Two S-Band klystrons operating at 150 MW have been designed, fabricated and tested at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) during the past two years for use in an experimental accelerator at Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY) in Hamburg, Germany. Both klystrons operate at the design power, 60 Hz repetition rate, 3 {micro}s pulsewidth, with an efficiency {gt} 40%, and agreement between the experimental results and simulations is excellent. The 535 kV, 700 A electron gun was tested by constructing a solenoidal focused beam stick which identified a source of oscillation, subsequently engineered out of the klystron guns. Design of the beam stick and the two klystrons is discussed, along with observation and suppression of spurious oscillations. Differences in design and the resulting performance of the Klystrons is emphasized.

The workshop theme is `The Strategic Standardization Initiative - A Technology Exchange and Global Competitiveness Challenge for DOE.` The workshop goal is to inform the DOE technical standards community of strategic standardization activities taking place in the Department, other Government agencies, standards developing organizations, and industry. Individuals working on technical standards will be challenged to improve cooperation and communications with the involved organizations in response to the initiative. Workshop sessions include presentations by representatives from various Government agencies that focus on coordination among and participation of Government personnel in the voluntary standards process; reports by standards organizations, industry, and DOE representatives on current technology exchange programs; and how the road ahead appears for `information superhighway` standardization. Another session highlights successful standardization case studies selected from several sites across the DOE complex. The workshop concludes with a panel discussion on the goals and objectives of the DOE Technical Standards Program as envisioned by senior DOE management. The annual workshop on technical standards has proven to be an effective medium for communicating information related to standards throughout the DOE community. Technical standards are used to transfer technology and standardize work processes to produce consistent, acceptable results. They provide a practical solution to …

This paper addresses the process for the acceptance of waste into the waste management system (WMS) with a focus on the detailed requirements identified from the Waste Acceptance System Requirements Document. Also described is the recent dialogue between OCRWM and the Office of Environmental Management to resolve issues, including the appropriate interpretation and application of regulatory and system requirements to DOE-owned spent fuel. Some information is provided on the design of the repository system to aid the reader in understanding how waste that is accepted into the WMS is received and emplaced in the repository.

We address the collider physics issues, concepts and technologies of (e{sup +}e{sup -}{gamma}) colliders at a cm. energy of 5 TeV and a luminosity of 10{sup 35} cm{sup -2}s{sup -1}.

The authors are performing experiments to study hydrodynamic perturbation growth in x-ray driven targets to test models used to analyze the stability of ignition targets. They use cylindrical implosions to directly image perturbation growth and ``feed-through`` to the inner surface in convergent geometry. The implosion trajectories and azimuthal structure of inner and outer marker layers on the cylinder are measured by axial radiography. Perturbation growth of 25 at a convergence ratio of two has been measured on the inner layer, in addition to the effects of hohlraum drive asymmetries, nonlinear mode saturation, mode coupling, and the deceleration phase of the implosion. In other experiments, they are studying the planar analog of instability coupling between the inner surface of a cryogenic ignition capsule and the ablation surface. This instability coupling mechanism provides an important seed for perturbation growth in ignition capsule implosions.

Arylamine-containing diblock copolymers were prepared via ring- opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to afford well-defined phase- separated materials. Alteration of the functionaity in a block, as well as the size of the blocks, allowed for the synthesis of self- assembled monolayers on a copper surface. The arylamine-containing block exhibited a strong binding affinity for the copper surface as seen by neutron reflectivity experiments. In addition, neutron reflectivity data verifies the self-assembly of block copolymer monolayers normal to the copper surface. Block copolymers prepared in this manner allow for the preparation of a wide range of adhesives and corrosion resistant materials. The use of ring-opening metathesis polymerization is important because it permits the synthesis of a variety of functionalized block copolymers.

Weapons are often in close proximity to one another during transport or storage. If one weapon explodes, there is a possibility that the fragments generated will initiate a subsequent explosion in one or more neighboring weapons. Propagating explosions of this sort have the potential for severe consequences either because of the total amount of explosives that react or because the response of individual weapons may be particularly energetic. In this paper, we consider a well-defined problem in which the nature of the progression to all possible end states can be studied. We wish to determine the expected number of weapons to detonate along with other useful quantities. We examine the possible end states that the system can reach and show that we can represent the propagation process as a series of discrete time transitions. The transition probabilities from one state to the next then will depend only on the present state of the system. We present results of simulations that illustrate the effect of varying the detonation probability parameters.

Polymeric materials used as binders in energetic materials exhibit interesting and unique material behavior. These include full geometrical recovery after deformation and a rate dependent stress strain relationship which can be categorized as viscoelastic. Taylor Cylinder Impact Tests have been conducted for adiprene-100 polyurethane. These produce time resolved cylinder profiles from which deformation wave speed can be extracted as a function of strain and strain-rate. Using this information and a set of conservation `Jump` relationships applied across the deformation wave front, stress points as a function of strain and strain rate can be extracted. This discretized information then can be used in the development of a constitutive relationship suitable for use in a three dimensional computer code calculation.

We have recently been applying a powerful computational tool, direct numerical simulation (DNS), to evaluate the stability of imploding inertial confinement fusion (ICF) capsules designed for the National Ignition Facility. In DNS, we explicitly calculate the evolution of realistic surface perturbations far into their nonlinear regimes, using a 2D Lagrangian radiation-hydrodynamics code. Because the mesh may become greatly distorted during the calculation, requiring frequent application of an automatic rezoner, and because we use a 2D code to represent 3D perturbations whose nonlinear behavior is shape- dependent, we have been seeking to assess the accuracy of DNS in as many regimes as possible. For this purpose, we have conducted experimental campaigns to observe the instability of radiatively driven imploding cylinders, deuterated-shell spherical capsules, and radiatively accelerated flat foils perturbed on the unheated surface (``feedout`` experiments). We have compared DNS calculations to data from these experiments, and to theoretical predictions for incompressible Rayleigh-Taylor instability, with satisfactory agreement. Thus we are gradually accumulating confidence in the validity of DNS as applied to ICF.

An alternative mechanism for the evolution of recrystallization nuclei is described for a model of irradiation-induced recrystallization of UO{sub 2} wherein the stored energy in the material is concentrated in a network of sinklike nuclei that diminish with dose due to interaction with radiation-produced defects. The sinklike nuclei are identified as cellular dislocation structures that evolve relatively early in the irradiation period. A generalized theory of radiation-induced amorphization and crystallization, developed for intermetallic nuclear materials, is applied to UO{sub 2}. The complicated kinetics involved in the formation of a cellular dislocation network are approximated by the formation and growth of subgrains due to the interaction of shock waves produced by fission- induced damage to the material.

NREL currently operates the largest structural testing facility in US for testing wind turbine blades. A data acquisition system was developed to measure blade response and monitor test status; it is called BSTRAIN (Blade Structural Test Real-time Acquisition Interface Network). Software objectives were to develop a robust, easy-to-use computer program that could automatically collect data from static and fatigue blade tests without missing any significant events or overloading the computer with excess data. The program currently accepts inputs from up to 32 channels but can be expanded to over 1000 channels. In order to reduce the large amount of data collected during long fatigue tests, options for real-time data processing were developed including peak-valley series collection, peak-valley decimation, block decimation, and continuous recording of all data. Other BSTRAIN features include automated blade stiffness checks, remote terminal access to blade test status, and automated VCR control for continuous test recording. Results from tests conducted with the software revealed areas for improvement including test accuracy, post-processing analysis, and further data reduction.

Historically, methods used to identify methanotrophic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon-degrading (PAH) bacteria in environmental samples have been inadequate because isolation and identification procedures are time-consuming and often fail to separate specific bacteria from other environmental microorganisms. Methanotrophic bacteria have been isolated and characterized from TCE-contaminated soils (Bowman et al. 1993; Fliermans et al., 1988). Fliermans et al., (1988) and others demonstrated that cultures enriched with methane and propane could cometabolically degrade a wide variety of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons including ethylene; 1,2-cisdichloroethylene (c-DCE); 1,2-trans-dichloroethylene (t-DCE); vinyl chloride (VC); toluene; phenol and cresol. Characterization of select microorganisms in the natural setting is important for the evaluation of bioremediation potential and its effectiveness. This realization has necessitated techniques that are selective, sensitive and easily applicable to soils, sediments, and groundwater (Fliermans, et al., 1994). Additionally these techniques can identify and quantify microbial types in situ in real time

The microstructures of hardened portland and blended cement pastes, including those being considered for use in immobilizing hazardous wastes, have a complex pore structure that changes with time. In solvent exchange, the pore structure is examined by immersing a saturated sample in a large volume of solvent that is miscible with the pore fluid. This paper reports the results of solvent replacement measurements on several blended cements mixed at a solution:solids ratio of 1.0 with alkaline solutions from the simulation of the off- gas treatment system in a vitrification facility treating low-level radioactive liquid wastes. The results show that these samples have a lower permeability than ordinary portland cement samples mixed at a water:solids ratio of 0.70, despite having a higher volume of porosity. The microstructure is changed by these alkaline solutions, and these changes have important consequences with regard to durability.

During the past five years, a number of U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) funded efforts have demonstrated the technical efficacy of converting various forms of radioactive scrap metal (RSM) into useable products. From the development of large accelerator shielding blocks, to the construction of low-level waste containers, technology has been applied to this fabrication process in a safe and stakeholder supported manner. The potential health and safety risks to both workers and the public have been addressed. The question remains: can products be fabricated from RSM in a cost efficient and market competitive manner? This paper presents a methodology for use within DOE to evaluate the costs and benefits of recycling and reusing some RSM, rather than disposing of this RSM in an approved burial site. This life cycle decision methodology, developed by both the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) and DOE Fernald, is the focus of the following analysis.

A recent study completed for the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site proved that it is feasible to use modular, skid-mounted processes for disposition of Category 1 quantities of nuclear materials. This would allow personnel to assemble, test, and authorize the processes outside of the nuclear material management area. Besides having cost and schedule advantages, this technology reduces the uncertainty and risk in applications involving disposition of materials and facilities. This paper explains the previous research into modular skid-mounted processes and suggests various future applications of the technology.

Critical software must be safe, secure, and dependable. Traditionally, these have been pursued as separate disciplines. This presentation looks at the traditional approaches and highlights commonalities and differences among them. Each can learn from the history of the others. More importantly, it is imperative to seek a systems approach which blends all three.

The purpose of this report is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of Argonne National Laboratory`s current general refuse disposal and material recycling programs, how they were developed, and where they are going. In order to better understand the current situation, a brief description of the facilities past practices is explained. ANL is a multi-program research and development center owned by DOE and operated by the University of Chicago. Argonne`s primary facilities are on a 1,700 acre site, 27 miles southwest of Chicago. Fifty-seven major buildings house approximately 4,500 employees at the site.

Two precision weighing lysimeters were installed near the Area 5 Radioactive Waste Management Site (RWMS) on the Nevada Test Site to provide support for investigations of water, solute, and heat fluxes in the near-surface of the soil. The lysimeters consist of soil tanks with a volume of 16 cubic meters mounted on a sensitive scale. One lysimeter was revegetated with native shrubs whereas the other was kept bare to stimulate a non-vegetated waste cover. Data consisting of physical and hydrological properties of the lysimeter soils, thermal and moisture conditions in the lysimeters, and atmospheric boundary conditions are being collected for calibrating and verifying computer models for simulating the flow of water and heat in the near surface alluvium at the Area 5 RWMS. This effort will provide site- specific models for demonstration of ``no migration`` of constituents to the water table. Moisture and thermal conditions in the lysimeters are monitored daily using time domain reflectometry probes and thermocouple psychrometers. Daily evaporation and evapotranspiration are calculated from the lysimeter scales. Meteorological variables are monitored by sensors mounted on a 3 meter tower adjacent to the lysimeters. An array of soil-solution samplers to be installed through the side of the soil tank …

DOE facilities rely increasingly on computerized systems to manage nuclear materials accountability data and to protect against diversion of nuclear materials or other malevolent acts (e.g., hoax due to falsified data) by insider threats. Aspects of modern computerized material accountability (MA) systems including powerful personal computers and applications on networks, mixed security environments, and more users with increased knowledge, skills and abilities help heighten the concern about insider threats to the integrity of the system. In this paper, we describe a methodology for assessing MA applications to help decision makers identify ways of and compare options for preventing or mitigating possible additional risks from the insider threat. We illustrate insights from applying the methodology to local area network materials accountability systems.

This paper has two main purposes. The first is to evaluate the interaction of two common complex terrain meteorological phenomena, katabatic flow and mountain waves. Although occasionally investigated together, generally, the large body of literature regarding them has treated each individually. The second purpose is to show the reader the utility of extracting high time resolution data sets of (1) standard meteorological variables, and (2) seldom used, components of the model equations. Using such time series, significant variability is found in the evolving, clear sky, nocturnal boundary layer, when meteorological variability is generally considered to be at its lowest point diurnally. The approach is to use results from three, 3-d, realistic topography simulations produced by the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). RAMS is a primitive equation mesoscale model formulated in {sigma} coordinates. The model is set up with five nested grids that focus on Eldorado Canyon, which is embedded in the Front Range slope of Colorado. On the finest grid {Delta}x = {Delta}y = 400 m and {Delta}z = 20 m for the lowest 400 m above ground level (AGL). The three simulations were: (1) a realistic simulation; (2) the same as (1) but without radiative forcing (referred to as …

The AGS accumulates four batches of two bunches from the 1.5GeV Booster at 7.5Hz. At an intensity of 6 x 10{sup 13} protons per AGS cycle, slow beam loss during the 400ms accumulation time is important. The experiment demonstrated the principle of accumulating beam and storing it in an essentially debunched state by using barrier cavities. When the beam is de-bunched the peak-to-average current ratio drops by an order of magnitude. By using two barriers with time varying relative phase, any number of injections is possible, limited only by the momentum acceptance of the ring. In a test with beam, six injections of one bunch yielded 3 x 10{sup 13} protons in the AGS. The benefits of reduced space charge tune shift from lower peak current suggest that barrier cavities may be a path to higher AGS intensities.

Sodium carbonate has been identified as a possible hydrolysis reagent for decomposing HMX-based explosives to water soluble, non-energetic products. In this study, the reaction kinetics of sodium carbonate hydrolysis are examined and a reaction model is developed. The rate of hydrolysis is reaction rate limited, opposed to mass transfer limited, up to 150{degrees}C. Greater than 99% of the explosive solids in powder form are destroyed in less than 10 minutes at a temperature of 150{degrees}C. The primary products from sodium carbonate hydrolysis are sodium nitrite, formate, nitrate, acetate, glycolate, hexamine, nitrogen gas, nitrous oxide, and ammonia.

Traffic classification techniques were evaluated using data from a 1993 investigation of the traffic flow patterns on I-20 in Georgia. First we improved the data by sifting through the data base, checking against the original video for questionable events and removing and/or repairing questionable events. We used this data base to critique the performance quantitatively of a classification method known as Scheme F. As a context for improving the approach, we show in this paper that scheme F can be represented as a McCullogh-Pitts neural network, oar as an equivalent decomposition of the plane. We found that Scheme F, among other things, severely misrepresents the number of vehicles in Class 3 by labeling them as Class 2. After discussing the basic classification problem in terms of what is measured, and what is the desired prediction goal, we set forth desirable characteristics of the classification scheme and describe a recurrent neural network system that partitions the high dimensional space up into bins for each axle separation. the collection of bin numbers, one for each of the axle separations, specifies a region in the axle space called a hyper-bin. All the vehicles counted that have the same set of in numbers are …

Acoustic sources found in the ocean environment are spatially complex and broadband, complicating the analysis of received acoustic data considerably. A model-based approach is developed for a broadband source in a shallow ocean environment characterized by a normal-mode propagation model. Here we develop the optimal Bayesian solution to the broadband pressure-field enhancement and modal function extraction problem.