Ken Sperber led a discussion of the outcome of the Pan-WCRP Monsoon Modelling Workshop that was held at the University of California at Irvine from 15-17 June 2005. At the workshop presentations from key CLIVAR and GEWEX panels were presented to highlight the outstanding problems in modelling the Earth's monsoons. Additionally, presentations from invited experts were given to highlight important aspects of monsoon phenomena and processes, such as low-level jets, air-sea interaction, predictability, observational networks/studies, and model test beds etc. Since all persons attending the CLIVAR AAMP meeting were present for all, or most, of the monsoon workshop, a detailed description of the workshop presentations was not given. Rather, the discussion was focused on the recommendations of the workshop breakout groups and their relevance to CLIVAR AAMP. CLIVAR AAMP endorsed the near-term workshop recommendation of investigating the diurnal cycle using a hierarchy of models a key way forward for promoting CLIVAR/GEWEX interactions. In GCM studies CLIVAR researchers have identified the diurnal cycle as a forced ''mode'' of variability that is poorly represented in terms of amplitude and phase, especially in the case of precipitation. Typical phase errors of 6-12 hours are noted over both land and ocean in GCMs. CLIVAR …

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Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) established an area monitoring dosimeter program in accordance with Article 514 of the Department of Energy (DOE) Radiological Control Manual (RCM) in January 1993. This program is to minimize the number of areas requiring issuance of personnel dosimeters and to demonstrate that doses outside Radiological Buffer Areas are negligible. In accordance with 10 CFR Part 835.402 (a)(1)-(4) and Article 511.1 of the PNNL Radiological Control Program Description, personnel dosimetry shall be provided to (1) radiological workers who are likely to receive at least 100 mrem annually, and (2) declared pregnant workers, minors, and members of the public who are likely to receive at least 50 mrem annually. Program results for calendar years 1993-2004 confirm that personnel dosimetry is not needed for individuals located in areas monitored by the program.

The potential use of different iron phosphates as cathodematerials in lithium-ion batteries has recently been investigated.1 Oneof the promising candidates is LiFePO4. This compound has severaladvantages in comparison to the state-of-the-art cathode material incommercial rechargeable lithium batteries. Firstly, it has a hightheoretical capacity (170 mAh/g). Secondly, it occurs as mineraltriphylite in nature and is inexpensive, thermally stable, non-toxic andnon-hygroscopic. However, its low electronic conductivity (~;10-9 S/cm)results in low power capability. There has been intense worldwideresearch activity to find methods to increase the electronic conductivityof LiFePO4, including supervalent ion doping,2 introducingnon-carbonaceous network conduction3 and carbon coating, and theoptimization of the carbon coating on LiFePO4 particle surfaces.4Recently, the Li doped LiFePO4 (Li1+xFe1-xPO4) synthesized at ARL hasyield electronic conductivity increase up to 106.5 We studied electronicstructure of LiFePO4 and Li doped LiFePO4 by synchrotron based soft X-rayemission (XES) and X-ray absorption (XAS) spectroscopies. XAS probes theunoccupied partial density of states, while XES the occupied partialdensity of states. By combining XAS and XES measurements, we obtainedinformation on band gap and orbital character of both LiFePO4 and Lidoped LiFePO4. The occupied and unoccupied oxygen partial density ofstates (DOS) of LiFePO4 and 5 percent Li doped LiFePO4 are presented inFig. 1. Our experimental results clearly indicate …

The standard for object based networking is the Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA). However, CORBA is not available for Fourth Generation Languages (4GL's) such as Visual Numerics? PV-WAVE or Research Systems? Interactive Data Language (RSI-IDL), which are widely used by scientists and engineers for data visualization and analysis. The proposed work would provide a set of tools to allow 4GL's to interoperate with CORBA.

The long term goal of this laboratory is to elucidate a detailed molecular description of the process of initiation of protein synthesis and its regulation. The specific goals of the project were: (1) development of an in vivo [{sup 32}P]- and/or [{sup 35}S]-labeling system for proteins using Arabidopsis suspension cells; (2) develop an in vitro protein synthesis assay from Arabidopsis suspension cells; (3) develop an assay for locating Arabidopsis kinases that phosphorylate the initiation factors; and (4) begin to identify Arabidopsis kinases that are involved in phosphorylation of the initiation factors.

The reactive products of laser ablated metals with simple gaseous reagents were characterized using high resolution molecular beam optical spectroscopy.

Nuclear power production epitomizes the need for predictive geoscience (Ewing, 2004). Current global carbon emissions of {approx}7 Gt/y, largely from fossil fuel consumption, are expected to grow and result in a variety of adverse global effects, including acid rain, toxic smog, and hypothetically, sea level rise and increased frequency and severity of adverse weather conditions. One of the most reliable and sufficiently large alternative sources of energy is nuclear power, which currently provides about 17% of the world's electricity, equivalent to a reduction in carbon emissions of {approx}0.5 Gt/y. The U.S. currently consumes {approx}40% of the world's fossil fuel production, but generates only about 20% of it's electricity from nuclear plants. One major factor inhibiting increased power production form this source in the US. is the lack of a licensed repository for spent nuclear fuel, and Yucca Mountain is the only site being considered at this time. The licensing issue hinges on DOE's ability to present a credible case before the Nuclear Regulatory Commission that releases of radionuclides from the repository will not pose a threat to the accessible environment. This case is being built using a performance assessment model that incorporates a thermochemical database (EQ3/6) fed by experiments and …

In current plasma-based accelerator experiments, very short bunches (100-150 {micro}m for E164 [1] and 10-20 {micro}m for E164X [2] experiment at Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC)) are used to drive plasma wakes and achieve high accelerating gradients, on the order of 10-100GV/m. The self-fields of such intense bunches can tunnel ionize neutral gases and create the plasma [3,4]. This may completely change the physics of plasma wakes. A 3-D object-oriented fully parallel PIC code OSIRIS [5] is used to simulate various gas types, beam parameters, etc. to support the design of the experiments. The simulation results for real experiment parameters are presented.

The primary objective of the project was the development of in vivo methods for the detection and evaluation of tumors in humans. The project was focused on utilizing positron emission tomography (PET) to monitor the distribution and pharamacokinetics of a current boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) agent, p-boronophenylalanine (BPA) by labeling it with a fluorine-18, a positron emitting isotope. The PET data was then used to develop enhanced treatment planning protocols. The study also involved the synthesis of new tumor selective BNCTagents that could be labeled with radioactive nuclides for the in vivo detection of boron.

In In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N epitaxial films with 0.37 < x < 1 and free electron concentrations in the 10{sup 18} cm{sup -3} range, strong resonant Raman scattering of A{sub 1}(LO) phonon is observed for laser excitation in Raman scattering when excited above the direct band gaps. Examination of films with direct band gaps between 0.7 and 1.9 eV using laser energies from 1.9 to 2.7 eV shows that the resonance is broad, extending to up to 2 eV above the direct gap. Multiphonon Raman scattering with up to 5 LO phonons is also observed for excitation close to resonance in alloy samples; this is the highest number of phonon overtones ever observed for multiphonon scattering in a III-V compound under ambient conditions. Coupling of the electron plasmon to the LO phonon to form a longitudinal plasmon coupled mode of the type which is observed in the Raman spectra of n-GaN, appears not to occur in In{sub x}Ga{sub 1-x}N for x > 0.37.

Human Rad51 is critical for the maintenance of genome stability through its role in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks. Rad51B (Rad51L1/hRec2) is one of the five known paralogs of human Rad51 found in a multi-protein complex with three other Rad51 paralogs, Rad51C, Rad51D and Xrcc2. Examination of EGFP-Rad51B fusion protein in HeLa S3 cells and immunofluorescence in several human cell lines confirms the nuclear localization of Rad51B. This is the first report to detail putative interactions of a Rad51 paralog protein with BRCA2. Utilization of a BRCA2 mutant cell line, CAPAN-1 suggests that Rad51B localizes to the nucleus independent of BRCA2. Although both Rad51B and BRCA2 are clearly involved in the homologous recombinational repair pathway, Rad51B and BRCA2 do not appear to associate directly. Furthermore, mutations in the KKLK motif of Rad51B, amino acid residues 4-7, mislocalizes Rad51B to the cytoplasm suggesting that this is the nuclear localization signal for the Rad51B protein. Examination of wild-type EGFP-Rad51B fusion protein in mammalian cells deficient in Rad51C showed that Rad51B localizes to the nucleus independent of Rad51C; further suggesting that Rad51B, like Rad51C, contains its own nuclear localization signal.

When diagnosing disease, time is often a more formidable enemy than the pathogen itself. Current detection methods rely primarily on post-symptomatic protein production (i.e. antibodies), which does not occur in noticeable levels until several weeks after infection. As such, a major goal among researchers today is to expedite pre-symptomatic disease recognition and treatment. Since most pathogens are known to leave a unique signature on the genetic expression of the host, one potential diagnostic tool is host mRNA. In my experiments, I examined several methods of isolating RNA and reading its genetic sequence. I first used two types of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (using commercial RNA) and examined the resultant complementary DNA through gel electrophoresis. I then proceeded to isolate and purify whole RNA from actual human monocytes and THP-1 cells using several published methods, and examined gene expression on the RNA itself. I compared the two RT-PCR methods and concluded that a double step RT-PCR is superior to the single step method. I also compared the various techniques of RNA isolation by examining the yield and purity of the resultant RNA. Finally, I studied the level of cellular IL-8 and IL-1 gene expression, two genes involved in the human …

We present results from a preliminary assessment, via computer simulations, of the electron cloud density for the FNAL main injector upgrade at injection energy. Assuming a peak value for secondary emission yield {delta}{sub max} = 1.3, we find a threshold value of the bunch population, N{sub b,th} {approx} 1.25 x 10{sup 11}, beyond which the electron-cloud density {rho}{sub e} reaches a steady-state level that is {approx}10{sup 4} times larger than for N{sub b} < N{sub b,th}, essentially neutralizing the beam, and leading to a tune shift {approx}0.05. Our investigation is limited to a field-free region and to a dipole magnet, both of which yield similar results for both N{sub b,th} and the steady-state value of {rho}{sub e}. Possible dynamical effects from the electron cloud on the beam, such as emittance growth and instabilities, remain to be investigated separately.

Conventional organic fluorophores suffer from poor photo stability, narrow absorption spectra and broad emission feature. Semiconductor nanocrystals, on the other hand, are highly photo-stable with broad absorption spectra and narrow size-tunable emission spectra. Recent advances in the synthesis of these materials have resulted in bright, sensitive, extremely photo-stable and biocompatible semiconductor fluorophores. Commercial availability facilitates their application in a variety of unprecedented biological experiments, including multiplexed cellular imaging, long-term in vitro and in vivo labeling, deep tissue structure mapping and single particle investigation of dynamic cellular processes. Semiconductor nanocrystals are one of the first examples of nanotechnology enabling a new class of biomedical applications.

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Savannah River Site tank waste supernates contain small quantities of dissolved uranium and plutonium. Due to the large volume of supernates, significant quantities of dissolved uranium and plutonium are managed as part of waste transfers, evaporation and pretreatment at the Savannah River Site in tank farm operations, the Actinide Removal Project (ARP), and the Salt Waste Processing Facility (SWPF). Previous SRNL studies have investigated the effect of temperature and major supernate components on the solubility of uranium and plutonium. Based on these studies, equations were developed for the prediction of U and Pu solubility in tank waste supernates. The majority of the previous tests were conducted with simulated waste solutions. The current testing is intended to determine solubility in actual tank waste samples (as-received, diluted, and combinations of tank samples) as a function of composition and temperature. Results will be used to validate and build on the existing solubility equations.

A tensor artificial hyper-viscosity model has recently been added to the available list of artificial viscosities that one can chose from when running KULL. This model is based on the theoretical work of A. Cook and B. Cabot, and the numerical results of running the model in the high-order spectral/compact finite difference framework of the Eulerian MIRANDA code. The viscosity model is based on filtering a Laplacian or bi-Laplacian of the strain rate magnitude, and it was desired to investigate whether the formalism that worked so well for the MIRANDA research code could be carried over to an unstructured ALE code like KULL.

The objectives of this research are to: 1) determine the catalytic behavior of model Pd and Rh catalysts on unpromoted and ceria-promoted supports, for the reduction of NO and N2O with CO, 2) determine the microstructures of the catalysts both before and after reaction in order to understand the catalytic behavior, and 3) understand the role of the metal/support interface in the catalytic process. The research examined the influence of Pd particle size and ceria loading on catalytic reaction for the NO+CO reaction. Dihydrogen chemisorption, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of NO, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) were used to characterize the catalyst samples. It was found that when ceria is used to promote Pd particles, the activity for NO+CO was a maximum for 2-nm-sized Pd particles. The maximum in activity results from a balance between the Pd/ceria interface, which enhances NO dissociation, and the close-packed planes of the Pd particles that facilitate product formation and/or desorption. The variations in apparent reaction orders and results from TPD were consistent with the idea that NO dissociation is promoted on very small particles (1 nm) and by the addition of ceria. Characterization of the catalysts by HRTEM showed that the ceria was typically …

We have calculated spectra of stable secondary particles ({gamma}, e{sup {+-}}, {nu}{sub e}, {bar {nu}}{sub e}, {nu}{sub {mu}}{bar {nu}}{sub {mu}}) produced in high energy p-p interactions in astrophysical environment. The calculation has incorporated the up-to-date rising inelastic cross-sections, the diffraction dissociation process, and the Feynman scaling violation for the first time. We then found that the diffractive process makes secondary particle spectra harder than that of the incident proton; that the rising inelastic cross-section and the scaling violation produces significantly more secondary particles than previous calculations. Combination of the three features explain about a half of the ''GeV Excess'' in the EGRET Galactic diffuse {gamma}-ray spectrum with the local cosmic proton spectrum (power-law index around 2.7). The excess can be fully explained if the proton spectral index in the Galactic ridge is harder by 0.2 than above. As an extension of the calculation, we have parameterized the inclusive secondary particle spectra as functions of the incident proton kinetic energy: we predict {approx} 30% more e{sup +} and {nu}{sub e} than e{sup -} and {bar {nu}}{sub e} to be produced in the GeV range by p-p interactions.