The next generation of large-scale free-electron lasers (FELs) such as Euro-XFEL and LCLS are to be devices which produce coherent X-rays using Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE). The performance of these devices is limited by the spread in longitudinal velocities of the beam. In the case where this spread arises primarily from large transverse oscillation amplitudes, beam conditioning can significantly enhance FEL performance. Future X-ray sources may also exploit harmonic generation starting from laser-seeded modulation. Preliminary analysis of such devices is discussed, based on a novel trial-function/variational-principle approach, which shows good agreement with more lengthy numerical simulations.

A sufficiently large acceptance is critical for the NLC Main Damping Rings (MDR) as the high power carried by the beams demands very high injection efficiency. Chromatic sextupoles and wiggler insertions (needed for rapid damping) are substantial sources of nonlinearities limiting the dynamic aperture. We report on the techniques we are using for analysis of single-particle beam dynamics in the presence of wiggler fields with significant nonlinear components. We demonstrate that our approach gives results in good agreement with experimental data when applied to the BL11 wiggler in SPEAR2, and discuss the present status of studies for the NLC MDR.

BNL is responsible for the design and construction of the US Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring. Titanium Nitride (TiN) coating on the stainless steel vacuum chamber of the SNS accumulator ring is needed to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY) and the undesirable resonant multiplication of electrons. The total SEY of TiN coated stainless steel material has been measured after coating samples were exposed to air and after electron and ion bombardment. We report here about TiN coating system setup at BNL and SEY measurements results at CERN, SLAC and KEK. We also present some simulation results of SNS accumulator ring electron-cloud effects using different SEY values.

The luminosity of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider has improved significantly [1] over the first three physics runs. A number of special rf techniques have been developed to facilitate higher luminosity. The techniques described herein include: an ultra low-noise rf source for the 197 MHz storage rf system, a frequency shift switch-on technique for transferring bunches from the acceleration to the storage system, synchronizing the rings during the energy ramp (including crossing the transition energy) to avoid incidental collisions, installation of dedicated 200 MHZ cavities to provide longitudinal Landau damping on the ramp, and the development of a bunch merging scheme in the Booster to increase the available bunch intensity from the injectors.

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) requires a low noise rf source to ensure that beam lifetime during a store is not limited by the rf system. The beam is particularly sensitive to noise from power line harmonics. Additionally, the rf source must be flexible enough to handle the frequency jump required for rebucketing (transferring bunches from the acceleration to the storage rf systems). This paper will describe the design of a Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) based system that provides both the noise performance and the flexibility required.

A practical obstacle for stochastic cooling in high-energy colliders like RHIC is the large amount of power needed for the cooling system. Based on the coasting-beam Fokker-Planck (F-P) equation, we analytically derived the optimum cooling rate and cooling power for a beam of uniform distribution and a cooling system of linear gain function. The results indicate that the usual back-of-envelope formula over-estimated the cooling power by a factor of the mixing factor M. On the other hand, the scaling laws derived from the coasting-beam Fokker-Planck approach agree with those derived from the bunched-beam Fokker-Planck approach if the peak beam intensity is used as the effective coasting-beam intensity. A longitudinal stochastic cooling system of 4-8 GHz bandwidth in RHIC can effectively counteract intrabeam scattering, preventing the beam from escaping the RF bucket becoming debunched around the ring.

Acceleration of polarized protons in the energy range of 5 to 25 GeV is particularly difficult since depolarizing spin resonances are strong enough to cause significant depolarization but full Siberian snakes cause intolerably large orbit excursions. Using a 20-30% partial Siberian snake both imperfection and intrinsic resonances can be overcome. Such a strong partial Siberian snake was designed for the Brookhaven AGS using a dual pitch helical superconducting dipole. Multiple strong partial snakes are also discussed for spin matching at beam injection and extraction.

In this paper we discuss, and study the feasibility of a method that may be used to measure the focusing properties of a magnet. This method may prove valuable when applied to ''non-conventional'' magnets that deviate from the usual dipole magnets or other multipole magnets (quadrupoles/sextupoles etc.) which are commonly used in a synchrotron or a beam line. In this category of ''non-conventional'' magnets, fall special magnets, which come under the name ''Snakes'', which are being used in synchrotron accelerators to introduce artificial spin resonances to help overcome the intrinsic and/or imperfection spin resonances which appear during the acceleration of polarized beams. This method of measuring the focusing properties of a magnet requires the use of ''low energy'' and ''high rigidity'' heavy-ions which may be obtained from the BNL Tandem accelerator. In brief the method consists on, injecting ''narrow-beamlets'' of heavy ions into a magnet and measuring the coordinates, of these ''narrow-beamlets'', at the entrance and exit of the magnet. From the measurement of the coordinates of the ''narrow-beamlets'' we can deduce information on the R matrix (first order transfer matrix elements) and higher order matrix elements that define the focusing properties of the magnet.

One of the intensity limiting factor of RHIC polarized proton beam is the electron cloud induced pressure rise. A beam scrubbing study shows that with a reasonable period of time of running high intensity 112-bunch proton beam, the pressure rise can be reduced, allowing higher beam intensity.

Intra-beam scattering (IBS) is unavoidable for highly charged heavy ions and causes emittance growth during the store for collision physics. A longitudinal bunched beam stochastic cooling system will confine the bunch within the RF bucket increasing the useful luminosity. We describe a series of measurements in RHIC that have been used to verify our understanding of the relevant physics and the cooling system architecture that is being prototyped.

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) accumulator ring is a high intensity ring and must have low uncontrolled losses for hands on maintenance. To achieve these low losses one needs very tight tolerance. These tight tolerances have been achieved through shimming the magnets and sorting. Dipoles are solid core magnets and had very good field quality but magnet to magnet variation were sorted out according to ITF, since all the dipole are powered with one power supply. Typically, sorting is done to minimize linear effects in beam dynamics. Here, sorting of quadrupoles was done according to a scheme, which allows reducing unwanted strength of nonlinear resonances. As a result, the strength of sextupole resonances for our base line tune-box was strongly reduced which was confirmed by a subsequent beam dynamics simulation.

A non-scaling FFAG lattice design to accelerate electrons from 3.2 to 10 GeV is described. This is one of possible solutions for the future electron-ion collider (eRHIC) at Relativistic Heavy Ion Collier (RHIC) at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The e-RHIC proposal requires acceleration of the low emittance electrons up to energy of 10 GeV. To reduce a high cost of the full energy super-conducting linear accelerator an alternative approach with the FFAG is considered. The report describes the 1277 meters circumference non-scaling FFAG ring. The Courant-Snyder functions, orbit offsets, momentum compaction, and path length dependences on momentum during acceleration are presented.

A 1.5-GeV Fixed-Field Alternating-Gradient (FFAG) proton Accelerator is being studied as a new injector to the Alternating-Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) of Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL). The major benefit is that it would considerably shorten the overall AGS acceleration cycle, and, consequently, may yield to an improvement of beam stability, intensity and size. The AGS-FFAG will also facilitate the proposed upgrade of the AGS facility toward a 1-MW average proton beam power at the top energy of 28 GeV. This paper describes the FFAG design for acceleration of protons from 400 MeV to 1.5 GeV, with the same circumference of the AGS, and entirely housed in the AGS tunnel.

Pressure rises with high intense beams are among the main luminosity limitations at RHIC. Observations during the latest runs show beam induced electron multipacting as one of the causes for these pressure rises. Experimental studies are carried out at RHIC using devoted instrumentation to understand the mechanism leading to electron clouds. In the following, we report the experimental electron cloud data and the analyzed results using computer simulation codes.

The super neutrino beam facility proposed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory requires proton beams to cross the transition energy in the AGS to reach 1 MW beam power at top energy. High intensity beams are accelerated at a fast repetition rate. Upon transition crossing, such high intensity bunches of large momentum spreads suffer from strong nonlinear chromatic effects and self-field effects. Using theoretical and experimental methods, we determine the impact of these effects and the effectiveness of transition-jump compensation schemes, and determine the optimum crossing scenario for the super neutrino beam facility.

Beam induced pressure rise remains an intensity limit at RHIC for both heavy ion and polarized proton operations. The pressure rises at beam injection, transition, and rebucketing are discussed, where the beam rebucketing pressure rise is probably of most concern for upcoming runs. Counter measures and results of beam studies are presented.

The magnetic settings in RHIC are driven by an on-line model, and the quality of the resulting lattice functions depend on the correctness of the settings, and knowledge of the magnet transfer-functions. Here we first present the different inputs into the model, including dipole sextupole components, used to set tunes and chromaticities along the ramp. Based on an analysis of measured tunes along the FY03 polarized proton ramp, we present predictions for quadrupole transfer-function changes which have been implemented for the FY04 Au ramp. We show the improved model agreement for tunes along the ramp, and measured transverse phase-advance at store.

The NASA SPACE RADIATION LABORATORY (NSRL) has been constructed and started operations at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in 2003. The NSRL facility will be used by NASA to perform radiation effect studies on materials and biological samples for the space program. The facility utilizes proton and heavy-ion beams of energies from 50 to 3000 MeVln which are accelerated by the AGS Booster synchrotron accelerator. To date, {sup 1}H, {sup 12}C, {sup 56}Fe, {sup 48}Ti, and {sup 197}Au ion beams of various magnetic rigidities have been extracted from the Booster, and transported by the NSRL beam transport line to the sample location which is located 100 m from the extraction point. The NSRL beam transport line has been designed to employ octupole magnetic elements which transform the normal (Gaussian) beam distribution at the location of the sample into a beam with rectangular cross section, and uniformly distributed over the sample. When using the octupole magnetic elements to obtain the uniform beam distribution on the sample, no beam-collimation is applied at any location along the NSRL beam transport line and the beam focusing on the sample is purely magnetic. The main subject of this paper will be the performance of the octupoles …

The longitudinal bunch profile acquisition system at RHIC was recently upgraded to allow on-line measurements of the bunch spectrum, and collision vertex location and shape. The system allows monitoring the evolution of these properties along the ramp, at transition and rebucketing, and at store conditions. We describe some of the hardware and software changes, and show some applications of the system.

Recently resonance driving terms were successfully measured in the CERN SPS and the BNL RHIC from the Fourier spectrum of BPM data. Based on these measurements a new analysis has been derived to extract multipole strengths. In this paper we present experimental measurements of sextupolar and skew quadrupolar strengths carried out at RHIC. A non-destructive measurement using an AC dipole is also presented.

A collaboration between Brookhaven National Laboratory, the University of Naples, the University of Sannio, and the INFN-Section of Naples (Italy) was created for the purpose of developing a proof of principle of the Circular Radiofrequency Quadrupole (CRFQ). This is a new concept of particle storage and accelerator ring, basically a Linear Radio-Frequency Quadrupole completely bent on a circle. The advantages are expected to be equivalent to those of a Linear RFQ, namely higher beam intensity and smaller beam dimensions. Initially the main goal is the demonstration of the curvature effect of the quadrupolar RFQ field. At that purpose, the project is actually made of three phases: (1) develop an adequate 30 keV proton source, (2) design, manufacture and test a linear RFQ section, and (3) design, manufacture and test a curved RFQ section, both operating at 200 MHz. The final goal of the collaboration is eventually to build enough curved sections to complete the storage ring where to demonstrate storage of 30-100 keV protons over long periods of time. The demonstration is taking place at the Laboratorio dell Acceleratore of the Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche of the University of Naples where an adequate ion source is already available.

The design criteria of the linear and first curved sectors of the Circular Radiofrequency Quadrupole (CRFQ) proof of principle are presented in this paper. Radiofrequency measurements on a cold model of the linear sector and comparisons with numerical simulations are presented too.

The beam-beam interaction is a limiting factor in RHIC's performance, particularly in proton operation. Changing the working point is a strategy to alleviate the beam-beam effect and improve the performance of the machine. Experiments at injection energy and simulations have been performed for a set of working points to determine the best candidates.

Polarized proton beams have been accelerated, stored and collided at 100GeV per beam in the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) with longitudinal polarization. The essential equipment includes four Siberian snakes, eight spin rotators and fast relative polarimeters in each of the two RHIC rings as well as local polarimeters at the STAR and PHENIX detectors. This paper summarizes the performance of RHIC as a polarized proton collider in the FY03 run with emphasis on polarization issues. Preliminary data from the FY04 run is also shown.