This report discusses the response of the non-U.S. parties to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) to the Trump Administration's decision to cease implementing U.S. commitments under the agreement. The other parties, which include the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Russia, China, the European Union (EU) and Iran, opposed the U.S. move and have undertaken intensive negotiations to try to preserve the accord.

Report that discusses the issues surrounding whether or not the U.S. should grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) following its accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO).

This report discusses the issues surrounding whether or not the U.S. should grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) following its accession into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The change in Russia's trade status will require legislation to lift the restrictions of Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 as they apply to Russia, which includes the "freedom-of-emigration" requirements of the Jackson-Vanik amendment.

Russia has been invited to join the World Trade Organization (WTO) by July 23, 2012. This report looks at policy issues for Congress, and concerns for the US regarding conditions ensuring that Russia fulfills its obligations and provides meaningful trade and investment opportunities for U.S. firms.

This report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Russia, focusing on the impact of Vladimir Putin's leadership and the leadership of his successor/protégé, Dmitriy Medvedev, both of which have steered Russia away from progress toward democratization. The report also discusses the state of the economy since the Soviet collapse in 1999, how the recent global economic downturn has affected Russia, the state of Russia's military, and the current relationship between Russia and the United States.

The change in Russia's trade status will require legislation to lift the restrictions currently applied to Russia under Title IV of the Trade Act of 1974, which includes the "freedom-of-emigration" requirements of the Jackson-Vanik amendment. The process for Russia's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO) is proceeding and may be completed soon. As a result, Members may confront the issue of whether to grant Russia permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) status during the 112th Congress.

This report discusses the current political and economic conditions in Russia, focusing on the impact of Vladimir Putin's leadership and the leadership of his successor/protégé, Dmitriy Medvedev, both of which have steered Russia away from progress toward democratization. The report also discusses the state of the economy since the Soviet collapse in 1999, how the recent global economic downturn has affected Russia, the state of Russia's military, and the current relationship between Russia and the United States.

As has been the case with most of the world's economies, the Russian economy has been hit hard by the current global financial crisis. Even before the financial crisis, however, Russia was showing signs of economic problems. Russian economic policies and performance raise important policy questions for the United States and the U.S.-Russian relationship which this report addresses. Might Russia's robust economic growth return? Is an economically strong Russia a threat or benefit to the United States? Is Russia following economic strategies that promote a market economy that underlies the international trade system manifested in the World Trade Organization?

This report discusses the increasing international pressure on Iran to curb its nuclear program and how that pressure discourages foreign firms from investing in Iran's energy sector, hindering Iran's efforts to expand oil production. This report discusses the history and progress of the formal U.S. effort to curb energy investment in Iran, which began with the Iran Sanctions Act (ISA) in 1996. This report also discusses U.S. concerns that other nations, e.g., U.S. allies, Russia, and China, are not as strict with their economic sanctions against Iran, and how U.S. policymakers are combating this reticence with various pieces of legislation.

The United States and Russia signed a civilian nuclear cooperation agreement on May 6, 2008. President Bush submitted the agreement to Congress on May 13. This report discusses key policy issues related to that agreement, including future nuclear energy cooperation with Russia, U.S.-Russian bilateral relations, nonproliferation cooperation, and Russia's policies toward Iran.

On February 17, 2008, Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia. On February 18, the United States recognized Kosovo as an independent state. Britain, France, Germany, Italy, and most other European Union countries have also recognized Kosovo. Serbia and Russia have heatedly objected to the recognition of Kosovo's independence. Independent Kosovo faces many challenges, including its relations with Serbia and Serbs in Kosovo, as well as weak institutions and an underdeveloped economy.

Demand patterns for world oil and oil products show significant diversity by country, region, and product groupings. As a result of this diversity it is not possible to attach blame for the current level of price to any one nation, region, or product segment. The view that the oil market is international in scope and tightly interrelated is enhanced by the demand data. As a result of the integrated nature of the world oil market it is unlikely that any one nation acting on its own can implement policies that isolate its market from broader price behavior. As new major oil importers, notably China, and potentially India, expand their demand, the oil market likely will have to expand production capacity. This promises to increase the world’s dependence on the Persian Gulf members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, especially Saudi Arabia, and maintain upward pressure on price.

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Moldova was incorporated into the Soviet Union June 1940, and regained its independence on August 27, 1991. Shortly thereafter, Moldova faced challenges from Turkic-speaking Gagauz and ethnic Russians, both residing in Moldova's Dniestr valley, who proclaimed separatist "republics." Other challenges facing Moldovans include pursuing economic reform and choosing between potential reunification with their ethnic cohorts in Romania and forging an independent identity.

Radioactive waste materials--and the methods being used to treat, process, store, transport, and dispose of them--have come under increased scrutiny over last decade, both nationally and internationally. Nuclear waste practices in the former Soviet Union, arguably the world`s largest nuclear waste management system, are of obvious interest and may affect practices in other countries. In addition, poor waste management practices are causing increasing technical, political, and economic problems for the Soviet Union, and this will undoubtedly influence future strategies. this report was prepared as part of a continuing effort to gain a better understanding of the radioactive waste management program in the former Soviet Union. the scope of this study covers all publicly known radioactive waste management activities in the former Soviet Union as of April 1992, and is based on a review of a wide variety of literature sources, including documents, meeting presentations, and data base searches of worldwide press releases. The study focuses primarily on nuclear waste management activities in the former Soviet Union, but relevant background information on nuclear reactors is also provided in appendixes.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: France ; Marianas ; Biak ; Japan ; Italy ; Eastern Front ; China ; Southeast Asia. Maps: [Eastern Hemisphere] ; Italy ; Liberated Area of France ; Karelian Isthmus ; [American Advance on Saipan]. Back: Map of the Far East, copyright, National Geographic Society, used by special permission. Scale [ca. 1:10,000,000]. "International Boundaries as of Sept. 1, 1939, the day Germany invaded Poland." Transverse Polyconic Projection.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Italy, Western Europe, USSR, Pacific, Southeast Asia, China. Maps: Approach to Rome; northern New Guinea. Includes photographs: U.S. Navy plane on patrol duty; American jeep passes by a disabled German self-propelled 88mm. gun in the Spigno area; Ensign R. Black, Navy hellcat pilot of Brigham, Utah exits from his shattered plane. Back: Air commandos. Text and 8 photographs tell the story of air commandos in Asia.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Mediterranean, Russia, Western Europe, Southwest Pacific, Submarines. Maps show the Mediterranean arena; New Guinea and northern Australia. Photographs: Thousands of gas shells at the ready in an American arsenal; Nazi Junkers 52 trimotor transports attempt to evacuate supplies to the European mainland from Tunisia. Back: Text and illustrations highlight possible diseases in the tropics and ways to avoid becoming ill. Discusses malaria, dysentery, and skin diseases.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: Plans, Russia, Italy, Far East, Southwest Pacific, Argentina. Maps: The Eastern Front; large world map shows United Nations, Axis and Axis occupied areas, countries with Axis relations broken, and neutral countries. Photographs: Gangway, I'm a choo choo train [Army jeep pulls a freight car] -- Member of Chinese Expeditionary Force trains at a U.S. Army base in India -- Soldiers move material into place to build a bridge -- Chinese soldier simultaneously receives immunization shots in both arms. Back: The Making of a U.S. Bluejacket. Text and 25 photographs illustrate the training of the Naval personnel.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts: China, Air Offensive, Aleutians, Russia, North Africa, Southwest Pacific. Maps: Global map of war fronts; China, Burma, Mongolia, Japan. Photographs: Nazi sub sank after charged by The U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Spencer; The enterprise "Workhorse of War"; Yanks in India; Six B-24's of the U.S. Army Eighth Air Force attacking the port at Kiel in northern Germany. Back: "Secret" weapons are the little drops of information that you could give away! [Illustrations of the importance of keeping a military secret.]

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Includes inset maps: The siege of Sevastopol ; Theater of operations in the Aleutians. Photographs: Battle along the Atlantic; Damaged Japanese cruiser following Battle of Midway; Loading supplies; Moving on Moulmein; Russian Front; Trying Aussie favorite; West Coast patrol; Raising damaged Japanese midget sub. Back: Text describes the principal combat ships in fleets around the world. Includes photos of battleship, aircraft carrier, cruiser, submarine, destroyer, torpedo boat, minesweeper, and net tender.

Front: Text describes action on various war fronts. Large world map is keyed to text and illustrates time zones around the world. Includes inset maps: Strategic distances in the North Pacific ; Attu Island ; the Rat Island group ; Jap drives [in China]. Photographs: Jungle fighting; Battle of Carriers; Planes that hit the enemy; Swimming through flames; Tomahawk takes it. Back: "These are some of the weapons which checked Hitler's armies." Includes photographs: Moving in column to the attack -- Armored train alert -- Light armored cars -- Anti-aircraft alarm -- Ready to fire -- Formation to the front -- Anti-aircraft machine gun -- Woods used for cover -- Mortar ready to fire -- Amphibian tanks on land... -- Horse-drawn anti-tank gun -- ... and on the sea.