Inorganic analysis of solid, liquid and gaseous samples from the Paraho Semiworks Retort was completed using a multitechnique approach. The data were statistically analyzed to determine both the precision of each method and to see how closely the various techniques compared. The data were also used to determine the redistribution of 31 trace and major elements in the various effluents, including the offgas for the Paraho Retort operating in the direct mode. The computed mass balances show that approximately 1% or greater fractions of the As, Co, Hg, N, Ni, S and Se are released during retorting and redistributed to the product shale oil, retort water or product offgas. The fraction for these seven elements ranged from almost 1% for Co and Ni to 50 to 60% for Hg and N. Approximately 20% of the S and 5% of the As and Se are released. The mass balance redistribution during retorting for Al, Fe, Mg, V and Zn was observed to be no greater than .05%. These redistribution figures are generally in agreement with previous mass balance studies made for a limited number of elements on laboratory or smaller scale pilot retorts. 7 tables.

A regional geothermal resource assessment has been conducted for the major islands in the Hawaiian chain. The assessment was made through the compilation and evaluation of the readily accessible geological, geochemical, and geophysical data for the Hawaiian Archipelago that have been acquired during the last two decades. The geologic criteria used in the identification of possible geothermal reservoirs were age and location of most recent volcanism on the island and the geologic structure of each island. The geochemical anomalies used as traces for geothermally altered groundwater were elevated silica concentrations and elevated chloride/magnesium ion ratios. Geophysical data used to identify subsurface structure with possible geothermal potential were aeromagnetic anomalies, gravity anomalies, and higher-than-normal well and basal spring discharge temperatures. Geophysical and geochemical anomalies that may be the result of subsurface thermal effects have been identified on the islands of Hawaii, Maui, Molokai, and Oahu.

The overall objective of this program is to conduct research on metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) solar cells to improve understanding of the basic parameters which control photovoltaic processes in these cell structures. Current work includes fabrication, characterization, and theoretical studies of single crystal silicon-based cells, with Si0/sub x/ as the insulating film and Al or Au as the front metal contact. Studies of these two systems are intended to provide needed reference systems from which improved single crystal or polycrystalline devices can be systematically developed. The approach to cell fabrication involves growth of a Si0/sub x/ layer on a silicon substrate, and subsequent evaporation of a metal layer for the front contact by vacuum evaporation or electron beam deposition. Characterization of cells involves both physical and electro-optical measurements. Scanning Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) are utilized to determine depth concentration profiles and the nature of bonding in the interfacial region. Electron-optical measurements include current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, and spectral photoresponse measurements with the completed cell. In addition, ellipsometric measurements are utilized to determine oxide film thickness and the optical parameters for metal films on silicon. These results are compared to parameters determined from reflection and transmission measurements made on …

In 1976, DOE (FEA) sponsored the development of a systematic methodology for the identification and analysis of candidate projects which a utility might undertake to improve baseload unit reliability. This methodology also enabled the user to estimate a project's effect on the future performance of the unit. A project was sponsored in Illinois to demonstrate the methodology and to encourage increased power plant productivity in the state. A total of 8 improvement projects were conducted and analyzed at Illinois Power Company Wood River 5 and Commonwealth Edison Company Quad Cities 1 and 2 units. A general description of the approach followed in estimating costs and benefits and in presenting the results for the 8 projects is provided. A brief technical description of the projects and their total cost, total benefits, net present value, and benefit-to-cost ratio is given. Detailed cost and benefit summaries for each project are presented followed by a discussion of the results.

This report outlines the detailed design and system analysis of a solar industrial process steam system for the Lone Star Brewery. The industrial plant has an average natural gas usage of 12.7 MMcf per month. The majority of this energy goes to producing process steam of 125 psi and 353/sup 0/F at about 50,000 lb/h, with this load dropping to about 6000 lb/h on the weekends. The maximum steam production of the solar energy system is about 1700 lb/h. The climatic conditions at the industrial site give 50% of the possible amount of sunshine during the winter months and more than 70% during the summer months. The long-term yearly average daily total radiation on a horizontal surface is 1574 Btu/day-ft/sup 2/, the long-term yearly average daytime ambient temperature is 72/sup 0/F, and the percentage of clear day insolation received on the average day of the year is 62%. The solar steam system will consist of 9450 ft/sup 2/ of Solar Kinetics T-700 collectors arranged in fifteen 90-ft long rows through which 67.5 gpm of Therminol T-55 is pumped. This hot Therminol then transfers the heat collected to a Patterson-Kelley Series 380 unfired steam boiler. The solar-produced steam is then metered …

Trade-off studies of Near Term Hybrid Vehicle (NTHV) design elements were performed to identify the most promising design concept in terms of achievable petroleum savings. The activities in these studies are described. The results are presented as preliminary NTHV body design, expected fuel consumption as a function of vehicle speed, engine requirements, battery requirements, and vehicle reliability and cost. (LCL)

The program's potential environmental impacts are evaluated to ensure that environmental issues are considered at the earliest meaningful point in the decision-making process. The existing environment is studied for the following: grain drying; crop drying; livestock shelter heating; food processing; textile products; lumber and wood products; paper products; chemicals; petroleum refining; stone, clay, and glass products; and primary metals industries. Environmental impacts of the proposed action on the following are studied: air quality, water quality, ecosystems, health and safety, land use, esthetics, and social and institutional impacts. (MHR)

IMP 6 observations of the plasma boundary layer (PBL) and magnetopause layer (MPL) of the earth's magnetosphere indicate that plasma in the low-latitude portion of the PBL is supplied primarily by direct transport of magnetosheath plasma across the MPL and that this transport process is relatively widespread over the entire sunward magnetospheric boundary.

The results of Task I, Design Requirements, are presented. Environmental conditions for the Punta Tuna, Puerto Rico site are reviewed and synthesized to provide definition of current, wind and wave severity, direction, and occurrence for service, operational, and extreme sea states. SKSS performance requirements, including design life and watch circle, are followed by interface considerations particularly for the electrical transmission riser cable, and design criteria including safety and load factors. The SKSS concepts will be analyzed to evaluate performance, reliability, and cost. Performance analysis conducted included catenary anchor leg static calculations to size components, as well as drag due to environmental loads in the operational and extreme sea states for both ship and spar platforms. Dynamic analyses and trade studies to be conducted in Task II are presented. A reliability and risk assessment analysis of the three basic SKSS types - single-, multiple-, and tension-anchor-leg moors - was completed, indicating that the multiple-anchor-leg/multiple-point rotary or turret moor has the lowest risk-criticality for the ship, while that for the spar is the multiple-anchor-leg/multiple-point moor. The catenary single-anchor-leg/single-point moor has insufficient reliability for both platforms. The life cycle cost analysis methodology, including work breakdown structure, cost estimating, and cost minimization define the …

This report covers Phase III effort on the Foster-Miller Associates, Inc. Coal Feeder Development Program from 1 July 1978 to 31 December 1978. At the end of this period, the Linear Pocket Feeder had been operated for 234 hours. Problems with the unit have been limited to excessive wear of the conveyor joints. This problem is expected to be relatively easy to solve. Design, fabrication, and assembly of the 500 psig Centrifugal Feeder prototype was completed, and testing of the feeder was initiated. The enlarged feeder test facility (5-ton capacity) was completed.

This report summarizes the mechanical, structural, and hydrodynamic design of the Intermediate-Size Inducer Pump (ISIP). The design was performed under Atomics International's DOE Base Technology Program by the Atomics International and Rocketdyne Divisions of Rockwell International. The pump was designed to utilize the FFTF prototype pump frame as a test vehicle to test the inducer, impeller, and diffuser plus necessary adapter hardware under simulated Large Scale Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reactor service conditions. The report describes the design requirements including the purpose and objectives, and discusses those design efforts and considerations made to meet the requirements. Included in the report are appendices showing calculative methods and results. Also included are overall assembly and layout drawings plus some details used as illustrations for discussion of the design results and the results of water tests performed on a model of the inducer.

This study developed a generic planning process that utilities can use to determine the feasibility of utilizing WECS (Wind Energy Conversion Systems) as part of their future mix of equipment. While this is primarily an economic process, other questions dealing with WECS availability, capacity credit, operating reserve, performance of WECS arrays, etc., had to be addressed. The approach was to establish the worth, or breakeven value, of WECS to the utility and to determine the impact that WECS additions would have on the utilities mix of conventional source.

Because of high internal temperatures, the external temperature has no effect upon the reaction rate of coke particles with air for temperatures above 750/sup 0/K. Reactions could not be initiated below that temperature. Chemical reaction rate was not found to be a rate-controlling step: both extra-particle and intra-particle diffusion are important and limit the rate of oxidation. The observed values of k/sub c/, the extra-particle mass transfer coefficient were found to be in good agreement with the correlation of Ranz and Marshall. The effective diffusivity, D/sub e/, of the ash layer was not affected by changes in temperature, oxygen concentration, gas flow rate, and particle size. The observed value of D/sub e/ was 0.69 cm/sup 2//sec with a standard deviation of 0.04. Experiments with bench-scale combustors, measurements of the thermal conductivity of coke and of the reactivity of coke at 500/sup 0/C made from Alabama coals are also discussed. (LTN)

The project plans and procedures to be used in drilling and completing both the production and injection wells for Holly Sugar Company are described. The following are included: general site activities, occupational health and safety, drilling operations, permits, environmental report, and schedule.

Work to develop the theory controlling the electroplating of a compound semiconductor on a transparent, conductive substrate and to demonstrate operative solar cells using the approach is reported. The current program is divided essentially into three paralleled team efforts. The first effort centers on refining the electroplating process at Monosolar so thicker and more uniform layers of p- or n-type cadmium telluride can be plated on both In/sub 2/O/sub 3/:Sn- and Ni- coated substrates. 1 ..mu..M thick polycrystalline films have been achieved for the first time ever without peeling problems, a thickness optimum for maximum solar absorption and economy of materials. Second, work is underway at UCLA to physically and electrically characterize the films and diodes made from them. Under proper conditions Schottky diodes with better than 10/sup 4/ rectification ratios at 1.5 V were obtained along with preliminary indications of grain sizes up to 1 ..mu..M. Measurements of these diodes revealed the presence of deep trapping level(s) that may be associated with plating process impurities that since may have been eliminated. Third, work so far on developing improved techniques for depositing ITO has been successful at UCLA in their effort to eliminate persistent problems with ITO obtained from outside …

In studying the position of the United States Department of Energy, Non-proliferation Alternative Systems Assessment Program, this report determines the uranium saving associated with various improvement concepts applicable to a once-through fuel cycle of a standard four-loop Westinghouse Pressurized Water Reactor. Increased discharged fuel burnup from 33,000 to 45,000 MWD/MTM could achieve a 12% U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ saving by 1990. Improved fuel management schemes combined with coastdown to 60% power, could result in U/sub 3/O/sub 8/ savings of 6%.

Corrosion problems in high-temperature (non aqueous) energy systems, corrosion in aqueous energy systems and institutional problems inhibiting the development of corrosion science and engineering are discussed. (FS)

The study identifies opportunities for and barriers to increased use of railroads to promote fuel conservation. Transportation officials were interviewed from 9 companies in the processed food, metals, chemicals, and transportation vehicle industries. These industry personnel identified unreliable delivery times and equipment shortages as the key issues in their decision not to use the railroads. A range of actions that railroad management could take to improve transit time reliability is identified. Barriers to implementing changes include (in increasing order of difficulty) changes in operating practices, capital outlays, increased operating costs, and changes in work rules. Ranked by increased order of difficulty to implement actions to improve reliability are as follows: rationalize train schedules, yard crew assignments in terminal areas, system blocking plan, and configuration of complex terminal areas; schedule freight cars from door to door; and operate freight trains more frequently.

This volume contains the appendices to a study to identify design requirements for photovoltaic modules and arrays used in residential applications. Appendices include: (1) codes, standards, and manuals of accepted practice-definition and importance; (2) regional code variations-impact; (3) model and city codes-review; (4) National Electric Code (NEC)-review; (5) types of standards-definition and importance; (6) federal standards-review; (7) standards review method; (8) manuals of accepted practice; (9) codes and referenced standards-summary; (10) public safety testing laboratories; (11) insurance review; (12) studies approach; (13) mounting configurations; (14) module/panel size and shape cost analysis; (15) grounding, wiring, terminal and voltage studies; (16) array installation cost summary; (17) photovoltaic shingle/module comparison; (18) retrofit application; (19) residential photovoltaic module performance criteria; (20) critique of JPL's solar cell module design and test specifications for residential applications; and (21) CSI format specification. (WHK)

These appendices to the Near Term Hybrid Vehicle Trade-off Studies reports present data on the SPEC-78 computer model for simulating vehicle performance, fuel economy, and exhaust emissions; propulsion system alternatives; lead-acid and sodium-sulfur batteries; and production cost estimates. (LCL)

This environmental impact assessment addresses the design, construction, and operation of an electric generating plant (3 to 4 MWe) and research station (Hawaii Geothermal Research Station (HGRS)) in the Puna district on the Island of Hawaii. The facility will include control and support buildings, parking lots, cooling towers, settling and seepage ponds, the generating plant, and a visitors center. Research activities at the facility will evaluate the ability of a successfully flow-tested well (42-day flow test) to provide steam for power generation over an extended period of time (two years). In future expansion, research activities may include direct heat applications such as aquaculture and the effects of geothermal fluids on various plant components and specially designed equipment on test modules. 54 refs., 7 figs., 22 tabs.

Synthesis of homo poly(dimethylsiloxane) PDMS, homo poly(diphenylsiloxane PDPS, and di- and tri- block copolymers of PDMS and PDPS have been carried out by anionic living polymerization, using the following reagents: hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane, HMTS and hexaphenylcyclotrisiloxane, HPTS (monomers), n-BuLi and dilithium diphenyldisilanolate, DLS (initiators), DMSO and THF (promoters) and Toluene (solvent). Lithium based catalysts are used in order to minimize siloxane rearrangement (equilibration) reactions.

This Phase I summary report contains a description of the 8 kW wind energy conversion system developed by the United Technologies Research Center (UTRC) for the Department of Energy. The wind turbine employs the UTRC Bearingless Rotor Concept in conjunction with a passive pendulum control system which controls blade pitch for start-up, efficient power generation, and high-speed survivability. The report contains a summary of the experimental and analytical programs in support of design efforts. These supporting programs include materials tests, a wind tunnel program, and aeroelastic analyses to evaluate system stability. An estimate is also made of the projected manufacturing cost of the system if produced in quantity.

A summary of total cumulative fuel consumption differences by fuel type through 1990 for four improvement scenarios is presented for Commonwealth Edison Company (CE) and for Illinois Power Company (IP). In all scenarios, liquid-fuel consumption is reduced. Generation is shifted to the coal and/or nuclear units for which improved availability has been assumed. For a 2% improvement in both planned (POR) and forced outage rates (FOR), a total of more than 16 million barrels of No. 6 oil will have been saved by 1990 by the two companies. This is the result of improving 10,894 MW on the CE system and 2234 MW on the IP system. For the two utilities combined, gross savings (in 1978 dollars) range from $83 million for a 1% POR improvement to $346 million for 2% improvements in both POR and FOR. In terms of their effect on ratepayers, these savings would be even greater since gross receipt taxes and other charges would be applied to a smaller-generation cost base under the improvement scenarios. Caution must be exercised however, since results do not take into consideration the costs of achieving the improved performance. The proportion of net benefits that would be passed on to ratepayers …