures of 259, 271, 304, 352, and 427/sup 0/C, and at pressure 2.7 atm. At 259 and 271/sup 0/C the principle product was dimethyl ether. As the temperature was increased the conversion of methanol to olefins and alkanes increased to 54% and 32%, respectively. A mixture of dimethyl ether, water, and methanol was fed to the Berty reactor. This mixture was near the equilibrium concentrations for converting pure methanol to dimethyl ether and water at 275/sup 0/C. The Berty reactor temperature was 427/sup 0/C. Initially the yields were similar to those obtained when feeding pure methanol. However, the catalyst activity decreased at a faster rate. Rate models are being developed to correlate the catalyst activity and rate as a function of time on stream and partial pressures. A promising model is presented.

All-vacuum sputter deposited heterojunction solar cells of the CdS/Cu/sub 2/S and Cd/sub 1-x/Zn/sub x/S/Cu/sub 2/S types have been fabricated on glass substrates by dc reactive sputtering using cylindrical-post magnetron sputtering sources and Ar-H/sub 2/S working gases. The rear electrode is Nb. The top grid electrode is Au sputter deposited through a mechanical mask. Preliminary measurements on nonoptimized cells have yielded efficiencies of about 0.4% with short circuit currents of about 3 mA/cm/sup 2/, open circuit voltages of about 0.35V and fill factors of about 0.37. Extensive modifications are being made to the deposition apparatus which will permit greater control over the process variables and optimization of the cells. A series of experiments are reported which indicated that at the high deposition temperatures used for the Cd(Zn)S deposition (approx. 300/sup 0/C), an electrically active impurity, capable of influencing both the series resistance and the junction behavior of the cells, may pass from the Nb into the Cd(Zn)S.

This report is the second of a two-volume documentation of sensitivity analysis of project appraisal variables. The variables analyzed consist of various direct and indirect inputs to the project appraisal methodology (PAM) used by the Division of Fossil Fuel Utilization within the US Department of Energy (DOE) for annual assessment of its research and development projects. In 1979, sixteen division projects were assessed using PAM. Nine input variables were selected for analysis following the 1979 application of the methodology. Six of these inputs were considered to be key variables and are analyzed in Volume I of this report. The remaining inputs were termed additional variables and are reported on in this second volume. The additional variables are: market potential/rate of growth; market score rates; and energy benefits weights and types. The sensitivity analysis results indicate that changes in additional variables do not effect major changes with the exception of the no growth market potential scenario. The results of this study indicate that the PAM is relatively insensitive to small changes in input values. This confirms the validity fo PAMs structure.

None

This note describes thermal measurements which were done on a resistor operating both in air at one atmosphere pressure and in a vacuum of a few milliTorr. The motivation for this measurement was our interest in operating a BGO crystal-photomultiplier tube-base assembly in a vacuum, as a synchrotron radiation detector to tag electrons in the MT beam. We wished to determine what fraction of the total resistor power was dissipated by convection in air, in order to know whether there would be excessive heating of the detector assembly in a vacuum. 3 figs.

An approach for the research effort required to meet the program objective is described, leading to an outline of nine tasks comprising the planned program. Results of effort applied to tasks during the first quarter effort are described. Highlights include fabrication and evaluation of cells in Mo foil substrates, a new chemical etch method which may allow easy, rapid determination of CdS grain diameters in films, and preparation and preliminary evaluation of cell structures on single crystal CdS substrates. Several problems will require special effort in the future: poor adhesion of CdS film to Zn-plated Cu foil substrates and a high incidence of film defects attributed to particle spatter from the CdS evaporation source.

Approximately 2,000 acres of land in the center of the Hanford Reservation is contaminated with an estimated 14 Ci of /sup 137/Cs and 81 Ci of /sup 90/Sr associated with animal wastes. Approximately half of this activity is located on (or within) 2.5 centimeters of the ground surface. The source of the contamination was the B-C Cribs and trenches which were used as liquid radioactive waste disposal sites during the 1950's. The mechanism for movement of radionuclides from the disposal site to the ground surface is believed to have been burrowing by an animal (probably a badger) followed by use of the exposed material as a salt lick by rabbits and other animals. When the radioactivity was discovered, the burrow was sealed, the contaminated site was classed as a radiation zone, and surveillance initiated. The contamination site has not been a significant hazard to employees at the plant or to the public. The Atlantic Richfield Hanford Company maintained control over the surface contamination by isolation, zoning, and by continued surveillance. Methods of handling the contaminated area have been considered. Discussions of these alternatives and applicable safety analysis information are included in this document.

A summation is presented of the drilling and testing activity in the four primary study areas and the USGS designated core sites of the Western Gas Sands Project (WGSP). Pertinent review information for April, May and June 1978, included for each study area, is divided into two sections. The core program section identifies industry activity within the USGS recommended core areas and relates the status of WGSP core acquisition developments. The second part, the activity section, details drilling and testing operations of interest to the WGSP throughout the entire basin or province. Newly staked or completed wells are listed in tabular form and shown on a map. Information is included on activities in the Northern Great Plains Province, the greater Green River Basin, the Uinta Basin, and the Piceance Basin.

Southern Union Refining Company's Famariss Energy Refinery has worked diligently with Monument Solar Corporation in the conceptual and detail design for this unique application of solar generated steam. An area closely adjacent to the refinery and fronting New Mexico State Highway No. 18 has been designated for the solar collector array. Space planned for the demonstration parabolic trough array is sufficiently large to handle an array of 25,200 square feet in size - an array more than twice the size of the 10,080 square feet proposed originally. The conceptual design, performance, safety, environmental impact, and economic analysis are described. Engineering drawings are included. (WHK)

Significant activity, task status, planned research, testing, development, and conclusions for the Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) Coal-Fired Flow Facility (CFFF) and the Energy Conversion Facility (ECF), formerly the Research and Development Laboratory, are reported. CFFF Bid Package construction is now virtually complete. The remaining construction effort is being conducted by UTSI. On the quench system, another Task 1 effort, the cyclone was erected on schedule. On Tasks 2 through 6, vitiation heater and nozzle fabrication were completed, an investigation of a fish kill (in no way attributable to CFFF operations) in Woods Reservoir was conducted, major preparation for ambient air quality monitoring was made, a broadband data acquisition system for enabling broadband data to be correlated with all general performance data was selected, a Coriolis effect coal flow meter was installed at the CFFF. On Task 7, an analytical model of the coal flow combustor configuration was prepared, MHD generator testing which, in part, involved continued materials evaluation and the heat transfer characteristics of capped and uncapped electrodes was conducted, agglomerator utilization was studied, and development of a laser velocimeter system was nearly completed.

Development effort has been applied to front junction and back surface field region formation and to high speed application of AR coatings to ribbon material. Effects on cell performance of various surface preparation procedures for web silicon material have also been studied. Ultrasonic seam bonding of foil interconnects to cell metallization has been identified as a potentially higher throughput, lower cost method of interconnection than producing discrete bonds. Collecting junctions have been made in wafer cells using reagent grade POCl/sub 3/, containing titanium at the 20 ppMa level, and in such material doped with Ti to the 100 and 500 ppMa levels using TiCl/sub 4/. No electrical effect of Ti doping was detected. Cells with boron diffusions made from boron-doped glasses deposited in a Silox reactor have shown back surface field action to that in cells using glasses formed in a cold wall horizontal reactor. Antireflection coatings of TiO/sub 2/ in the 600 A range of thickness have been prepared by pulling from liquid precursor solutions at speeds ranging to 40 ft/min. Speeds above 10 ft/min are considered necessary for high throughput processing of continuous ribbon silicon. At 25 ft/min, the contribution to selling price of this process is estimated …

After over two years of successful demonstration of many design and operating concepts of the DWPF Melter system, the last Scale Glass Melter campaign was initiated on 6/9/88 and consisted of two parts; (1) simulation of noble metal buildup and (2) freeze and subsequent restart of the melter under various scenarios. The objectives were to simulate a prolonged power loss to major heating elements and to examine the characteristics of transient melter operations during a startup with a limited supply of lid heat. Experimental results indicate that in case of a total power loss to the lower electrodes such as due to noble metal deposition, spinel crystals will begin to form in the SRL 165 composite waste glass pool in 24 hours. The total lid heater power required to initiate joule heating was the same as that during slurry-feeding. Results of a radiative heat transfer analysis in the plenum indicate that under the identical operating conditions, the startup capabilities of the SGM and the DWPF Melter are quite similar, despite a greater lid heater to melt surface area ratio in the DWPF Melter.

A comparison was made of damage parameters for carbon, iron, and molybdenum irradiated in spectra for d-Li, spallation, and beam-plasma (d-t) neutron sources and a reference DEMO first wall spectrum. The transmutation results emphasize the need to define the neutron spectra at low energies; only the DEMO spectrum was so defined. The spallation spectra were also poorly defined at high neuron energies; they were too soft to produce the desired gas production rates. The treatments of neutron-induced displacement reactions were limited to below 20 MeV and transmutation reactions to below 50 MeV by the limited availability of calculational tools. Recommendations are given for further work to be performed under an international working group. 12 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

Materials for ultimate disposal of /sup 129/I have been studied. At present, iodide-sodalite, though not ideal, appears to be the best material for /sup 129/I immobilization from the aspects of ease of preparation, thermal stability, cost of materials, and leach resistance. Good consolidation of the material was achieved by sintering in air at 1000 to 1200/sup 0/C, but the iodine content was significantly below stoichiometric expectations. Hot aqueous media preferentially removed iodine, apparently by OH/sup -/ substitution in near-neutral solutions, and I reversible reaction Cl/sup -/ exchange occurred in brine. Alternation of the sodalite also took place. Soxhlet leach rates were about 5 x 10/sup -4/ g/cm/sup 2/-day by total weight loss, but physical weathering contributed significantly to this value. Moderate doses of radiation had no observable deleterious structural effects. Iodoboracites seemingly cannot be prepared by ceramic or nonhydrothermal wet chemical techniques. Fe-iodoboracite has inferior thermal stability to iodide-sodalite and was completely altered to hematite after treatment at 200/sup 0/C in deionized water. Silver zeolites retained some iodine in the form of crystalline ..cap alpha..-AgI at temperatures up to 1300/sup 0/C even though heating above approx. 700/sup 0/C altered the alumino-silicate framework. However, some of the iodine appeared to be …