The atmospheric corrosion of oxygen-free copper (CDA-102), 70/30 copper-nickel (CDA-715), and 7% aluminum bronze (CDA-613) in an irradiated moist air environment was investigated. Experiments were performed in both dry and 40% RH (@90{degree}C) air at temperatures of 90 and 150{degree}C. Initial corrosion rates were determined based on a combination of weight gain and weight loss measurements. Corrosion products observed were identified. These experiments support efforts by the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) to evaluate possible metallic barrier materials for nuclear waste containers. 8 refs., 1 fig., 2 tabs.

Methods for mapping geologic features exposed on trench walls have advanced from conventional gridding and sketch mapping to precise close-range photogrammetric mapping. In our study, two strips of small-format (60 {times} 60) stereo pairs, each containing 42 photos and covering approximately 60 m of nearly vertical trench wall (2-4 m high), were contact printed onto eight 205 {times} 255-mm transparent film sheets. Each strip was oriented in a Kern DSR15 analytical plotter using the bundle adjustment module of Multi-Model Stereo Restitution Software (MMSRS). We experimented with several systematic-control-point configurations to evaluate orientation accuracies as a function of the number and position of control points. We recommend establishing control-point columns (each containing 2-3 points) in every 5th photo to achieve the 7-mm Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) accuracy required by our trench-mapping project. 7 refs., 8 figs., 1 tab.

This conference focused on DNA sequencing, genetic linkage mapping, physical mapping, informatics and bioethics. Several were used to study this sequencing and mapping. This article also discusses computer hardware and software aiding in the mapping of genes.

A 40 mm bore 211 T/m quadrupole magnet has been designed and tested at LBL. There are 8 coils of 30 strand cable arranged in 2 layers in a cos 2{theta} distribution, supported by 18 mm thick collars, preassembled into 146 mm long packs, and rigidly aligned in a cold-iron yoke. The design, construction details, and test results are given for three 1 m models and the first 5 m model.

The cost of superconducting magnets and the refrigerators needed to keep them cold can be estimated if one knows the magnet stored energy and the amount of refrigeration needed. This report updates the cost data collected over 20 years ago by Strobridge and others. Early cost data has been inflated into 1991 dollars and data on newer superconducting magnets has been added to the old data. The cost of superconducting magnets has been correlated with stored energy and field-magnetic volume product. The cost of the helium refrigerator cold box and the compressors needed to keep the magnet cold can be correlated with the refrigeration generated at 4.5K. The annual cost of 4.5K refrigeration can be correlated with 4.5K refrigeration and electrical energy cost.

ASTROMAG is a particle astrophysics facility that was originally configured for the Space Station. The heart of the ASTROMAG facility is a large superconducting magnet which is cooled using superfluid helium. The task of resizing the facility so that it will fly in a satellite in. a high angle of inclination orbit is driven by the launch weight capability of the launch rocket and the desire to be able to do nearly the same physics as the Space Station version of ASTROMAG. In order to reduce the launch weight, the magnet and its cryogenic system had to be downsized, yet the integrated field generated by the magnet in the particle detectors has to match the Space Station version of the magnet. The use of aluminum matrix superconductor and oriented composite materials in the magnet insulation permits one to achieve this goal. The net magnetic dipole moment from the ASTROMAG magnet must be small to minimize the torque due to interaction with the earth's magnetic field. The ASTROMAG magnet consists of identical two coils 1.67 meters apart. The two coils are connected in series in persistent mode. Each coil is designed to carry 2.34 million ampere turns. Both coils are mounted …

To charge and discharge the ASTROMAG superconducting magnet in space requires retractable gas-cooled leads which must operate in a vacuum. This report describes the design and test of 500 ampere retractable gas-cooled leads made from 6061-T4 aluminum tubes. Aluminum is attractive for gas-cooled electrical leads in space because of its low mass density and the desire for short leads. Initial tests showed that retractable gas-cooled leads could operate in a vacuum from a source of normal helium. The pressure drop through the leads was low enough to permit a superconducting magnet to be charged and discharged while the leads vent into space. The leads were stable at currents above 700 amperes. The voltage drop across the contact between the upper and lower leads was as low as 1.2 mV per lead out of a total voltage drop of 42 mV per lead when the leads carried 714 amperes. The gas required for cooling was comparable to the more conventional copper gas-cooled current leads. In a second test seven months later. The contact resistance between the lead sections had increased considerably. In the second test, the contact resistance was repeatable for one lead but not for the other.

Since space charge waves on a particle beam exhibit both dispersive and nonlinear character, soliton-like behavior is possible. Some theoretical aspects of dispersive, nonlinear wave propagation in high brightness beams are discussed. Numerical examples for realizable beams are presented, and issues for future studies are noted.

Eleven 17 m long, 40 mm aperture SSC R D superconducting collider dipole magnets, built at BNL, have been extensively tested at BNL and Fermilab during 1990--91. Quench performance of these magnets and details of their mechanical behavior are presented. 7 refs., 5 figs.

The required approvals and permits to test a nuclear facility are extensive. Numerous regulatory requirements result in the preparation of documentation to support the approval process. The principal regulations for the SP-100 Ground Engineering System (GES) include the National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, and Atomic Energy Act. The documentation prepared for the SP-100 Nuclear Assembly Test (NAT) included an Environmental Assessment, state permit applications, and Safety Analysis Reports. This paper discusses the regulation documentation requirements and the SP-100 NAT Test Site experience. 12 refs., 2 figs., 2 tabs.

We report on some studies we have made of the time evolution of the corrosion behavior of ion implanted samples of pure iron, medium carbon steel, and 18-8 Cr-Ni stainless steel. Ti, Cr, Ni, Cu, Mo and Yb were implanted at mean ion energies near 100 keV and at doses up to 1 {times} 10{sup 17} cm{sup {minus}2} using a Mevva metal ion implantation facility. A novel feature of this experiment was the simultaneous implantation with several different implanted species. The implanted samples were immersed in sulfuric acid solution at 40{degrees}C and the corrosion monitored as a function of time. The loss in mass was accurately measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The functional dependence of the corrosion behavior was established for all samples. The cumulative mass loss Q is given as a function of time t by Q = At{sup N}, where A and N are parameters; thus the corrosion rate V is given by V = ANt{sup N-1}. A is dominated by the initial mass loss and N reflects the long-time corrosion behavior. The values of the parameters A and N were obtained by a least-squares regression for all the samples investigated. We determined that for the samples investigated …

We present here preliminary results of an extension of our already published search for the top quark. The search is based on a data sample collected during the 1988--1989 run of the Fermilab Tevatron Collider corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.4 pb {sup {minus}1}. We find no evidence for top quark production and we establish preliminary limits on the t-tbar production cross section as a function of the top mass (M{sub top}) in p-pbar collisions at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV. Using theoretical expectations for this cross-section, we translate these limits into a preliminary lower limit for M{sub top} of 89 Gev/c{sup 2} at the 95% confidence level. 12 refs., 3 figs. (CL)

I am pleased to speak at the Fortieth Gordon Conference on Nuclear Chemistry. I served as Chairman of the first Gordon Conference on Nuclear Chemistry held June 23--27, 1952, at New Hampton, New Hampshire. In my remarks, during which I shall quote from my journal, I shall describe some of the background leading up to the first Gordon Conference on Nuclear Chemistry and my attendance at the first seven Gordon Conferences during the period 1952 through 1958. I shall also quote my description of my appearance as the featured speaker at the Silver Anniversary of the Gordon Research Conferences on December 27, 1956 held at the Commodore Hotel in New York City. I shall begin with reference to my participation in the predecessor to the Gordon Conferences, the Gibson Island Research Conferences 45 years ago, on Thursday, June 20, 1946, as a speaker. This was 15 years after the start of these conferences in 1931. Neil Gordon played a leading role in these conferences, which were named (in 1948) in his honor -- the Gordon Research Conferences -- soon after they were moved to Colby Junior College, New London, New Hampshire in 1947. W. George Parks became Director in 1947, …

The effect of multi-element ion implantation on the corrosion resistance to acid solution has been studied for stainless steel, medium carbon steel, pure iron, and chromium-deposited iron. The implanted elements were Cu, Mo, Cr, Ni, Yb and Ti at doses of each species of from 5 {times} 10{sup 15} to 1 {times} 10{sup 17} cm{sup {minus}2} and at ion energies of up to 100 keV. The stainless steel used was 18-8 Cr-Ni, and the medium carbon steel was 0.45% C. The implanted samples were soaked in dilute sulfuric acid solution for periods up to 48 hours and the weight loss measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The kinetic parameter values describing the weight loss as a function of time were determined for all samples. In this paper we summarize the corrosion resistance behavior for the various different combinations of implanted species, doses, and substrates. The influence of the composition and structure of the modified surface layer is discussed.8 refs., 5 figs., 2 tabs.

Constraints on the theoretical interpretation of the 17 keV neutrino are reviewed. A simple understanding of the 17 keV neutrino is provided by flavon models, which involve the spontaneous breaking of Abelian lepton symmetries and have only the usual three light neutrino species. Signatures for this class of models include neutrino oscillations, tau decay to an electron and a flavon, and invisible decay modes of the Higgs boson to two flavons.

The SSC collider magnets feature grouped ends in which cables of a particular coil remain stacked together as they are gent around the end. methods have been developed to form the ends in such a way that mechanical stresses are lowered and field quality is optimized. This paper discusses techniques of end turn design and presents calculations of harmonics and peak fields for the SSC quadrupole QSE101. 5 refs., 9 figs.

Recent advances in methods of computing magnetic fields have made it possible to study the field in the end region of the SS quadrupole magnet in detail. The placement of conductor in the straight section, away from the ends, was designed to produce a practically pure quadrupole field in the two-dimensional sense. The ends of the coils were designed to produce a practically pure quadrupole field in the integral sense using a method that ignores the presence of the iron yoke. Subsequently, the effect of presence of the yoke on the field was analyzed. The paper presents the end configuration together with the computed integrated multipole components, local multipole components, and local field components. A comparison with measurements is included. 5 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

The grain size and grain growth kinetics in sputter deposited Al-2% Cu films on silicon substrates were determined by TEM for various film thicknesses and anneal times, temperatures and methods. Grain sizes were found to be typically lognormally distributed. The as- deposited grain size (d{sub o}) dependence on film thickness (TH) was found to be d{sub o} = C TH{sup {1/2}}, due to competitive grain growth during film formation. Annealed grain size (d) after Rapid Thermal Annealing (RTA) for time (t) at temperature (T) is described by the general equation d {minus} do = C TH{sup 0.7} {l brace}t exp ({minus}{Delta}E{sub a}/kT){r brace}{sup 1/8}, where {Delta}E{sub a} = 0.85 ev for 0.4 {mu}m films and {Delta}E{sub a} = 1.1 ev for 0.8 {mu}m films. Grain growth is largely saturated for these anneals. Grain growth is shown to be more extensive during RTA anneals than furnace annealing and more extensive in 0.4 {mu}m films than 0.8 {mu}m films for equivalent RTA cycles. The results are discussed in terms of models, simulations and previous results of grain growth in thin metal films. 21 refs., 4 figs.

The most common problem identified at several US Department of Energy (DOE) sites is regulatory compliance. Simply, the project viability depends on identifying regulatory requirements at the beginning of a specific project to avoid possible delays and cost overruns. The Radioisotope Power Systems Facility (RFSP) is using the Regulatory Compliance System (RCS) to deal with the problem that well over 1000 regulatory documents had to be reviewed for possible compliance requirements applicable to the facility. This overwhelming number of possible documents is not atypical of all DOE facilities thus far reviewed using the RCS system. The RCS was developed to provide a control and tracking of all the regulatory and institutional requirements on a given project. WASTREN, Inc., developed the RCS through various DOE contracts and continues to enhance and update the system for existing and new contracts. The RCS provides the information to allow the technical expert to assimilate and manage accurate resource information, compile the checklists, and document that the project or facility fulfills all of the appropriate regulatory requirements. The RCS provides on-line information, including status throughput the project life, thereby allowing more intelligent and proactive decision making. Also, consistency and traceability are provided for regulatory compliance …

This talk is about leadership. Leaders are people at every level in an organization who believe in change and are energized by it. They understand the difficult realities of competitive existence. They motivate and challenge. They provide positive reinforcement -- but are never satisfied with their achievements because opportunities for further improvement are never exhausted. Today, leadership is more important than ever because operating environments are changing at an unprecedented rate. The causes are geopolitical, economic, technological, etc. In fact, everything we know about nature tells us that change is inevitable. History shows quite clearly that human progress is not possible without change. Yet, humans crave stability and permanence. As a consequence, success often leads to complacency. But, demise is inevitable for those who protect the status quo. There exists a growing national awareness that global competitive pressures are forcing on American industry the need for ever higher levels of performance. And, similar forces are necessitating improved performance in DOE's nuclear weapons complex. Today, quality takes on a much larger meaning than it has traditionally. It is attention to cost, schedule and product performance that characterize the modern Quality ethic. This paper discusses the manager's role and the new Quality …

In January 1990 thirty-two experts from twelve countries convened for a five-day working Seminar on the Berkeley Campus of the University of California to discuss electricity supply and demand. The participants brought with them deep and diverse backgrounds in energy issues. A major concern of the First 1990 Group on Electricity was the potential impact of electricity shortages on the environment, just at a time of growing awareness of environmental deterioration. These concerns extend from local problems to nations, regions and global impacts. Indeed, because of the importance of electricity in our lives, potential electric power shortages already foreseeable in this decade could overwhelm public concern for the environment, unless critical, long-leadtime measures are taken very soon. The First 1990 Group on Electricity's Findings and Conclusions, the thinking that led to them, and the impact of events in the intervening year form the content of this book.

The opening mode linear elastic stress intensity factor, K{sub I}, was computed, via 3-D elastic finite element techniques, for an embedded elliptical crack located just beneath the cladding at the nozzle corner in a pressure vessel. Pressure loading and several thermal transient loading conditions were analyzed. The underclad crack was explicitly modeled and K{sub I} was computed explicitly, from the energy release rate, J. The variation of the maximum principal stress along the minor axis of the elliptical crack was determined for a companion set of thermal/structural analyses that were performed in the absence of the crack. These stress distributions were linearized into equivalent membrane and bending stress components that were used to compute K{sub I} from the Shah and Kobayashi solutions for near-surface embedded elliptical cracks. The explicitly computed K{sub I} values were found to be in very good agreement with the K{sub I} values computed from the flat plate'' solutions of Reference 1, for all the loading cases analyzed. An additional comparison was made between the energy release rate results and the results obtained by fitting the 1/{radical}r stress singularity to the crack tip stress field at the Gaussian integration points nearest to the crack front. The observed …

A family of nuclear driven engines is described in which nuclear energy released by fissioning of uranium or plutonium in a prompt critical assembly is used to heat a working gas. Engine performance is modeled using a code that calculates hydrodynamics, fission energy production, and neutron transport self-consistently. Results are given demonstrating a large negative temperature coefficient that produces self-shutoff of energy production. Reduced fission product inventory and the self-shutoff provide inherent nuclear safety. It is expected that nuclear engine reactor units could be scaled from 100 MW on up. 7 refs., 3 figs.

Now that first-principles calculations of ordering transformations are becoming increasingly accurate, the deficiencies of earlier mean field methods are becoming increasingly apparent. New techniques, based on cluster expansions, are now alleviating many of the earlier problems and are producing very satisfactory results. These ideas will be illustrated for the case of oxygen ordering in the YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub z} superconducting compound, for which a very simple two-dimensional Ising model has been developed. The model features nearest-neighbor repulsive effective pair interactions and anisotropic (attractive/repulsive) next-nearest-neighbor interactions. CVM (cluster variation method) calculations based on this model have produced a phase diagram in remarkable agreement with experimentally determined phase boundaries. Monte Carlo simulations have confirmed the validity of the model and have provided a rationalization for the influence of oxygen order on the value of {Tc} (superconducting transition temperature) in off-stoichiometric compounds. 46 refs., 4 figs.