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A 1400 lb blower fan and a 2700 lb filter box are to be supported at Lab 3. The support structure is a framework that suspends from the building wall to the cleanroom and to a washroom. The framework is made of welded 4-inch x 8-inch x 1/4-inch rectangular A36 steel tube. Welds are to be standard prequalified welds as by AISC. The main support frame is approximately 7-feet off the floor and welded onto the top of 10 columns. A deflection and stress study was performed on the planned structure. A scaled plan view is given in drawing 3823.113-MD-358764. The heaviest loaded beams were labeled with a letter designation and were studied for beam deflections and stresses. The 4-inch x 8-inch rectangular tube was also used for the substructure for the fan and filter mounts and to support a temporary floor grating during maintenance.

A cosmic ray test stand is being constructed at Lab 3. The stand consists of two stacks of steel plates one resting on top of the other. The top stack is composed of 6 plates of steel making an overall stack size of 34.5-inch x 40-inch x 99-inch. The bottom stack also has 6 layers of plate making an overall size of approximately 49.5-inch x 82-inch x 99-inch. The bottom stack is supported with three support legs. See drawing 3823.000ME-900428 for the individual plate orientation. The minimum support leg size and necessary welds between plates are determined.

Defense programs still play a central role in protecting and defending US interests, while the government has also developed threat reduction programs to reduce dangers posed by the increasing specter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). Like other defense programs, threat reduction programs produce and manage a great deal of information. The programs involve interaction between collaborative partners, foreign and domestic, that act to prevent the spread of WMD. The unhindered flow of information between those involved in these projects is of great importance to the successes of these programs. For the nuclear threat reduction programs, a system with comprehensive access control was needed to support daily business processes, and to capture programmatic information, simplify it, and synthesize it -- the purpose and definition of information management in this case. Using these criteria, the Threat Reduction ExtraNet (TREND) system, formerly referred to as the US/NIS ExtraNet, was created and implemented by Los Alamos National Laboratory to meet the information management needs of threat reduction programs such as the Initiatives for Proliferation Prevention (IPP) program. By supporting this nonproliferation program alone, the TREND system supports US nuclear nonproliferation objectives, and it has enabled new opportunities for enhanced program transparency …

The effects of stress on germanium lasers doped with single, double, and triple acceptors have been investigated. The results can be explained quantitatively with theoretical calculations and can be attributed to specific changes in the energy levels of acceptors in germanium under stress. In contrast to previous measurements, gallium-doped Ge crystals show a decrease in lasing upon uniaxial stress. The decrease seen here is attributed to the decrease in heavy hole effective mass upon application of uniaxial stress, which results in a decreased population inversion. The discrepancy between this work and previous studies can be explained with the low compensation level of the material used here. Because the amount of ionized impurity scattering in low-compensated germanium lasers is small to begin with, the reduction in scattering with uniaxial stress does not play a significant role in changing the laser operation. Beryllium-doped germanium lasers operate based on a different mechanism of population inversion. In this material it is proposed that holes can transfer between bands by giving their energy to a neutral beryllium atom, raising the hole from the ground to a bound excited state. The free hole will then return to zero energy with some probability of entering the other …

Chemical treatments of paraffin and asphaltene deposition by means of cleaning fluids were carried out in this research project. Research focused on the characterization of asphaltene and paraffin materials and dissolution of asphaltene and paraffin deposits using surfactant/micellar fluids developed early in the project. The key parameters controlling the dissolution rate were identified and the process of asphaltene/paraffin dissolution were examined using microscopic apparatus. Numerical modeling was also carried out to understand the dissolution of paraffin deposits. The results show that fused chemical reaction systems are a promising way of removing paraffin deposits in subsea pipelines. The fused system may be in the form of alternate pulses, emulsions systems or encapsulated catalyst systems. Fused reaction systems, in fact, are extremely cost-effective--less than 10% of the cost of replacing entire sections of the blocked pipeline. The results presented in this report can have a real impact on the petroleum industry and the National Oil Program, if it is realized that the remediation technologies developed here can substantially delay abandonment (due to asphaltene/paraffin plugging) of domestic petroleum resources. The report also sheds new light on the nature and properties of asphaltenes and paraffin deposits which will ultimately help the scientific and research …

A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code has been developed for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) riser flow simulation. Depending on the application of interest, a specific kinetic model is needed for the FCC flow simulation. This paper describes a method to determine a kinetic model based on limited pilot-scale test data. The kinetic model can then be used with the CFD code as a tool to investigate optimum operating condition ranges for a specific FCC unit.

An empirical study was conducted to evaluate cutting fluids for Single Point Diamond Turning (SPDT) of single crystal silicon. The pH of distilled waster was adjusted with various additives the examine the effect of pH on cutting operations. Fluids which seemed to promote ductile cutting appeared to increase tool wear as well, an undesirable tradeoff. High Ph sodium hydroxide solutions showed promise for further research, as they yielded the best combination of reduced tool wear and good surface finish in the ductile regime. Negative rake tools were verified to improve the surface finish, but the negative rake tools used in the experiments also showed much higher wear than conventional 0{degree} rake tools. Effects of crystallographic orientation on SPDT, such as star patterns of fracture damage forming near the center of the samples, were observed to decrease with lower feedrates. Silicon chips were observed and photographed, indicative of a ductile materials removal process.

Wide bandgap semiconductor single crystals, such as heavy metal halide compounds, have been grown by physical vapor transport and Bridgman methods. Zone-refining and vacuum sublimation techniques were used to purify and adjust the stoichiometric composition of the starting material, and were proven to be effective. Several spectroscopic, microscopic and thermodynamic analytical techniques were employed to investigate the optical, electrical and structural properties of crystals. These results revealed information regarding micro- and macroscopic defects, impurities and modifications resulting from source material, growth process, post-growth treatment and device fabrication. Crystal growth and processing conditions have been correlated with this information and were optimized to achieve the purest and highest quality materials for practical device applications. Future works will involve optimization of material purification and crystal growth processes to produce high purity and low defect crystals, development of sensitive material characterization tools allowing a better understanding of defects formation and their correlation with processing conditions. Developments in bulk crystal growth research for detector devices in the Center for Photonic Materials and Devices since its establishment have been reviewed. Purification processes and single crystal growth systems employing physical vapor transport and Bridgman methods were assembled and used to produce high purity and superior quality …

Polycrystalline Pb(Zr{sub 0.6}Ti{sub 0.4})O{sub 3} (PZT) thin films, 3000-6000 {angstrom} thick, have been grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO{sub 2}/Si substrates at temperatures as low as 450-525 C. Random and (111)-oriented, or occasionally (100)-oriented, PZT films can be deposited directly on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO{sub 2}/Si. In addition, highly (100)-oriented films can be deposited consistently by using 150-250 {angstrom} thick (100)-oriented PbTiO{sub 3} (PT) or TiO{sub 2} as a template. Films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and electrical measurements. The as-grown (100)-oriented films on (111)Pt/TiSiO{sub 2}/Si substrates exhibited dielectric constants ({var_epsilon}{sub r}) of up to 600, remnant polarization (P{sub r}) of 40 {micro}C/cm{sup 2}, coercive field of 55 kV/cm, and breakdown field of 2-6 x 10{sub 7} V/m.

A new scenario of AMPTE/CCE observation of substorm onset and current disruption and the corresponding physical processes is presented. Toward the end of late growth phase plasma beta increases to greater than or equal to 50 and a low-frequency instability with a wave period of 50-75 seconds is excited and grows exponentially to a large amplitude at the onset of current disruption. At the current disruption onset, higher-frequency instabilities are excited so that the plasma and electromagnetic magnetic field form a turbulent state. Plasma transport takes place to modify the ambient plasma pressure and velocity profiles so that the ambient magnetic field recovers from a tail-like geometry to a more dipole-like geometry. To understand the excitation of the low-frequency global instability, a new theory of kinetic ballooning instability (KBI) is proposed to explain the high critical beta threshold (the high critical beta threshold is greater than or equal to 50) of the low-frequency global instability observed by the AMPTE/CCE. The stabilization is mainly due to kinetic effects of trapped electrons and finite ion Larmor radii which give rise to a large parallel electric field and hence a parallel current that greatly enhances the stabilizing effect of field line tension to …

CDF and D0 have performed searches for Supersymmetry with data collected at {radical}s = 1.8 TeV during the years 1992-95. These searches are based on detector signatures: events with appreciable missing transverse energy plus jets with or without dileptons can signal squark and gluino production; the spectacular signature of trilepton events can result from the production of charginos and neutralinos; and the inclusion of R parity violation can produce events with like-sign dileptons and no missing transverse energy. Results from these analyses are presented.

Recent results on charm decay physics from the Fermilab Fixed Target program will be presented. There have been many physics results within the past year from experiments E687 and E791 and these will be highlighted. Many of these results are related to rare phenomena and searches. These will become even more interesting with the FOCUS experiment dataset of 1 million fully reconstructed charm decays. Preliminary signals from FOCUS as well as from SELEX will be presented together with prospects for the future. Preliminary results from E835 on the {eta}`{sub c} search will also be presented.

The objective of the Ferron Sandstone (Utah) project is to develop a comprehensive, interdisciplinary, quantitative characterization of a fluvial-deltaic reservoir to allow realistic interwell and reservoir-scale models to be developed for improved oil-field development in similar reservoirs world-wide. Both new and existing data is being integrated into a 3-D model of spatial variations in porosity, storativity, and tensorial rock permeability at a scale appropriate for inter-well to regional-scale reservoir simulation. Simulation results could improve reservoir management through proper infill and extension drilling strategies, reduction of economic risks, increased recovery from existing oil fields, and more reliable reserve calculations. The project is divided into four tasks: (1) regional stratigraphic analysis, (2) case studies, (3) reservoirs models, and (4) field-scale evaluation of exploration strategies. The primary objective of the regional stratigraphic analysis is to provide a more detailed interpretation of the stratigraphy and gross reservoir characteristics of the Ferron Sandstone as exposed in outcrop. The primary objective of the case-studies work is to develop a detailed geological and petrophysical characterization, at well-sweep scale or smaller, of the primary reservoir lithofacies typically found in a fluvial-dominated deltaic reservoir. Work on tasks 3 and 4 consisted of developing two- and three-dimensional reservoir models at …

A variety of phenomena involves atomic motion on the femtosecond time-scale. These phenomena have been studied using ultrashort optical pulses, which indirectly probe atomic positions through changes in optical properties. Because x-rays can more directly probe atomic positions, ultrashort x-ray pulses are better suited for the study of ultrafast structural dynamics. One approach towards generating ultrashort x-ray pulses is by 90{sup o} Thomson scattering between terawatt laser pulses and relativistic electrons. Using this technique, the author generated {approx} 300 fs, 30 keV (0.4 {angstrom}) x-ray pulses. These x-ray pulses are absolutely synchronized with ultrashort laser pulses, allowing femtosecond optical pump/x-ray probe experiments to be performed. Using the right-angle Thomson scattering x-ray source, the author performed time-resolved x-ray diffraction studies of laser-perturbated InSb. These experiments revealed a delayed onset of lattice expansion. This delay is due to the energy relaxation from a dense electron-hole plasma to the lattice. The dense electron-hole plasma first undergoes Auger recombination, which reduces the carrier concentration while maintaining energy content. Longitudinal-optic (LO) phonon emission then couples energy to the lattice. LO phonon decay into acoustic phonons, and acoustic phonon propagation then causes the growth of a thermally expanded layer. Source characterization is instrumental in utilizing ultrashort …

This report considers the agricultural funding allocated in the FY1998 supplemental appropriations bill.

A conceptual design and ASPEN Plus process flowsheet simulation model was developed for a Battelle biomass-based gasification, Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) liquefaction and combined-cycle power plant. This model was developed in a similar manner to those coal liquefaction models that were developed under DOE contract DE-AC22-91PC90027. As such, this process flowsheet simulation model was designed to be a research guidance tool and not a detailed process design tool. However, it does contain some process design features, such as sizing the F-T synthesis reactors. This model was designed only to predict the effects of various process and operating changes on the overall plant heat and material balances, utilities, capital and operating costs.

The use of two coupled laser cavities has been employed in edge emitting semiconductor lasers for mode suppression and frequency stabilization. The incorporation of coupled resonators within a vertical cavity laser opens up new possibilities due to the unique ability to tailor the interaction between the cavities. Composite resonators can be utilized to control spectral and temporal properties within the laser; previous studies of coupled cavity vertical cavity lasers have employed photopumped structures. The authors report the first composite resonator vertical cavity laser diode consisting of two optical cavities and three monolithic distributed Bragg reflectors. Cavity coupling effects and two techniques for external modulation of the laser are described.

Mechanical properties and microstructural characteristics of laser and electron-beam welds of a 500-kg heat of V4Cr4Ti were investigated in as-welded condition and after postwelding heat treatment by impact testing, microhardness measurement, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ductile-brittle transition temperatures of the laser and electron-beam welds were significantly higher than that of the base metal. However, excellent impact properties could be restored in both types of welds by postwelding annealing at 1000 C for 1 h in vacuum. Analysis by TEM revealed that annealed weld zones were characterized by extensive networks of fine V(C,O,N) precipitates, which clean away O, C, and N interstitial from the grain matrices. This process is accompanied by simultaneous annealing-out of the dense dislocations present in the weld zone. This finding could be useful in identifying an optimal welding procedure by controlling and adjusting the cooling rate of the weld zone by an innovative method to maximize the precipitation of V(C,O,N).

Tensile and impact properties were investigated at <430 C on V-Cr-Ti, V-Ti-Si, and V-Ti alloys after irradiation to {approx}2-46 dpa at 205-430 C in lithium or helium in the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR), Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), and Advanced Test Reactor (ATR). A 500-kg heat of V-4Cr-4Ti exhibited high ductile-brittle transition temperature and minimal uniform elongation as a result of irradiation-induced loss of work-hardening capability. Work-hardening capabilities of 30- and 100-kg heats of V-4Cr-4Ti varied significantly with irradiation conditions, although the 30-kg heat exhibited excellent impact properties after irradiation at {approx}390-430 C. The origin of the significant variations in the work-hardening capability of V-4Cr-4Ti is not understood, although fabrication variables, annealing history, and contamination from the irradiation environment are believed to play important roles. A 15-kg heat of V-3Ti-1Si exhibited good work-hardening capability and excellent impact properties after irradiation at {approx}390-430 C. Helium atoms, either charged dynamically or produced via transmutation of boron in the alloys, promote work-hardening capability in V-4Cr-4Ti and V-3Ti-1Si.

The High-Temperature Combustion Facility at BNL was used to conduct deflagration-to-detonation transition (DDT) experiments. Periodic orifice plates were installed inside the entire length of the detonation tube in order to promote flame acceleration. The orifice plates are 27.3-cm-outer diameter, which is equivalent to the inner diameter of the tube, and 20.6-cm-inner diameter. The detonation tube length is 21.3-meters long, and the spacing of the orifice plates is one tube diameter. A standard automobile diesel engine glow plug was used to ignite the test mixture at one end of the tube. Hydrogen-air-steam mixtures were tested at a range of temperatures up to 650K and at an initial pressure of 0.1 MPa. In most cases, the limiting hydrogen mole fraction which resulted in DDT corresponded to the mixture whose detonation cell size, {lambda}, was equal to the inner diameter of the orifice plate, d (e.g., d/{lambda}=1). The only exception was in the dry hydrogen-air mixtures at 650K where the DDT limit was observed to be 11 percent hydrogen, corresponding to a value of d/{lambda} equal to 5.5. For a 10.5 percent hydrogen mixture at 650K, the flame accelerated to a maximum velocity of about 120 mIs and then decelerated to below 2 …

Bench-scale studies were performed to determine the feasibility of vitrification treatment of six resins representative of those used in the commercial nuclear industry. Each resin was successfully immobilized using the same proprietary borosilicate glass formulation. Waste loadings varied from 38 to 70 g of resin/100 g of glass produced depending on the particular resin, with volume reductions of 28 percent to 68 percent. The bench-scale results were used to perform a melter demonstration with one of the resins at the Clemson Environmental Technologies Laboratory (CETL). The resin used was a weakly acidic meth acrylic cation exchange resin. The vitrification process utilized represented a approximately 64 percent volume reduction. Glass characterization, radionuclide retention, offgas analyses, and system compatibility results will be discussed in this paper.

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The surface of a divertor plate typically has fine structure. Depending on the material - and the duration of exposure to the plasma, the characteristic size of the surface imperfections may vary over a broad range. In this paper, we consider the case where these structures have scale h that is much smaller than the ion gyroradius {rho}{sub i} but greater than the electron gyroradius {rho}{sub e}. The magnetic field intersects the divertor plate at a shallow angle {alpha}<<I. The present paper demonstrates that the combination of these two factors, fine surface structures and strongly tilted magnetic field, gives rise to many interesting new phenomena in the sheath. We consider only the plasma part of the problem: given the presence of some structure, what are the consequences in terms of the plasma properties in the vicinity of the surface? We are not addressing the issue of what process has caused the appearance of the structure. However, once the plasma part of the problem is solved, on could return to the analysis of the wall erosion problem, based on the solution obtained. For the environment of the divertor region of a medium-size tokamak (plasma density n{approximately}4x10{sup 13} cm{sup -3}, plasma temperature …