Sensitivity analysis of practical problems can be performed systematically and very efficiently by using adjoint functions. In areas of interest to nuclear reactors, this efficiency has been amply demonstrated on several widely used codes for neutronics and/or thermal hydraulic calculations. Applications of the adjoint method of sensitivity analysis to models involving phase transitions, where non-differentiability occurs, do not seem to have been reported to date. The purpose of this paper is to report results from a successful adjoint sensitivity analysis of a space- and time-dependent system where phase transition occurs due to boiling. The specific model chosen for this analysis is a simplified but representative model of a BWR pump-trip-type accident. This model is of particular importance to BWR safety, since pump failure is one of the most limiting hypothetical accidents in BWR's. This model simulates an exponential flow decay of initially subcooled FREON-114 flowing through a heated channel and undergoing boiling transition.

The PATRICIA and RACETRACK particle tracking programs have been compared by tracking on a simple lattice. The dynamic aperture was found to decrease as the number of passes through the lattice per run increased from 20 to approx. 300, and it remained constant for longer runs. The dynamic apertures found by the two programs are consistent. The dependence of the dynamic aperture on horizontal tune near a decapole resonance was investigated. RACETRACK and PATRICIA showed decreases in the aperture on opposite sides of the resonance. A second set of studies was made with PATRICIA in which the dynamic apertures of lattices consisting of cells of the types used for the Reference Designs Study were determined when random multipole errors of the dipoles were included. The dependence of aperture on the number of cells in the lattice was determined. Finally, a comparison of magnet types suggested for the SSC was made by determining the aperture of lattices containing these magnets.

The functions to be performed by the ATA diagnostic data handling system are discussed. The capabilities of the present data acquisition system (System 0) are presented. The goals for the next generation acquisition system (System 1), currently under design, are discussed. Facilities on the Octopus system for data handling are reviewed. Finally, we discuss what has been learned about diagnostics and computer based data handling during the past year.

The first gas propagation experiment on ATA is planned to be conducted in a 1-foot diameter tank of up to 10 m length. The primary objectives are to measure beam parameters at injection to determine whether the desired beam conditioning is achieved, and to observe how such conditioned beams propagate in air and neon.

The philosophy of these tests is to measure the motion of a low current, small diameter electron beam in the accelerator before running high current. By using low current, we can study particle motion in the applied fields without any extra complications associated with the self-forces of high currents. With the steering magnets off, we have measured the transverse drift of the probe beam. Also, we have used the probe beam to optimize the current in the steering magnets to compensate for the drift. There have been concurrent efforts to locate the source of the error field which is presumed to cause the drift. So far, the source has not been established but the search is continuing.

LIFE-4C is a steady-state/transient analysis code developed for performance evaluation of carbide ((U,Pu)C and UC) fuel elements in advanced LMFBRs. This paper summarizes selected results obtained during a crucial step in the development of LIFE-4C - benchmark and physics testing.

Calculation of the neutron multiplication factor at delayed criticality may be necessary for benchmarking calculations but it may not be sufficient. The use of subcritical experiments to benchmark criticality safety calculations could result in substantial savings in fuel material costs for experiments. In some cases subcritical configurations could be used to benchmark calculations where sufficient fuel to achieve delayed criticality is not available. By performing a variety of measurements with subcritical configurations, much detailed information can be obtained which can be compared directly with calculations. This paper discusses several measurements that can be performed with subcritical assemblies and presents examples that include comparisons between calculation and experiment where possible. Where not, examples from critical experiments have been used but the measurement methods could also be used for subcritical experiments.

The Berkeley Mini-Collider, a heavy-ion collider being planned to provide uranium-uranium collisions at T/sub cm/ less than or equal to 4 GeV/nucleon, is described. The central physics to be studied at these energies and our early ideas for a collider detector are presented.

At ultraviolet wavelengths, damage to both coatings and bare surfaces is dominated by the presence of discrete localized defects. During multiple-shot irradition, the overwhelming majority of these defects are damaged by the first or first few shots. Initially, damage morphology is that of a crater of approximately 10 microns in diameter; however, upon continued irradiation, one of two events can occur; either the crater grows to catastrophic dimensions or it remains unchanged. In the latter case, the damage is only observable under a microscope, it may be indistinguishable from cosmetic defects before irradiation, and it is likely that any related degradation in optical performance is unmeasurable. In view of the generally accepted definition of laser damage (i.e. any visible change in the surface), it is important to consider the implications for real systems. These are discussed in the context of ultraviolet test results for both coatings and surfaces.

The imaging of Cerenkov light on to photosensitive detectors promises to be a powerful technique for identifying particles in colliding beam spectrometers. Toward this end two and three dimensional imaging photon detectors are being developed at SLAC. The present techniques involve photon conversion using easily ionized exotic chemicals like tetrakisdimethyl-amino-ethylene (TMAE) in a drift and amplifying gas mixture of methane and isobutane. Single photoelectrons from Cerenkov light are currently being drifted 20 cm and a new device under study will be used to study drifting up to 80 cm along a magnetic field. A short description of a large device currently being designed for the SLD spectrometer at the Stanford Linear Collider will be given.

Because the containment structure is the last barrier against the release of radioactivity, an assessment was undertaken to identify the design weaknesses and estimate the margins of safety for the SEP containments under the postulated, combined loading conditions of a safe shutdown earthquake (SSE) and a design basis accident (DBA). The design basis accident is either a loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) or a main steam line break (MSLB). The containment designs analyzed consisted of three inverted light-bulb shaped drywells used in boiling water reactor (BWR) systems, and three steel-lined concrete containments and a spherical steel shell used in pressurized water reactor (PWR) systems. These designs cover a majority of the containment types used in domestic operating plants. The results indicate that five of the seven designs are adequate even under current design standards. For the remaining two designs, the possible design weaknesses identified were buckling of the spherical steel shell and over-stress in both the radial and tangential directions in one of the concrete containments near its base.

Separate abstracts were prepared for most of the included papers. The remaining ones were included in EDB in title list form only. (MOW)

Net current enhancement to levels in excess of the beam current has been observed in gases at pressures excess of 50 torr. We delineate the regimes where enhancement is observed. The experimental results fall into two very distinct classes; current enhancement at injection where the beam is only slightly displaced and current enhancement clearly associated with the high amplitude hose instability. A careful theoretical and experimental study of the diagnostics revealed no fundamental flaws although there are several complex and unlikely scenarios which could introduce fictitious current enhancement. Theoretical efforts indicate several mechanisms for generating enhancement but none of the theories can account for the detailed observations. 4 references, 4 figures.

This paper describes the electrical design, implementation, and operational results of a high fidelity (feedback regulated) 800 A, 10-kV hard tube, hot deck amplifier. The amplifier can produce any linear waveform to 800-A for 30 ms and beyond (depending on main energy storage). The present use is to drive the vertical field (VF) control windings on ZT-40M, a toroidal reversed field pinch plasma physics experiment. Although our application requires only 10 kV (8 MW) of switching, anode voltage may be as high as 40 kV (32 MW).

Analysis of the fuel cycle performance of a reactor requires knowledge of the entire fuel burnup history. The optimal design depends upon the desired performance parameter or combination of parameters to be minimized (or maximized). The emphasis to date has been to use some combination of iterations involving a number of direct calculations, static perturbation theory, binary exchange methods, and empirical relationships. The object of this study is to demonstrate an approach to optimization based upon Depletion Perturbation Theory (DPT). The DPT equations directly couple the nuclide burnup equations and the neutron balance equations. The equations require the calculation of forward and adjoint solutions for the neutron flux and nuclide transmutations. The application is for analysis of a modular HTGR. The reactor has axially dependent fuel loadings in order to achieve an axial power shape that keeps fuel temperatures below a specified maximum.

A high temperature, high power molybdenum-lithium heat pipe has been fabricated and tested at 1500 K for 1700 hours with radiant heat rejection. Power throughput during the test was approximately 14 kW, corresponding to an axial flux density of 11 kW/cm/sup 2/ for the 1.59 cm diameter heat pipe. Radial flux density was 70 W/cm/sup 2/ over an evaporator length of 40.0 cm. Condenser length was approximately 150 cm with radiant heat rejection from the condenser to a coaxial water cooled radiation calorimeter. A plasma sprayed, high emissivity coating was used on the condenser surface to increase the radiant heat rejection during the tests. The heat pipe was operated for 514 hours at steady state conditions before being damaged during a planned shutdown for test equipment maintenance. The damage was repaired and the initial 1000 hour test period completed without further incident. After physical examination of the heat pipe at 1000 hours the test was resumed and the heat pipe operated at the same conditions for an additional 700 hours before conclusion of this test phase.

Czochralski-grown gallium-doped germanium (Ge:Ga) single crystal samples with a compensation of 10/sup -4/ have been modified by the indiffusion of Cu to produce photoconductors which provide NEPs comparable to current optimum Ge:Ga detectors, but exhibit responsivities a factor of 5 to 6 times higher when tested at a background photon flux of 10/sup 8/ photons/sec at lambda=93 ..mu..m. The introduction of Cu, a triple acceptor in Ge which acts as a neutral scattering center, reduces carrier mobility and extends the breakdown field significantly in this ultra-low compensation material.

We calculate analytically the expected tune shifts due to systematic sextupole and decapole errors in the SSC dipoles of reference design A at an energy of 20 TeV. The momentum-dependent tune shift due to sextupole error is d nu/sub x/ = -0.0557 for ..delta..p/p = +-2 x 10/sup -5/. The random sextupole component in the SSC dipoles ..delta..b/sub 2/ should be less than 5 x 10/sup -4/.

The consequences of an incommensurate lattice modulation on the electronic energy levels have been studied by optical transmission experiments on Rb/sub 2/ZnBr/sub 4/. The results are analyzed with a simple tight-binding model in which the superspace symmetry of the crystal is taken into account. The lattice translational symmetry of crystalline matter leads to the well known concepts of the Brillouin zones, Bloch electrons, phonons and the like. In a crystal where the lattice is periodically distorted with a period that is incommensurate with the underlying lattice, this translational symmetry is broken. Nonetheless, incommensurate crystals are perfectly ordered and can be described by higher dimensional so-called superspace groups. In this paper we will show how this superspace approach provides a natural framework to understand their electronic bandstructure as well. 5 references, 3 figures.

Emittance measurements on beams produced by the ETA and ATA accelerators are discussed. Emittance and brightness are defined. The significance of emittance for a beam in an accelerator and in gas is discussed. Various measurement techniques and results are presented and contrasted. Implicit calculations of emittance are also reported. Finally, the measurement of the time variation of emittance is discussed and the techniques to be used on the upcoming ATA experiments are outlined.

An approach is presented for studying the cracking and radioactive release of a reactor containment during severe accidents and extreme environments. The cracking of concrete is modeled as the blunt crack. The initiation and propagation of a crack are determined by using the maximum strength and the J-integral criteria. Furthermore, the extent of cracking is related to the leakage calculation by using a model developed by Rizkalla, Lau and Simmonds. Numerical examples are given for a three-point bending problem and a hypothetical case of a concrete containment structure subjected to high internal pressure during an accident.

The viscous flow of fluids and the plastic flow of solids, such as metals, are interesting from both the practical and the theoretical points of view. Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations provide a way of visualizing and understanding these flows in a detailed microscopic way. Simulations are necessarily carried out at relatively high rates of strain. For this reason they are ideally suited to the study of nonlinear flow phenomena: normal stresses induced by shear deformation, stress rotation, and the coupling of stress with heat flow, for instance. The simulations require appropriate boundary conditions, forces, and equations of motion. Newtonian mechanics is relatively inefficient for this simulation task. A modification, Nonequilibrium Molecular Dynamics, has been developed to simulate nonequilibrium flows. By now, many high-strain-rate rheological studies of flowing (viscous) fluids and (plastic) solids have been carried out. Here I describe the new methods used in the simulations and some results obtained in this way. A three-body shear-flow exercise is appended to make these ideas more concrete.

A brief introduction into some of the physics probed by heavy ion projectiles at low, intermediate and high energies is given. Emphasis is placed on nuclear matter under extreme conditions in this discussion, which should provide a common area of interest to both particle and nuclear physics.

A novel approach to providing high voltage (>10 MV), high current (>200 kA), short duration (20-40 ns), particle beam pulses is described. The approach uses 1 MV Metglas isolated cavities driven by water pulse lines. These are stacked in series by using a magnetically insulated cathode stalk. Results from modeling of the cavity and cores and from a full sized single-cavity experiment are discussed. Plans for a four-cavity experiment to prove the principle of voltage addition by stacking cavities on a magnetically insulated transmission line are also described. The single-cavity experiments produced a 1.1 MV, 30 ns FWHM, 12 ns rise time, 250 kA electron beam. The HELIA pulsed power system and cavities are described. Particle-in-cell (PIC) computer simulations of the four-cavity experiment and the four-cavity conceptual design are discussed. 13 references, 14 figures.