A titration technique was utilized to determine the equilibrium quotients for the first and second aquation steps of cis-Pt(NH/sub 3/)/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/. At 25.0/sup 0/C and an ionic strength of 0.318 M the first and second aquation equilibrium constants are: K/sub 1/ = 3.63 +- 0.22 x 10/sup -3/ M, ..delta..H/sub 1//sup 0/ = 3.4 kcal and K/sub 2/ = 1.11 +- 0.14 x 10/sup -4/ M, ..delta..H/sub 2//sup 0/ = 10 kcal. In the ternary system, cis-Pt(NH/sub 3/)/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/:PtCl/sub 4//sup 2 -/:Cl/sup -/, the kinetics of isotopic exchange of chlorine was investigated. In addition to the expected route of exchange via aquation, a direct exchange of chlorine ligands between cis-Pt(NH/sub 3/)/sub 2/Cl/sub 2/ and PtCl/sub 4//sup 2 -/ occurred which is described by the rate expression. Separation procedures were devised for partial resolution of component yields resulting from dissolving a neutron-irradiated sample of (H/sub 3/O)/sub 2/((Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 8/)Cl/sub 6/) . 6H/sub 2/O in 1.5 N HCl. A recrystallization procedure was formulated to determine the retention of activity in the parent compound of molybdenum(II) chloride clusters after neutron irradiation. The retention found in an aqueous 1.5 N HCl solution containing 1 percent (H/sub 3/O)/sub 2/((Mo/sub 6/Cl/sub 8/)Cl/sub 6/) . …

This report is a history of qui tam actions and citizen enforcement of these laws.

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In the Hydrocarbonization Research program, two successful experiments were completed in the bench-scale hydrocarbonizer. A settling test at a lower temperature (390/sup 0/F) using 20 percent toluene in Solvent Refined Coal (SRC) Unfiltered Oil (UFO) produced a 30 percent clarified product in 2 hr. Characterization tests include distillation curves for Wilsonville's SRC-UFO and a particle size distribution of Pittsburg and Midway Coal Mining Company's (PAMCO) SRC-UFO. Studies of intermediate-temperature pyrolysis of large blocks have been maintained with char samples continuing to demonstrate pyrophoricity, even after heating to 700/sup 0/C. Simulated distillation analysis of tars produced by the last eight experiments are being compared with those performed at Laramie upon tars produced by the Hanna No. 2 experiment. In Coal-Fueled MIUS, stainless steel tubing to be used in one of the furnace tube bundles was ordered and the bid package for the furnace completed. Tests continued on the coal feed system and with the cold flow fluidized bed model. For the Synthoil process, flow diagrams, material balances, and utilities requirements were completed for the entire facility. For the Hydrocarbonization process, flowsheets were reviewed for compatibility; equipment lists were brought up to date; and utilities requirements were compiled from the individual flowsheets. …

In the Hydrocarbonization project, two successful experiments were completed in the bench-scale hydrocarbonizer. In the Solids-Liquid Separations project, initial filtration runs on the bench-scale filter employed a 40-..mu.. metal disc filter. Filtration rates for PAMCO-SRC at 500/sup 0/F were as high as 165 lb/hr . ft/sup 2/, but decreased rapidly with cake thickness. High-temperature pyrolysis studies of large coal blocks were significantly interrupted by equipment problems which developed. Several tests at 800/sup 0/C were completed, however, with the continued production of pyrophoric chars at external heating rates of 0.3 and 3.0/sup 0/C/min. Samples of Synthoil, shale oil, crude petroleum, and by-product waters from oil shale retorting and Synthane coal gasification have been chemically fractionated and are being examined for biological activity. Normal alkanes in oil shale and by-product retort water have been determined. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions have been prepared from extracted organics removed from shale oil by-product water and Synthane condensate water. In the conceptual design study of the Synthoil process, preliminary figures indicate that the overall capital cost estimate for the commercial-scale (100,000 bbl/day) plant will be in the neighborhood of $2 billion. Work continued on the estimation of operating costs. In the Hydrocarbonization conceptual design study, …

The absorption of 1.06 ..mu.. light focused on small C/sub 8/H/sub 8/ discs has been measured in the intensity range of 10/sup 15/ - 10/sup 17/ W/cm. The data confirms the importance of collective plasma effects in determining the absorption of intense light. The measured absorption efficiencies are in the range of 30 to 40 percent, and the scattered light has a polarization dependence. The measured absorptions are shown to be inconsistent with classical inverse bremsstrahlung. Both the magnitude of the absorption and the observed polarization dependence of the scattered light are shown to be consistent with recent calculations of light absorption via collective processes. Comparisons are made, and improved models of the light absorption are discussed with reference to the data. In addition, the heated electron energies deduced from the x-ray data are consistent with those expected via collective processes.

Increased use of coal, our most abundant fossil fuel resource, will be required to meet both immediate and long-term energy demands. Improvement in existing technologies of steam raising and industrial process heating through the clean, direct firing of pulverized coal will have major and immediate impact. Improvements are required because of the unacceptably high emissions from present coal combustion systems and because of the need to couple considerations of pollutant emissions and carbon conversion efficiencies. The rates and mechanisms of coal devolatilization and combustion are extremely sensitive to local details of the combustion process. Similarly, pollutants formed during the process are sensitive to the initial coal composition and local time and temperature histories of individual particles. Very little useful information is available by which the influence of combustion modifications on both the efficiency and pollutant emission characteristics can be predicted. The present understanding of the rates of coal and char combustion is summarized with the conclusion that heterogeneous chemical kinetic rates strongly influence the rates and mechanisms of coal and char combustion. If understood, adjustment and control of the rates and mechanisms by judicious adjustment of the combustion process and the initial fuel character should be possible. A proposal for …

A simple connection between the x-ray spectrum and the number and energy distribution of suprathermal electrons in laser-heated plasmas has been suggested by Brueckner. This relation is shown to depend sensitively on an inaccurate approximation to an integral occurring in the model.

This report is about the Communist participation in West European governments: prospects and implications.

Four methods for the accurate determination of aluminum in highly alkaline nuclear waste solutions were developed and the results were compared to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each. The solutions of interest contain aluminum in concentrations of 0.5 to 3.5 M and the hydroxide (OH/sup -/) concentrations were greater than 1.0 M. The normal atomic absorption determination was highly inaccurate for these samples so citrate was used as a complexant to improve the results. A fluoride titration was carried out in an ethanol-water matrix using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. A thermometric titration proved successful in determining both the OH/sup -/ and aluminum concentrations of the samples. Finally, a titrimetric method using a pH electrode to determine OH/sup -/ d aluminum was checked and compared with the other methods. Samples were analyzed using all four methods and the agreement of the results was very good. For all four methods the accuracy was around 100 percent and the precision varied from approximately +-2 percent for the fluoride electrode determination to approximately +-10 percent for the atomic absorption determination. On the basis of the work performed, conclusions were drawn about the strengths and weaknesses of each method and whether or not the …

This study compared TIE's and TIR's to determine if any important differences exist between them. Salaries, performance ratings, supervisors' opinions, schools, and amount of time to advance from one PEP level to another were compared for the TIE's and TIR's. No statistically significant differences were found. The TIE program provides an important opportunity for members of minority groups and females to move into ESA/SAT level work. 6 figures, 13 tables.

Analytic studies were made of the adequacy of simulating earthquake effects at the Nevada Test Site for structural testing purposes. It is concluded that underground nuclear explosion ground motion will produce inelastic behavior and damage comparable to that produced by strong earthquakes. The generally longer duration of earthquakes compared with underground nuclear explosions does not appear to significantly affect the structural behavior of the building frames considered. A comparison of maximum ductility ratios, maximum story drifts, and maximum displacement indicate similar structural behavior for both types of ground motion. Low yield (10 - kt) underground nuclear explosions are capable of producing inelastic behavior in large structures. Ground motion produced by underground nuclear explosions can produce inelastic earthquake-like effects in large structures and could be used for testing large structures in the inelastic response regime. The Nevada Test Site is a feasible earthquake simulator for testing large structures.

HANDYL76, the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory version of SANDYL, the multidimensional Monte Carlo electron/photon computer code, was compared with experimental work performed on the Stanford Mark III Linear Accelerator. The three pieces of experimental work involved bombardment of Al, C, Cu, Sn, and Pb by using 185-MeV electrons, electron-induced cascade showers in Cu, Sn, and Pb at 900 MeV, and cascades in H/sub 2/O and Al at 1 GeV. Agreement between experiment and code calculations were good for the 900-MeV work, but only the aluminum at 185 MeV was within associated uncertainties for the major part of the target. Although good agreement was attained at 1 GeV in aluminum, the H/sub 2/O at 1 GeV produced moderate variations. Possible reasons for the differences obtained are discussed. 89 figures, 16 tables.

The three-volume report describes a dual-mode nuclear space power and propulsion system concept that employs an advanced solid-core nuclear fission reactor coupled via heat pipes to one of several electric power conversion systems. The second volume describes the computer code and users' guide for the preliminary analysis of the system.

A computer simulation of the creation of a transient, high-density plasma by convergent neutral beams establishes a formalism through which accurate predictions of the geometrical convergence and the temporal bunching of neutral beams can be made as they proceed. Numerical studies of convergent neutral beams can be made as they proceed. Numerical studies of convergent neutral beams include calculation of number densities and the degree of ionization of the neutral distribution as the beams approach convergence. The calculations encompass both spherical and cylindrical geometries. The distribution functions obtained from a mathematical model are integrated numerically to obtain particle densities. Values of the ionization rate parameter anti sigma v/sub NN/ are similarly obtained using numerical fits to the neutral-neutral ionization cross-section data. Integration of the resulting ionization rate provides a first-order estimate of the ion density n/sub I/ as a function of space and time. A better calculation of n/sub I/ is then obtained by adding the second-order effects of neutral-ion collisions. It is thereby possible to determine whether the distribution will be significantly ionized before it has completely converged. Theory had suggested that temporal and spatial convergence of neutral beams would create a maximum density at the target center that …

The data systems on the three mass spectrometers at LLL are computer-controlled, pulse-counting systems synchronized to a repeatedly swept magnetic field. The data are accumulated in the memory of the computer or in a Nuclear Data ND 180 in a multi-scaler mode of operation. This mode of data acquisition allows a continuous check of the background stability and makes tune-up easier. But the main benefit is a reduction in the required ion emission rate stability. By the use of standards to set the system dead time, we have been able to utilize the sensitivity of a pulse counting system without the expense of exotic equipment.

An analysis of refrigeration system requirements for the superconducting power transmission cables currently under study at the three principal US cable development centers indicates the need for cable system design considering the interrelated performance of the various cable system elements to successfully develop these systems for commercial operation in the 1990's. Hardware alternatives, compatible with the application timeframe, are evaluated to establish reliable refrigerator system design to a composite requirement typical of the range of refrigerator requirements presented by the cables currently under development. In addition, a methodology is presented and utilized to establish an estimate of hardware reliability and to evaluate redundancy requirements to a specific refrigerator system reliability allocation for a cable system used in previous cable development center studies. Reliability and performance of several compressor systems are evaluated. The oil-flooded screw compressor is felt to be the superior positive displacement compressor; however, the efficiency advantage resulting from preliminary design analysis of a multistage compliant toll process gas bearing centrifugal compressor system indicates a potential major operating cost reduction and the elimination of the need for oil lubrication and its subsequent cleanup requirements. Heat exchangers and expansion engines are evaluated. A preliminary design for a compliant foil process …

This report outlines the "Hatch Act" and its effects on campaign activities by Congressional employees.

The size of magnetic moment jumps of a particle in a long, thin equilibrium magnetic mirror field is shown to be related to the complex zeroes of the mirror mode parameter B + 4..pi..dP/sub perpendicular//dB. A consequence is that adiabaticity places a lower limit on ..beta.. than does the mirror mode.

The exposure of field soils to molecular tritium under laboratory conditions showed that molecular tritium was converted to tritiated water within the soil column. Soil conditions which promoted active metabolism of soil microorganisms also increased the amount of tritium found as tritiated water. Soil sterilization greatly decreased the conversion of molecular tritium, while reinnoculation with soil microorganisms restored the conversion ability of the soil. On the basis of these results, we conclude that molecular tritium is converted to tritiated water in soil through the metabolic action of soil microorganisms. A series of experiments was also carried out in which closed plant-soil systems were exposed to molecular tritium. Tritiated water was found in the soil and plant water after exposure. In some cases, the concentration of tritiated water in the plants was higher than the concentration in the soil. This observation suggests that there may be conversion of molecular tritium to tritiated water associated with the metabolism of the plants.

Selected experimental data and results calculated from experimental data obtained from the Semiscale Mod-1 PWR blowdown heat transfer test series are analyzed. These tests were designed primarily to provide information on the core thermal response to a loss-of-coolant accident. The data are analyzed to determine the effect of core flow on the heater rod thermal response. The data are also analyzed to determine the effects of initial operating conditions on the rod cladding temperature behavior during the transient. The departure from nucleate boiling and rewetting characteristics of the rod surfaces are examined for radial and axial patterns in the response. Repeatability of core thermal response data is also investigated. The test data and the core thermal response calculated with the RELAP4 code are compared.

A cost/benefit study was made to determine the cost and effectiveness of various radioactive waste (radwaste) treatment systems for decreasing the release of radioactive materials from model High-Temperature Gas-Cooled (HTGR) fuel fabrication plants and to determine the radiological impact (dose commitment) of the released materials on the environment. The study is designed to assist in defining the term ''as low as reasonably achievable'' as it applies to these nuclear facilities. The base cases of the two model plants, a fresh fuel fabrication plant and a refabrication plant, are representative of current proposed commercial designs or are based on technology that is being developed to fabricate uranium, thorium, and graphite into fuel elements. The annual capacities of the fresh fuel plant and the refabrication plant are 450 and 245 metric tons of heavy metal (where heavy metal is uranium plus thorium), as charged to about fifty 1000-MW(e) HTGRs. Additional radwaste treatment systems are added to the base case plants in a series of case studies to decrease the amounts of radioactive materials released and to reduce the radiological dose commitment to the population in the surrounding area. The capital and annual costs for the added waste treatment operations and the corresponding …

This methodology calculates the electric energy busbar cost from a utility-owned solar electric system. This approach is applicable to both publicly- and privately-owned utilities. Busbar cost represents the minimum price per unit of energy consistent with producing system-resultant revenues equal to the sum of system-resultant costs. This equality is expressed in present value terms, where the discount rate used reflects the rate of return required on invested capital. Major input variables describe the output capabilities and capital cost of the energy system, the cash flows required for system operation and maintenance, and the financial structure and tax environment of the utility.

Concern has arisen over the possible effects of electric and magnetic fields produced by EHV-UHV transmission lines. Past and ongoing research concerning the electric and magnetic field effects from EHV-UHV transmission lines was reviewed as it pertains to the following areas: (1) electromagnetic interference, (2) acoustic noise, (3) generation of gaseous effluents, and (4) safety considerations of induced voltages and currents. The intent of this review was to identify the short and long range research projects required to address these areas. The research plan identifies and gives priority to twenty programs in corona and coupling effects. In the case of the corona effects, a number of programs were recommended for acoustic noise and electromagnetic interference to delineate improved power line design criteria in terms of social, meteorological, geographical and cost constraints. Only one project is recommended in the case of ozone generation, because the results of comprehensive analyses, laboratory studies and field measurements have demonstrated that power lines do not contribute significant quantities of ozone. In the case of the coupling effects, a number of programs are recommended for HVAC transmission lines to improve the theoretically developed design guidelines by considering practical constraints. For HVDC transmission lines, programs are suggested …