A regional transport model of atmospheric sulfates was developed. This quasi-Lagrangian three-dimensional grid numerical model uses a detailed SO/sub 2/ emission inventory of major anthropogenic sources in the eastern U.S. region and observed meteorological data during an episode as inputs. The model accounts for advective transport and turbulent diffusion of the pollutants. The chemical transformation of SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ and the deposition of the species at the earth's surface are assumed to be linear processes at specified constant rates. The numerical model can predict the daily average concentrations of SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ at all receptor locations in the grid region during the episode. Because of the spatial resolution of the grid, this model is particularly suited to investigate the effect of tall stacks in reducing the ambient concentration levels of sulfur pollutants. The formulations and assumptions of the regional sulfate transport model are presented. The model inputs and results are discussed. Isopleths of predicted SO/sub 2/ and SO/sub 4//sup 2 -/ concentrations are compared with the observed ground level values.

The strontium and cesium fractions separated from high radiation level wastes at Hanford are converted to the solid strontium fluoride and cesium chloride salts, doubly encapsulated, and stored underwater in the Waste Encapsulation and Storage Facility (WESF). A capsule contains approximately 70,000 Ci of /sup 137/Cs or 70,000 to 140,000 Ci of /sup 90/Sr. Materials for fabrication of process equipment and capsules must withstand a combination of corrosive chemicals, high radiation dosages and frequently, elevated temperatures. The two metals selected for capsules, Hastelloy C-276 for strontium fluoride and 316-L stainless steel for cesium chloride, are adequate for prolonged containment. Additional materials studies are being done both for licensing strontium fluoride as source material and for second generation process equipment.

An overview of present operations concerned with the management of Hanford-generated high-level radioactive wastes is presented. Interim storage, leak experience, costs, and program operations are discussed. (LK)

Tritium containment and removal problems associated with the blanket and power-systems for a mirror fusion reactor are identified and conceptual process designs are devised to reduce emissions to the environment below 1 Ci/day. The blanket concept development proceeds by starting with this emission goal of 1 Ci/day and working inward to the blanket. At each decision point, worker safety, operational labor costs, and capital cost tradeoffs are contrasted. The conceptual design uses air for the reactor hall with a continuous catalytic oxidizer-molecular sieve adsorber cleanup system to maintain a 40 ..mu..Ci/m/sup 3/ tritium level (5 ..mu..Ci/m/sup 3/ HTO) against 180 Ci/day leakage from reactor components, energy recovery systems, and process piping. This blanket contains submodules with Li/sub 2/Be/sub 2/O/sub 3/--Be for tritium breeding and submodules with Be for mostly energy production. Tritium production in both is handled by separately containing this breeding material and scavenging this container with lithium vapor-doped helium gas stream.

A numerical simulation of a tornado interfacing with a building was undertaken in order to compare the pressures due to a rotational unsteady wind with that due to steady straight winds currently used in design of nuclear facilities. The numerical simulations were performed on a two-dimensional compressible hydrodynamics code. Calculated pressure profiles for a typical building are then subjected to a tornado wind field and the results are compared with current quasisteady design calculations. The analysis indicates that current design practices are conservative.

A synopsis is given of the detailed characterization of the existing environment at Hanford. The following aspects are covered: demography, land use, meteorology, geology, hydrology, and seismology. It is concluded that Hanford is one of the most extensively characterized nuclear sites. 16 figures. (DLC)

The effectiveness and optimal placement of vibration control supports in reactor piping systems is discussed. Transfer matrix methods were used to evaluate some typical simple systems and the results are presented.

A lecture is presented on nontopological soliton solutions to relativistic renormalizable local field theories. (JFP)

A procedure is proposed for constructing low-order partial-wave amplitudes from a knowledge of Barrelet zeros near the physical region. The method is applied to the zeros already obtained for elastic ..pi../sup +/p scattering data between 1.2 and 2.2 GeV cm energies. The partial waves emerge with errors that are straight-forwardly related to the accuracy of the data and satisfy unitarity without any constraint being imposed. There are significant differences from the partial waves obtained by other methods; this can be partially explained by the fact that no previous partial-wave analysis has been able to solve the discrete ambiguity. The cost of the analysis is much less.

Abstracts of the papers presented at the Lasers for Isotope Separation Conference are included. (LK)

The performance of an idealized geothermal binary-fluid-cycle energy conversion system is shown to be a function of the temperatures of brine and working fluid leaving the heat exchanger. System power output, heat exchanger area required and initial well and heat exchanger costs are determined for counterflow, single and multi-pass parallel-counterflow exchangers. Results are presented graphically as functions of the brine and working fluid exit temperatures from the exchanger. Use of the system analysis developed is illustrated by showing quantitatively the advantage of the counterflow over the other flow arrangements considered.

Fatigue tests were performed on ultra-high strength steels to assess (i) the influence of strength at constant grain size, and (ii) the influence of grain size at constant strength, on threshold stress intensity and near-threshold crack propagation rates. The results constitute part of a larger program of research to characterize the microstructural influences on fatigue crack propagation at growth rates less than 10/sup -5/ mm/cycle in an attempt to provide a basis for the design of alloys resistant to low growth rate fatigue failure.

Results are presented for two- and three-dimensional benchmark calculations for PWR and HTGR problems.

The recent prediction and observation of cylindrical and spherical ion acoustic solitons in a cold, single species plasma are reviewed. The properties of these higher dimensional solitons are quite different from their planar counterpart since the amplitude increases, the width decreases, and the propagation speed increases as the soliton moves inward. Although the results for two- and three-dimensional solitons are obtained numerically, early time solutions can be found analytically and compared with numerical solutions. An interesting phenomenon, which is an integral part of these higher dimensional solitons, is the presence of a wake. Although the amplitude of this wake is very small, it can carry considerable momentum since it extends over a large spatial region.

The purpose of the paper is to describe a set of unfulfilled needs for data collection and evaluation for energy policy in the area of energy conservation. Models must be developed that describe the consumption patterns of individuals, households, business firms, and industries. To support such models, detailed high-quality data are needed so that meaningful analyses of present and changing energy consumption patterns can be carried out. In the U.S., such data are generally nonexistent or are not available in a form useful for energy policy models. In recognition of the unavailability of needed data in the U.S., for example, the National Academy of Sciences has undertaken a study, funded by the Federal Energy Administration, to determine data needs and data development regarding energy consumption and demands. The results of this study should provide a framework within which detailed work can proceed. Another area of data collection pertinent to energy conservation considerations is that of materials. The extraction, processing, fabrication, distribution, and usage of materials require a substantial fraction of the energy used each year in most industrialized countries. Improvements in the efficient use of energy in the various processes involved in materials production offer a source of considerable energy …

Nondestructive assay techniques were developed and implemented to permit the measurement of residual plutonium in glove boxes, conveyors, and tanks in areas of varying background using both gamma and neutron portable detection equipment. The gamma detector was a 2 x 2 inch sodium iodide detector collimated to view a well defined area. The neutron detector consisted of /sup 3/He tubes in a polyethylene case with a small amount of directionality. Application of the described techniques to equipment prior to removal has shortened the clean-up time by identifying the locations of recoverable quantities. The agreement between assigned values and recovered plutonium has been within 16 percent for quantities ranging from several grams up to kilogram levels.

The system comprises a computer-controlled automatic wet chemical analyzer, and a scheme for handling all of the data generating operations associated with the assay of solid or solution samples containing uranium. The analytical measurement technique is based on the Davies-Gray/New Brunswick Laboratory method, and involves controlled-current coulometry with potentiometric end-point detection. To increase the credibility of the analytical results and minimize the probability of processing large numbers of samples incorrectly, the analyzer includes an extensive fault-monitoring network. This guards against (a) off-normal conditions that might result in analytical errors, and (b) unsafe operating conditions. There is provision for analyzing standards along with samples and for automatically comparing the standard results with allowable control limits.

The Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL) and University of California (UCB), under the auspices of the U.S. Energy Research and Development Administration, are conducting field studies at potential geothermal resource areas in north-central Nevada. The goal of the LBL-UCB program is to develop and evaluate techniques for the assessment of the resource potential of liquid-dominated systems. Field studies presently being conducted in northern Nevada incorporate an integrated program of geologic, geophysical, and geochemical surveys leading to heat flow measurements, and eventually to deep (1.5 to 2 km) confirmatory drill holes. Techniques evaluated include geophysical methods to measure contrasts in electrical resistivity and seismic parameters. Geochemical studies have emphasized techniques to disclose the pathways of water from its meteoric origin into and through the hydrothermal systems. Geochemical and radiometric analyses also help to provide a baseline upon which the effects of future geothermal development may be superimposed.

Four methods for the accurate determination of aluminum in highly alkaline nuclear waste solutions were developed and the results were compared to determine the strengths and weaknesses of each. The solutions of interest contain aluminum in concentrations of 0.5 to 3.5 M and the hydroxide (OH/sup -/) concentrations were greater than 1.0 M. The normal atomic absorption determination was highly inaccurate for these samples so citrate was used as a complexant to improve the results. A fluoride titration was carried out in an ethanol-water matrix using a fluoride ion-selective electrode. A thermometric titration proved successful in determining both the OH/sup -/ and aluminum concentrations of the samples. Finally, a titrimetric method using a pH electrode to determine OH/sup -/ d aluminum was checked and compared with the other methods. Samples were analyzed using all four methods and the agreement of the results was very good. For all four methods the accuracy was around 100 percent and the precision varied from approximately +-2 percent for the fluoride electrode determination to approximately +-10 percent for the atomic absorption determination. On the basis of the work performed, conclusions were drawn about the strengths and weaknesses of each method and whether or not the …

The methodology of magnet technology and its application to various engineering devices are discussed. Magnet technology has experienced a rigid growth in the past few years as a result of the advances made in superconductivity, numerical methods and computational techniques. Included are discussions on: (1) mathematical models for solving magnetic field problems; (2) the applicability, usefulness, and limitations of computer programs that utilize these models; (3) examples of application in various engineering disciplines; and (4) areas where further contributions are needed.

We performed an extensive parametric survey to analyze the differences between two methods of calculating soil-structure interaction. One method involves discretizing the soil-structure system and solving for the complete response with the LUSH computer code. The other method solves for the lumped mass structural response with Whitman soil springs. Twelve soil-structure interaction problems are solved by each of these methods. Representative results are presented and discussed. The debate within the nuclear industry in the United States over the relative merits of various methods of calculating soil-structure interaction has intensified over the last three years. The debate is largely the result of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission's position generally favoring the finite element approach. Certain sectors of the industry claim that this ruling is without technical basis, that it requires unnecessary expense, and that it inhibits the judgment of the analyst. We have addressed each of these points through lumped mass and finite element calculations on a set of twelve soil-structure interaction problems. The results of these calculations indicate some of the consequences of the choice of method.

Large pools are being considered to provide additional storage capacity for spent fuel from nuclear power plants. Because of the large size, modularization of the pool into cells would enhance operational safety and convenience in terms of isolating trouble spots and performing localized clean-up. However, the effects of modularization on earthquake resistance were not clear. An investigation of these effects was made and the results are presented. The findings indicate that modularization may or may not be advantageous in terms of structural loads, depending on the pool configuration and installation. 5 fig.

The practices which are currently used for handling radioactive waste are outlined. These include burial of solid waste, scrubbing of off gas streams, and routing liquid effluents (mostly cooling water) to open ponds where the water percolates to the water table. (LK)

The LLL Laser-Fusion Program includes an active experimental effort to measure the distributions in energy, space and time of pulses of soft x-rays (.2 to 10 keV) radiated by laser-induced plasmas. Requirements for high resolution in these measurements clearly preclude the use of conventional x-ray diagnostic techniques. The following examples from our program of advanced x-ray instrument development are described. (1) Wavelength-dispersive spectrographs with fractional-electron volt resolution at several keV and imaging systems with 3 micron resolution over a 100 micron source. (2) Advanced solid state x-ray sensors that recover data from these instruments in a more expedient manner than photographic film. (3) Microcomputer-controlled stand-alone spectrograph data systems and minicomputer-based integrated systems that can deal with the large array of data generated by the high resolution instruments. (4) An electrostatically-deflected x-ray streak camera with moderate spectral and spatial resolution and a timing resolution of better than 15 ps.