Monthly newsletter of the Alamo Area Council of Governments describing news and events of relevance to the agencies.

A first order phase transition between the quark-gluon plasma and the hadron gas can have important consequences for cosmology. These consequences result from the generation of isothermal baryon number density fluctuations as the universe passes through the phase transition. Calculations based upon simple models for the statistical mechanics of the two phases indicate that these fluctuations have large amplitude. The fluctuations persist after completion of the phase transition, being slowly damped by diffusion of baryon number. Upon decoupling of neutrons and protons at temperature T /approximately/ 1 MeV, the neutrons begin to diffuse rapidly out of the dense regions and substantial segregation of the neutrons and protons results. Light element nucleosynthesis then occurs at T /approximately/ 0.1 MeV. It is possible to reconcile the observed abundances of the light elements with model universes in which all of the matter is composed of baryons, the cosmological constant is zero, and the geometry is flat. 12 refs., 2 figs.

We are developing relativistic klystrons as a power source for high gradient accelerator applications such as large linear electron-positron colliders and compact accelerators. We have attained 200 MW peak power at 11.4 GHz from a relativistic klystron, and 140 MV/m longitudinal gradient in a short 11.4 GHz accelerator section. We report here briefly on our experiments so far. 5 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.

Relativistic klystrons are being developed as a power source for high gradient accelerator applications which include large linear electron--positron colliders, compact accelerators, and FEL sources. We have attained 200MW peak power at 11.4 GHz from a relativistic klystron, and 140 MV/m longitudinal gradient in a short 11.4 GHz accelerator section. We report here on the design of our first klystrons, the results of our experiments so far, and some of our plans for the near future. 5 refs., 7 figs.

One of the threats of concern to facilities using significant quantities of radioactive material is radiological sabotage. Both the Department of Energy (DOE) and the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission have issued guidance to facilities for radiological sabotage protection. At those facilities where the inventories of radioactive materials change frequently, there is an operational need for a technically defensible method of determining whether or not the inventory of radioactive material at a given facility poses a potential radiological sabotage risk. In order to determine quickly whether a building is a potential radiological sabotage target, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has developed a radiological sabotage consequence index that provides a conservative estimate of the maximum potential off-site consequences of a radiological sabotage attempt involving the facility. This radiological sabotage consequence index can be used by safeguards and security staff to rapidly determine whether a change in building operations poses a potential radiological sabotage risk. In those cases where such a potential risk is identified, a more detailed radiological sabotage vulnerability analysis can be performed. 1 tab.

We discuss the quantization of chiral gauge theories by lattice regularization, carefully treating the effects of the chiral anomaly. We derive a chiral gauge invariant lattice fermion action from a chiral gauge variant Wilson fermion action without changing its partition function. By lattice power counting for this formula we show that anomalous gauge theories as well as anomaly-free gauge theories are renormalizable even in 4-dimensions. Some applications and implications of this result and problems therein are discussed. 16 refs.

Report of Argonne Environmental Research Division activities, including atmospheric physics, environmental effects research, organic geochemistry and environmental instrumentation, and fundamental molecular physics and chemistry.

Annual report of activities of the Argonne National Laboratory Physics Division, including ATLAS research, medium-energy nuclear physics and weak interactions, theoretical nuclear physics, and atomic and various molecular physics research.

We summarize the work carried out for the past two years, concerning some different ways for achieving high-field gradients, particularly in view of future linear lepton colliders. These studies and measurements on low power models concern the switched power principle and multifrequency excitation of resonant cavities. 15 refs., 12 figs.

A brief summary is presented of results pertinent to strange quark spectroscopy derived from high statistics data on K/sup /minus//p interactions obtained with the LASS spectrometer at SLAC.

The recent measurements of the antiproton yield as well as the previous ones differ from the predictions which are the basis of the TEVATRON1 Design Report. It was found in reference that at small acceptances, where the data depends essentially only on the forward pbar production cross section, the measured yield data indicates that these cross sections were over estimated by about a factor of 3 in the case of tungsten and about 2.3 in the case of copper. To clear up the situation and to understand what one can do to maximize the luminosity of the TEVATRON Collider this work has been done. Two sides of the antiproton production problem are considered: pbar production cross sections and targeting limitations. Energy deposition density distributions in targets and particle yields are studied via Monte Carlo hadronic and electromagnetic cascade calculations. In the present work we use two independent Monte Carlo programs.

During this quarter, work continued on testing and development of initial prototype components; it was found that the entire furnace system, including the combustor, peristaltic pump, Y-jet atomizer, and heat exchanger, performed reliably. The IRIS (Inertial Reactor with Internal Separation) achieved a carbon conversion efficiency of > 97%. Work also continued on fabrication and assembly of a second- generation, Proof-of-Concept system. This new unit incorporates a water-cooled combustor in please of the air-cooled one. Also, a heat exchanger with larger gas passages was built. 13 figs, 1 table.

The HfO/sub 2/-PrO/sub 1.83/-In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ system has been studied at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory to develop alternative, highly electrically conducting oxides as electrode and interconnection materials for solid oxide fuel cells. A coprecipitation process was developed for synthesizing single-phase, mixed oxide powders necessary to fabricate powders and dense oxides. A ternary phase diagram was developed, and the phases and structures were related to electrical transport properties. Two new phases, an orthorhombic PrInO/sub 3/ and a rhombohedral Hf/sub 2/In/sub 2/O/sub 7/ phase, were identified. The highest electronic conductivity is related to the presence of a bcc, In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ solid solution (ss) containing HfO/sub 2/ and PrO/sub 1.83/. Compositions containing more than 35 mol % of the In/sub 2/O/sub 3/ ss have electrical conductivities greater than 10/sup /minus/1/ (ohm-cm)/sup /minus/1/, and the two or three phase structures that contain this phase appear to exhibit mixed electronic-ionic conduction. The high electrical conductivities and structures similar to the Y/sub 2/O/sub 3/-stabilized ZrO/sub 2/(HfO/sub 2/) electrolyte give these oxides potential for use as cathodes in solid oxide fuel cells. 21 refs.

Predictions are presented of total cross sections for charm and bottom quark production in /bar p/p, ..pi../sup /minus//p, and pp interactions at fixed target and collider energies. The calculations are done through next-to-leading order in QCD perturbation theory. The sensitivity is explored of results to the choices of renormalization/evolution scale, parton densities, ..lambda../sub QCD/, and heavy flavor masses. Comparisons with available data show that good agreement is obtained for reasonable values of charm and bottom quark masses and other parameters. Open issues in the interpretation of results are summarized including the large size of the next-to-leading order contributions, proper definition of the gluon density, the nuclear A dependence of charm cross sections, the role of final state interactions, and higher twist effects. 39 refs., 7 figs., 5 tabs.

The Fermilab antiprotron Accumulator has been modified for use in a medium energy experiment. The experiment is conducted with circulating antiproton beam of momentum between 6.7 GeV/c and 3.7 GeV/c colliding with protons from an internal gas jet. Antiprotons are accumulated at the normal momentum of 8.9 GeV/c and then decelerated to the appropriate energy. It is necessary to cool the beam continually during the time it is colliding with the gas jet. The experiment requires new provisions for the control of magnet power supplies and low level rf system and modifications of the cooling system and high level energy systems to permit variable energy operation. Transition must be crossed to decelerate the beam below 5 GeV/c; because the deceleration is very slow, transition can not be crossed in a conventional manner. This paper will describe the required changes to the Accumulator and operating experience with protons. 8 refs., 2 figs., 1 tab.

The experimental measurements covered by this report were designed to provide benchmark type data on water moderated LWR type fuel arrays containing neutron flux traps. The experiments were performed at the US Department of Energy Hanford Critical Mass Laboratory, operated by Pacific Northwest Laboratory. The experimental assemblies consisted of 2 /times/ 2 arrays of 4.31 wt % /sup 235/U enriched UO/sub 2/ fuel rods, uniformly arranged in water on a 1.891 cm square center-to-center spacing. Neutron flux traps were created between the fuel units using metal plates containing varying amounts of boron. Measurements were made to determine the effect that boron loading and distance between the fuel and flux trap had on the amount of fuel required for criticality. Also, measurements were made, using the pulse neutron source technique, to determine the effect of boron loading on the effective neutron multiplications constant. On two assemblies, reaction rate measurements were made using solid state track recorders to determine absolute fission rates in /sup 235/U and /sup 238/U. 14 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs.

The Boltzmann master equation (BME) is described and used as a tool to interpret preequilibrium neutron emission from heavy ion collisions gated on evaporation residue or fission fragments. The same approach is used to interpret neutron spectra gated on deep inelastic and quasi-elastic heavy ion collisions. Less successful applications of BME to proton inclusive data with 40 MeV/u incident /sup 12/C ions are presented, and improvements required in the exciton injection term are discussed.

This paper opens with a brief overview of the purpose of Fermilab and a historical synopsis of the development and current status of quality assurance (QA) at the Laboratory. The paper subsequently addresses some of the more important aspects of interpreting the national standard ANSI/ASME NQA-1 in pure research environments like Fermilab. Highlights of this discussion include, what is hermeneutics and why are hermeneutical considerations relevant for QA, a critical analysis of NQA-1 focussing on teleological aspects of the standard, a description of the hermeneutical approach to NQA-1 used at Fermilab which attempts to capture the true intents of the document without violating the deeply ingrained traditions of quality standards and peer review that have been foundational to the overall success of the paradigms of high-energy physics.

After a brief overview of the mission of Fermilab, this paper explores some of the problems associated with designing internal QA audits. The paper begins with several examples of how audits should not be designed, then goes on to analyze two types of presuppositions about organizational structure (reductionism and emergence) that can be misleading and skew the data sample if folded too heavily into the checklist. A third type of presupposition (functionalism), is proposed as a viable way of achieving a more well-rounded measure of the performance of an organization, i.e. its effectiveness, not just compliance.

The physical presence of vacuum structures can be expressed in terms of a coupling impedance experienced by the beam. The beam environment considered here consist of parasitic higher order modes of the r.f. cavities. These resonances may have high enough Q's to allow consecutive bunches to interact through mutually induced fields. The cumulative effect of such fields as the particles pass through the cavity may be to induce a coherent buildup in synchrotron motion of the bunches, i.e., a longitudinal coupled-bunch instability. The colliding mode operation of the present generation of high energy synchrotrons and the accompanying r.f. manipulations, make considerations of individual bunch area of paramount importance. Thus, a longitudinal instability in one of a chain of accelerators, while not leading to any immediate reduction in the intensity of the beam in that accelerator, may cause such a reduction of beam quality that later operations are inhibited (resulting in a degradation performance). In this paper we employ a longitudinal phase-space tracking code (ESME) as an effective tool to simulate specific coupled bunch modes arising in a circular accelerator. One of the obvious advantages of the simulation compared to existing analytic formalisms, e.g., based on the Vlasov equation, is that …

The coherent betatron instability was first observed during the recent 1987-88 Tevatron fixed target run. In this operating mode 1000 consecutive bunches are loaded into the machine at 150 GeV with a bunch spacing of 18.8 /times/ 10/sup -9/ sec (53 MHz). The normalized transverse emittance is typically 15 ..pi.. /times/ 10/sup -6/ m rad in each plane with a longitudinal emittance of about 1.5 eV-sec. The beam is accelerated to 800 GeV in 13 sec. and then it is resonantly extracted during a 23 sec flat top. As the run progressed the bunch intensities were increased until at about 1.4 /times/ 10/sup 10/ppb (protons per bunch) we experienced the onset of a coherent horizontal oscillation taking place in the later stages of the acceleration cycle (>600 GeV). This rapidly developing coherent instability results in a significant emittance growth, which limits machine performance and in a catastrophic scenario it even prevents extraction of the beam. In this paper we will present a simple analytic description of the observed instability. We will show that a combination of a resistive wall coupled bunch effect and a single bunch slow head-tail instability is consistent with the above observations. Finally, a systematic numerical analysis …

A search for pairs of high p/sub T/ prompt photons produced in hydrogen by a 280 GeV/c incident /pi//sup /minus// beam has been carried out using a fine-grained electromagnetic calorimeter and the Omega spectrometer at the CERN SPS. Clear evidence for the existence of such events is found with a six standard deviation signal for p/sub T/ > 3.0 GeV/c. The cross sections are consistent with beyond leading order QCD calculations. A discussion on the determination of /alpha//sub s/ is also presented. 18 refs., 7 figs., 7 tabs.

The geographic area of the genetics study broadly covered the distribution range of sturgeon in the Columbia from below Bonneville Dam at Ilwaco at Lake Roosevelt, the Upper Snake River, and the Kootenai River. The two remote river sections provided data important for enhancement considerations. There was little electrophoretic variation seen among individuals from the Kootenai River. Upper Snake river sturgeon showed a higher percentage of polymorphic loci than the Kootenai fish, but lower than the other areas in the Columbia River we sampled. Sample size was increased in both Lake Roosevelt and at Electrophoretic variation was specific to an individual sampling area in several cases and this shaped our conclusions. The 1987 early life history studies concentrated on the feeding behavior of juvenile sturgeon. The chemostimulant components in prey attractive to sturgeon were examined, and the sensory systems utilized by foraging sturgeon were determined under different environmental conditions. These results were discussed with regard to the environmental changes that have occurred in the Columbia River. Under present river conditions, the feeding mechanism of sturgeon is more restricted to certain prey types, and their feeding range may be limited. In these situations, enhancement measures cannot be undertaken without consideration given …

A simple and effective method was developed for contamination of high-level waste containers. This method of chemical decontamination is applicable to a wide variety of contaminated equipment found in the nuclear industry. The process employs a oxidant system (Ce(IV)) in nitric acid (HNO/sub 3/) solution to chemically mill a thin layer from the canister surface. Contaminated canisters are simply immersed in the solution at a controlled temperature and Ce(IV) concentration level. The spent solution is discarded to the high-level waste stream and added to subsequent glass batches. The Ce(IV)/HNO/sub 3/ solution has been shown to be effective in chemically milling the surface of stainless steel, similar to the electropolishing process, but without the need for an applied electrical current. West Valley (WV) staff had previously evaluated several canister decontamination methods, including electropolishing, liquid abrasive blast, high-pressure water wash, and ultrasonic cleaning, before the Ce(IV)/HNO/sub 3/ redox solution on treatment was selected. The initial concept involved continuous electrochemical regeneration of the ceric ion. Extensive in-cell pumping and close-coupled heat transfer and electrochemical equipment were required. The objective of this study, was to simplify the original concept. 2 refs., 16 figs., 4 tabs.