Field-reversed configurations of energetic large orbit ions with neutralizing electrons have been proposed as the basis of a fusion reactor. Vlasov equilibria consisting of a ring or an annulus have been investigated. A stability analysis has been carried out for a long thin layer of energetic ions in a low density background plasma. There is a growing body of experimental evidence from tokamaks that energetic ions slow down and diffuse in accordance with classical theory in the presence of large non-thermal fluctuations and anomalous transport of low energy (10 keV) ions. Provided that major instabilities are under control, it seems likely that the design of a reactor featuring energetic self-colliding ion beams can be based on classical theory. In this case a confinement system that is much better than a tokamak is possible. Several methods are described for creating field reversed configurations with intense neutralized ion beams.

During the next two years, the Fermilab Tavatron is expected to deliver approximately 100pb{sup {minus}1} of integrated luminosity. We describe improvements to the CDF detector since the 1988--89 collider run and discuss the prospects for the discovery of the top quark during the 1992--93 collider runs.

In this paper, I describe a conceptual framework that uses DOE Order 5700.6C and more than 140 other DOE Orders as an integrated management system -- but I describe it within the context of the broader sociological and cultural issues of doing research at DOE funded facilities. The conceptual framework has two components. The first involves an interpretation of the 10 criteria of DOE 5700.6C that is tailored for a research environment. The second component involves using the 10 criteria as functional categories that orchestrate and integrate the other DOE Orders into a total management system. The Fermilab approach aims at reducing (or eliminating) the redundancy and overlap within the DOE Orders system at the contractor level.

Fast wave current drive (FWCD) is a principal candidate for non- inductive current drive schemes in reactors. Major experiments are in progress or planned on DIII-D, JET, and Tore-Supra. A theory for FWCD was presented by two of the authors and collaborators. To minimize computations required in transport simulations, and for analytical understanding, it is very useful to have a concise analytical efficiency formula. Fisch and Karney, and Ehst and Karney have obtained empirical formulae that fits numerical results for the Landau limit and Alfven limit; the latter fits results at 1 < Z{sub i} {le} 2. This paper extends a previous numerical study on FWCD at arbitrary frequencies and Z{sub i}. Analytical formulae for FWCD efficiency, valid for all frequencies and Z{sub i}, are derived using the adjoint technique in high and low phase velocity regions. A smooth patching between the two regions produces an analytical formula which is accurate for all frequencies, Z{sub i}, and phase velocities. Comparison with existing results will be discussed. A corollary of the present calculation is that a low phase velocities and in the Landau limit, the efficiency is the same as that calculated from the Lorentz model collision operator.

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We review our investigations of defects produced in YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} by various forms of irradiation. The defect microstructure has been studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Irradiation enhancements of flux pinning have been studied by SQUID magnetometry on single crystals. In many cases the same single crystals were used in both TEM and SQUID investigations. The primary atom recoil spectra for all the irradiations studied have been carefully calculated and used to correlate the TEM and magnetization results for the different types of irradiation. Correlation of annealing experiments, employing both TEM and SQUID measurements, among several types of irradiation has also yielded information on the different defect structures present. Defect densities, sizes and strain field anisotropies have been determined by TEM. Defect flux pinning anisotropies have been determined for two field orientations in twinned single crystals. The temperature dependences of the flux pinning have been measured. The maximum field of irreversibility at 70 K is shown to change markedly upon both neutron and proton irradiations in some crystals and not others. The defect structure, chemistry and location in the unit cell has been determined in some cases. Some interaction with existing defect structure has been observed in proton …

The hyperoctahedral group B{sub n} is treated as the automorphism group of the n-dimensional hypercube, denoted Q{sub n}, which is nowadays understood to be a graph on 2{sup n} vertices. It is well-known that B{sub n} can be represented by the group of signed permutations. In other words, any signed permutation induces a permutation on the vertices of Q{sub n} which preserves adjacencies. Moreover, signed permutations also a permutation group on the edge of Q{sub n}, denoted H{sub n}. We study the cycle structures of both B{sub n} and H{sub n}. The technique proposed here is to determine the induced cycle structure of a signed permutation by the number of fixed vertices or fixed edges of a signed permutation in the cyclic group generated by a signed permutation of given type. Here we directly define the type of a signed permutation by a double partition based on its signed cycle decomposition. In this way, we obtain explicit formulas for the number of induced cycles on vertices as well as edges of Q{sub n} of a signed permutation in terms of its type. By further exploring the connection between cycle indices and the structure of fixed points, we obtain the cycle …

Since the inception of cleanup for hazardous waste sites, estimating target cleanup levels has been the subject of considerable investigation and debate in the Superfund remediation process. Establishing formal procedures for assessing human health risks associated with hazardous waste sites has provided a conceptual framework for determining remediation goals and target cleanup levels (TCLs) based on human health and ecological risk consideration. This approach was once considered at variance with the concept of the pre-risk assessment period; that is, cleaning up to the background level, or using containment design or best available control technologies. The concept has been gradually adopted by the regulatory agencies and the parties responsible for cleanup. Evaluation of cleanup strategies at the outset of the planning stage will eventually benefit the parties responsible for cleanup and the oversight organizations, including regulatory agencies. Development of the strategies will provide an opportunity to promote an improvement in the pace and quality of many activities to be carried out. The strategies should help address the issues related to (1) improving remediation management activities to arrive at remediation as expeditiously as possible, (2) developing alternate remediation management activities, (3) identifying obstructing issues to management for resolution, (4) adapting the existing …

The design principles, construction and characterization of a 4- bounce dispersive crystal monochromator is discussed. This monochromator is designed to reduce the bandpass of synchrotron radiation to 10--50 meV level, without sacrificing angular acceptance. This is achieved by combining an asymmetrically-cut, low order reflection with a symmetrically-cut, high order reflection in a nested configuration. This monochromator is being used as a beam conditioner for nuclear resonant scattering of synchrotron radiation to produce x-rays with [mu]eV[minus]neV resolution in the hard x-ray regime.

The development of layered finite elements has facilitated analysis of laminated composite structures. However, the analysis of a structure containing both isotropic and composite materials remains a difficult problem. A methodology has been developed to conduct a global-local'' finite element analysis. A global'' analysis of the entire structure is conducted at the appropriate loads with the composite portions replaced with an orthotropic material of equivalent materials properties. A local'' layered composite analysis is then conducted on the region of interest. The displacement results from the global'' analysis are used as loads to the local'' analysis. the laminate stresses and strains can then be examined and failure criteria evaluated.

At the beginning of the actinide series, the 5f and 6d configurations are very close in energy. Consequently, both the 5f and 6d energy level splittings may be observed experimentally in Pa{sup 4+} and Th{sup 3+} compounds. The available magnetic and optical data on these systems are reviewed.

This report discusses the CONTAIN/SR computer code, developed at the Savannah River Technology Center and Sandia National Laboratories for Probabilistic Safety Assessment (PSA) applications, which is used to analyze K Reactor plant conditions following a design basis earthquake to assist post-accident recovery planning. The postulated event, a Loss-of-River Water (LORW) accident, requires analysis of the K Reactor confinement system assuming seismic event-caused loss of forced air flow through Radiologically Controlled (RCAs) and other building areas, including adjoining personnel and auxiliary equipment zones. The CONTAIN/SR code calculations predict the expected environment in the K Reactor building with a seismically-qualified flow path for natural circulation, under design basis conditions specifying a 50 gal/min leak of tritiated heavy water. Despite loss of active fan flow, preferential air flow patterns are calculated to flow from clean'' areas towards the RCAs. Ventilation characteristics of the building reduce tritiated water vapor concentrations to habitable levels, assuming plastic suits and clean breathing air supplies are available. Unprotected dose rates to recovery workers in the heat exchanger zone of the building will range from 120 mrem/hour to 780 mrem/hour, depending on evaporation conditions near spilled heavy-water pools. It is concluded habitability issues for recovery are not driven by …

The insertion-device-based, third-generation, synchrotron radiation sources now under construction in Europe, the USA, and Japan bring new opportunities and challenges in the design and manufacture of x-ray optics. These high brightness sources provide new opportunities to overcome some of the outstanding problems associated with nuclear resonant monochromatization of synchrotron radiation. New methods such as polarizing monochromators, and zone plates provide alternative methods for production of {mu}eV-neV resolution in the hard x-ray regime. The design principles, and characterization, and performance of crystal monochromators and of nuclear coherent scattering optics, including Grazing Incidence Anti Reflection (GIAR) films, multilayers, zone plates, as well as single crystals are discussed.

Results of work by other investigators support the hypothesis that negative charge can migrate in DNA. Charge transfer between nucleotides and electron migration in solid state DNA has been demonstrated, with migration distances as great as 110 bases. Here we report a series of studies on aqueous solutions of DNA and oligonucleotides in which the radiolysis of 5-bromouracil (BU) substituted for thymine is used as a molecular probe to detect and measure the extent of electron migration. In studies using oligonucleotides, BU was substituted for thymine at specific locations in defined base sequences using automated phosphoramidite synthesis techniques. Using these single-stranded oligonucleotides with BU located at the 5 in. end of the sequence, electrons do not appear to migrate more than one base, if any.

We report here on studies by weak-beam electron microscopy of the evolution of microstructures at and near preexisting line dislocations in a number of Fe-Ni-Cr alloys under electronirradiation in a high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). The detailed observations are discussed in terms of dislocation climb mechanisms in these materials and a model based on interstitial pipe diffusion.

Whether solution phase differences in protein higher order structure persist in the gas phase, is examined by means of proton transfer reactions on ions generated by electrospray ionization of different solution conformations. Ion-molecule reactions were carried out in the atmosphere-vacuum interface of a quadrupole mass spectrometer with a Y-shaped capillary inlet-reactor. An amine (dimethyl-, trimethyl-, or diethyl-) were delivered to one inlet arm. Reactivities of bovine cytochrome c ions sprayed from denatured and native solutions were determined; the ions generated shifted to about the same charge states. Addition of equal amounts of amine to ions generated from different solution conformations of bovine ubiquitin also yielded similar final charge states; however, the average charge state increased with temperature. Myoglobin and apomyoglobin also yielded similar final charge states. The results suggest that for the non-disulfide linked proteins, either there are not significant differences in gas phase higher order structure, or proton transfer reactions are not sensitive enough to detect higher order structural differences arising from noncovalent interactions. 2 refs, 2 figs. (DLC)

The methods of impedance tomography may be employed to obtain images of subsurface electrical and conductivity variations. For practical reasons, voltages and currents are usually applied at locations on the ground surface or down a limited number of boreholes, but almost never over the entire surface of the region being investigated. The geophysical inversion process can be facilitated by constructing algorithms adopted to these particular geometries and to the lack of complete surface data. In this paper we assume that the fluctuations in conductivity are small compared to the background value. The imaging of these fluctuations is carried out exactly within the constraints imposed by the problem geometry. Several possible arrangements of injection and monitoring electrodes are considered. In two dimensions include: Cross-line geometry, current input along one line (borehole) and measurements along a separate parallel line. Single-line geometry, injection and monitoring using the same borehole. Surface reflection geometry, all input and measurement along the ground surface. Theoretical and practical limitations on the image quality produced by the algorithms are discussed. They are applied to several sets of simulated data, and the images produced are displayed and analyzed.

Over the last several years the long trace profiler (LTP) has been evolving into a sophisticated machine capable of measuring surface profiles of very long dimensions. This report explains improvements, both hardware and software, that have helped to achieve accuracies and ranges in surface profiling that have been unobtainable until now. A comparison made by measuring standard optical surfaces on other instruments corroborates these accuracies.

Computer simulations are used extensively in the study of the beam-beam interaction. The proliferation of such codes raises the important question of their reliability, and motivates the development of a dependable set of bench-marks. We argue that rather than detailed quantitative comparisons, the ability of different codes to predict the same qualitative physics should be used as a criterion for such bench-marks. We use the striking phenomenon of coherent quadrupole oscillations as one such bench-mark, and demonstrate that our codes do indeed observe this behaviour. We also suggest some other tests that could be used as bench-marks.

In this paper we summarize results of first-principles phase stability studies of fcc- and hcp-based Ti-Al alloys and of the hcp-based Cd-Mg system. In particular, heats of formation for ordered alloy compounds are calculated with the linear muffin tin orbital method; effective cluster interactions are determined from the results of these calculations and are used to derive thermodynamic properties and composition-temperature phase diagrams.

In this talk I will try to review some of the early experiments in the field of electron-proton scattering, concentrating mostly on the inelastic scattering experiments at SLAC. Ordinarily, those experiments would be covered in the first five or ten minutes of the talks by Professor Scuilli and Drell, but this is a special year, and I will feel free to reminisce about the early days in a somewhat personal way.

Cooperative Processes Software (CPS) is a parallel programming toolkit developed at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. It is the most recent product in an evolution of systems aimed at finding a cost-effective solution to the enormous computing requirements in experimental high energy physics. Parallel programs written with CPS are large-grained, which means that the parallelism occurs at the subroutine level, rather than at the traditional single line of code level. This fits the requirements of high energy physics applications, such as event reconstruction, or detector simulations, quite well. It also satisfies the requirements of applications in many other fields. One example is in the pharmaceutical industry. In the field of computational chemistry, the process of drug design may be accelerated with this approach. CPS programs run as a collection of processes distributed over many computers. CPS currently supports a mixture of heterogeneous UNIX-based workstations which communicate over networks with TCP/IR CPS is most suited for jobs with relatively low I/O requirements compared to CPU. The CPS toolkit supports message passing remote subroutine calls, process synchronization, bulk data transfers, and a mechanism called process queues, by which one process can find another which has reached a particular state. The CPS software …

The EPA Draft Document on EMF and Cancers grew out of an earlier effort by EPA to track biological effects literature relative to radio-frequency (RF) exposure. Scope of the document was broadened to include extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields prior to an announcement in 1986 that EPA would formally review the whole area of non-ionizing radiation. An extensive survey of the relevant bioeffects and epidemiologic literature was carried out, and writing on the document began in earnest on the document sometime in 1989. In its draft form, the document reviewed the literature on mechanisms of Interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological tissue, EMF epidemiologic studies, supporting evidence for carcinogenicity and research needs. In the early summer of 1990, a draft of the document was reviewed by some 22 individuals within the EPA and other government agencies. It was also sent out for external review to an additional 9 qualified scientists who had worked in the area and were familiar with EMF-related literature in epidemiology, biology, and physics. Many of the comments sent to EPA from this first review, prior to release of the draft for public comment, were strikingly similar to those resulting from the second (public) review …

The current status of photoelectron and Auger-electron diffraction is reviewed, with emphasis on new directions of activity. The use of forward scattering in the study of adsorbed molecules, epitaxial overlayers, and clean surfaces is one of the most developed applications, and one that will become more powerful as higher energy resolution and perhaps spin analysis are used to resolve emitters on the basis of chemical state, position at a surface, or magnetic state. The use of larger data sets spanning a considerable fraction of the solid angle above a surface will also much enhance the structural information available, for example, in the growth of epitaxial layers or nanostructures on surfaces. Detailed fitting of experimental data to theoretical calculations based upon either single scattering or multiple scattering should also provide more rich structural information, including such parameters as substrate interlayer relaxation. Surface phase transitions in which near-surface layers become highly disordered can also be studied, with results that are complementary to those from such techniques as low energy electron diffraction and medium energy ion scattering. Short-range magnetic order also can be probed by somehow resolving the spin of the outgoing electrons, e.g. by using multiplet-split core levels.