Until high definition television (ATV) arrives, in the U.S. we must still contend with the National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) video standard (or PAL or SECAM-depending on your country). NTSC, a 40-year old standard designed for transmission of color video camera images over a small bandwidth, is not well suited for the sharp, full-color images that todays computers are capable of producing. PAL and SECAM also suffers from many of NTSC`s problems, but to varying degrees. Video professionals, when working with computer graphic (CG) images, use two monitors: a computer monitor for producing CGs and an NTSC monitor to view how a CG will look on video. More often than not, the NTSC image will differ significantly from the CG image, and outputting it to NTSC as an artist works enables the him or her to see the images as others will see it. Below are thirteen guidelines designed to increase the quality of computer graphics recorded onto video tape. Viewing your work in NTSC and attempting to follow the below tips will enable you to create higher quality videos. No video is perfect, so don`t expect to abide by every guideline every time.

Two 110 GHz gyrotrons with nominal output power of 1 MW each have been installed on the DIII-D tokamak. The gyrotrons, produced by Gycom and Communications and Power Industries, are connected to the tokamak by windowless evacuated transmission lines using circular corrugated waveguide carrying the HE{sub 11} mode. Initial experiments with the Gycom gyrotron showed good central heating efficiency at the second harmonic resonance with record central electron temperatures for DIII-D in excess of 10 keV achieved. The beam spot in the DIII-D vacuum vessel was well focused, with a diameter of approximately 8 cm, and it could be steered poloidally by a remotely adjustable mirror. The injection was at 19 deg off-perpendicular for current drive and the beams could be modulated for studies of energy transport and power deposition. The system will be described and the initial physics results will be presented. A third gyrotron, also at 110 GHz, will be installed later this year. Progress with this CPI tube will be discussed and future plans for the ECH installation and physics experiments using it will be presented.

Of the 177 tanks containing nuclear waste at the Hanford site, 68 have not been characterized based on sampling information. It may be possible to characterize 34 of the 68 unsampled tanks by using information from other sources, such as the Tank Characterization Database (TCD) and the Historical Tank Content Estimates (HTCE). This report lists predicted concentrations of 17 analytes along with the associated estimates of uncertainty for the T-200 series tanks (T-201, T-202, T-203, T-204), based on historical data and sample results from tanks other than the T-200 tanks. The main benefits of reduced sampling are reduced cost, reduced time to achieve acceptable characterization, and reduced exposure of sampling personnel. However, in order to characterize a tank on the basis of reducing sampling, the predicted tank averages and the associated uncertainties must be technically credible and useful. The objective of this report is to describe the approach to predict (without a sample) or estimate (from a single sample) the concentrations of the 17 analytes for the T-200 tanks. Sampling of these tanks and laboratory analysis of the samples is currently under way (sampling is scheduled for 03/27/97 through 04/21/97). This report briefly describes the statistical prediction techniques.

Papers presented during the conference are indexed separately.

The development of a high current, heavy-ion beam for inertial confinement fusion requires a detailed understanding of the behavior of the beam, including effects of the large self-fields. This necessity makes particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation the appropriate tool, and for this reason, the three-dimensional PIC/accelerator code WARP3d is being developed. WARP3d has been used extensively to study the creation and propagation of ion beams both to support experiments and for the understanding of basic beam physics. An overview of the structure of the code is presented along with a discussion of features that make the code an effective tool in the understanding of space-charge dominated beam behavior. A number of applications where WARP3d has played an important role is discussed, emphasizing the need of three-dimensional, first principles simulations. Results and comparisons with experiment are presented.

Project status of the 3He{sup +}{sup +} 10.5 MeV RFQ Linear Accelerator for the production of PET isotopes will be presented. The accelerator design was begun in September of 1995 with a goal of completion and delivery of the accelerator to BRF in Shreveport, Louisiana by the summer of 1997. The design effort and construction is concentrated in Lab G on the Fermilab campus. Some of the high lights include a 25 mA peak current 3He` ion source, four RFQ accelerating stages that are powered by surplus Fermilab linac RF stations, a gas jet charge doubler, and a novel 540 degree bending Medium Energy Beam Transport (MEBT). The machine is designed to operate at 360 Hz repetition rate with a 2.5% duty cycle. The average beam current is expected to be 150-300 micro amperes electrical, 75- 150 micro amperes particle current.

This report consolidates several performance-related reports into a single financial management report. Information in this report includes information previously reported in the following documents: (1) US Nuclear Regulatory Commission`s (NRC`s) annual financial statement, (2) NRC Chairman`s annual report to the President and the Congress, and (3) NRC Chairman`s semiannual report to Congress on management decisions and final actions on Office of Inspector General audit recommendations. This report also contains performance measures. The report is organized into the following subtopics: information about the US NRC, program performance, management accountability, and the audited financial statement for Fiscal Year 1996. 19 figs., 4 tabs.

A procedure is described to calculate polycrystalline anisotropic fiber elastic properties with cylindrical symmetry and porosity. It uses a preferred orientation model (Tome ellipsoidal self-consistent model) for the determination of anisotropic elastic properties for the case of highly oriented carbon fibers. The model predictions, corrected for porosity, are compared to back-calculated fiber elastic properties of an IM6/3501-6 unidirectional composite whose elastic properties have been determined via resonant ultrasound spectroscopy. The Halpin-Tsai equations used to back-calculated fiber elastic properties are found to be inappropriate for anisotropic composite constituents. Modifications are proposed to the Halpin-Tsai equations to expand their applicability to anisotropic reinforcement materials.

State-of-the-art in multi-sensor integration (MSI) application involves extensive research and development time to understand and characterize the application domain; to determine and define the appropriate sensor suite; to analyze, characterize, and calibrate the individual sensor systems; to recognize and accommodate the various sensor interactions; and to develop and optimize robust merging code. Much of this process can benefit from adaptive learning, i.e., an output-based system can take raw sensor data and desired merged results as input and adaptively develop/determine an effective method if interpretation and merger. This approach significantly reduces the time required to apply MSI to a given application, while increasing the quality of the final result and provides a quantitative measure for comparing competing MSI techniques and sensor suites. The ability to automatically develop and optimize MSI techniques for new sensor suites and operating environments makes this approach well suited to the detection of mines and mine-like targets. Perhaps more than any other, this application domain is characterized by diverse, innovative, and dynamic sensor suites, whose nature and interactions are not yet well established. This paper presents such an outcome-based multi-image analysis system. An empirical evaluation of its performance and its application, sensor and domain robustness is presented.

The capabilities of Interfacial Force Microscopy (IFM) are illustrated utilizing the following examples: the bonding interaction between chemically distinct end groups on self-assembling molecules adsorbed on the sample and and probe tip; and a study of the effect of morphological defects on the nanomechanical properties of gold single crystal surfaces.

This report describes the technical progress made on the Advanced Coal Conversion Process (ACCP) Demonstration Project from January 1, 1995 through December 31, 1995. This project demonstrates an advanced, thermal, coal upgrading process, coupled with physical cleaning techniques, that is designed to upgrade high-moisture, low-rank coals to a high-quality, low-sulfur fuel, registered as the SynCoal Process. The coal is processed through three stages (two heating stages followed by an inert cooling stage) of vibrating fluidized bed reactors that remove chemically bound water, carboxyl groups, and volatile sulfur compounds. After thermal upgrading, the coal is put through a deep-bed stratifier cleaning process to separate the pyrite-rich ash from the coal. The SynCoal Process enhances low-rank, western coals, usually with a moisture content of 25 to 55 percent, sulfur content of 0.5 to 1.5 percent, and heating value of 5,5000 to 9,000 British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb), by producing a stable, upgraded, coal product with a moisture content as low as 1 percent, sulfur content as low as 0.3 percent, and heating value up to 12,000 Btu/lb. During this reporting period, the primary focus for the ACCP Demonstration Project team was to expand SynCoal market awareness and acceptability for both the …

This report describes the technical progress made on the Advanced Coal Conversion Process (ACCP) Demonstration Project from July 1, 1995 through September 30, 1995. The ACCP Demonstration Project is a US Department of Energy (DOE) Clean Coal Technology Project. This project demonstrates an advanced, thermal, coal upgrading process, coupled with physical cleaning techniques, that is designed to upgrade high-moisture, low-rank coals to a high-quality, low-sulfur fuel, registered as the SynCoal process. The coal is processed through three stages (two heating stages followed by an inert cooling stage) of vibrating fluidized bed reactors that remove chemically bound water, carboxyl groups, and volatile sulfur compounds. After thermal upgrading, the cola is put through a deep-bed stratifier cleaning process to separate the pyrite-rich ash from the coal.

The first damped detuned accelerator structure, DDS 1, has been built, tested in the ASSET experiment, and installed in the NLCTA. The planning and construction of a series of further structures, incorporating some modifications, is under way. DDS 2, 3, and 4 all incorporate the same basic design as DDS 1. The manifold design for the last 5 % of the downstream end of the structure has been modified to accommodate improvements in the manifold loads. Calculations based on the spectral function method indicate, on average, a factor two or better reduction in the long range wake. Modest modifications in the distribution of geometrical detuning parameters along the structure which, according to calculations based on spectral function theory, significantly improve the short range wake will be incorporated in DDS 3 and 4. The basic cell configuration will be redesigned in DDS 5 with the intention of improving shunt impedance as well as incorporating further improvements in the wake.

The Advanced Electro-Optic Surety Devices project was initiated in march 1991 to support design laboratory guidance on electro-optic device packaging and evaluation. Sandia National Laboratory requested AlliedSignal Inc., Kansas City Division (KCD), to prepare for future packaging efforts in electro-optic integrated circuits. Los Alamos National Laboratory requested the evaluation of electro-optic waveguide devices for nuclear surety applications. New packaging techniques involving multiple fiber optic alignment and attachment, binary lens array development, silicon V-groove etching, and flip chip bonding were requested. Hermetic sealing of the electro-optic hybrid and submicron alignment of optical components present new challenges to be resolved. A 10-channel electro-optic modulator and laser amplifier were evaluated for potential surety applications.

Transient modeling and analysis of advanced Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) systems is a research area that is currently under investigation by the US Department of Energy`s Federal Energy Technology Center (FETC). The object of the effort is to identify key operating parameters that affect plant performance and then quantify the basic response of major sub-systems to changes in operating conditions. PC-TRAX{trademark}, a commercially available dynamic software program, was chosen and applied in this modeling and analysis effort. This paper describes the development of a series of TRAX-based transient models of advanced PFBC power plants. These power plants burn coal or other suitable fuel in a PFBC, and the high temperature flue gas supports low-Btu fuel gas or natural gas combustion in a gas turbine topping combustor. When it is utilized, the low-Btu fuel gas is produced in a bubbling bed carbonizer. High temperature, high pressure combustion products exiting the topping combustor are expanded in a modified gas turbine to generate electrical power. Waste heat from the system is used to raise and superheat steam for a reheat steam turbine bottoming cycle that generates additional electrical power. Basic control/instrumentation models were developed and modeled in PC-TRAX and used to investigate …

Experimental effort during the past quarter was restricted to the fixed-bed reactor. Effort during April was devoted to the sulfidation and regeneration of cerium oxide. Sulfidation tests were plagued by over-sulfidation, i.e., the quantity of H{sub 2}S removed from the gas phase exceeded the stoichiometric amount associated with the conversion of CeO{sub 2} to Ce{sub 2}O{sub 2}S. This was initially attributed to the formation of Ce{sub 2}S{sub 3} which was found to be thermodynamically possible in the highly reducing feed gas. However, the addition of steam to the feed gas to prevent Ce{sub 2}S{sub 3} formation did not eliminate the over-sulfidation problem. Later tests indicated that the apparent over-sulfidation was due to reaction between H{sub 2}S and the walls of the reaction vessel. Apparently the alonizing treatment to passivate the reactor walls was either ineffective at the reaction conditions or had deteriorated with use to the point that protection was no longer viable. Limited Ce{sub 2}O{sub 2}S regeneration results, although very qualitative, were quite favorable. In one regeneration test in an O{sub 2}-N{sub 2} atmosphere, no SO{sub 2} or H{sub 2}S were detected by the chromatograph in the regeneration product. Significant amounts of total sulfur were detected, and the test …

This report documents the work performed for the ``Advanced Tomographic Flow Diagnostics for Opaque Multiphase Fluids`` LDRD (Laboratory-Directed Research and Development) project and is presented as the fulfillment of the LDRD reporting requirement. Dispersed multiphase flows, particularly gas-liquid flows, are industrially important to the chemical and applied-energy industries, where bubble-column reactors are employed for chemical synthesis and waste treatment. Due to the large range of length scales (10{sup {minus}6}-10{sup 1}m) inherent in real systems, direct numerical simulation is not possible at present, so computational simulations are forced to use models of subgrid-scale processes, the accuracy of which strongly impacts simulation fidelity. The development and validation of such subgrid-scale models requires data sets at representative conditions. The ideal measurement techniques would provide spatially and temporally resolved full-field measurements of the distributions of all phases, their velocity fields, and additional associated quantities such as pressure and temperature. No technique or set of techniques is known that satisfies this requirement. In this study, efforts are focused on characterizing the spatial distribution of the phases in two-phase gas-liquid flow and in three-phase gas-liquid-solid flow. Due to its industrial importance, the bubble-column geometry is selected for diagnostics development and assessment. Two bubble-column testbeds are utilized: …

The confirmation for the contract modification was received on February 19, 1997. All reports reflect this modification at present. Technical highlights for the reporting period are: first results on steam oxidation behavior of super alloys in steam environment have been achieved; and the tests on TBC evaluation in high thermal gradients could be started. The turbine test rig hardware is progressing well.

New horizontal and vertical trim dipoles have been designed for the Fermilab Main Injector (FMI) and are being assembled in the Fermilab Technical Division. Magnets are 42.6 cm in length (30.5 cm steel length) and have similar cross-section dimensions. The horizontal (vertical) magnet gap is 50.8 mm (127 mm) and the target integrated strength is 0.072 T*m (0.029 T*m). The major design effort lay in making air cooling possible for these magnets. This report presents the magnets` thermal and magnetic properties and discusses the limitation on excitation current.

Judging from the experiments currently being pursued at the ALS, there is already a compelling case to be made for considering a future synchrotron radiation source that has a higher beam brightness than the third-generation facilities. For example, a large, and growing fraction of the ALS scientific program is based on soft x-ray microscopy experiments in materials science. Currently these experiments use high-brightness undulator radiation, on beam lines that are already oversubscribed. Dedicated beam lines from bend magnet sources would be useful for these techniques if the source brightness could be pushed to {approx}2{circ}10{sup 16} photons/(s {circ} mm{sup 2} {circ} mrad{sup 2} {circ} 0.1%b.w.), i.e., a factor of 20-100 higher (depending on wavelength), than currently available at the ALS. Another growing class of experiments uses microfocused beams for microanalysis, microdiffraction, microEXAFS, microXPS, and microNEXAFS. These are classic brightness experiments, but even at the high ALS brightnesses, require long exposure times. Finally there is a requirement to get to {approx}2 keV in the fundamental peak of the undulator spectrum, to access most transition- metal L-edges, and the rare-earth M-edges. This could be achieved with a machine energy of 2.5-3.0 GeV. An alternative strategy is to go to smaller gaps with a …

The power spectrum emerging from the damping manifolds of a DDS provides valuable quasi-local information on the displacement of a drive beam from the axis of individual cells, where the displacement may be due to beam offset, small cell misalignment, or a combination of the two. The degree of localization and the indexing of frequency to cell number is determined directly from the spectral function theory. Examples for specific DDS designs will be presented. These relations can be used to determine geometrical misalignment patterns.

The power supply design of the {gamma}{sub f} - jump system in FNAL Main Injector uses a resonant circuit. A critical design parameter is the ac losses of the beam tube in a pulsed quadrupole. This paper gives an analysis to this problem. An equivalent circuit model based on the impedance measurement was established. The measured and calculated losses are in agreement. Another effect of the eddy current is the distortion of the magnetic field inside the beam tube. A Morgan coil was used for field measurements up to 10 KHz. These results are presented in this paper.

It has been shown that the optimal linear prediction filter relating the solar wind electric field and the geomagnetic activity, as measured by the AL index, is both bi-modal and dependent on the level of activity in the magnetosphere. Further studies truncated the prediction filter to a five parameter model containing two low-pass filtered delta functions of arbitrary amplitude and delay time. The present study elaborates on the nature of the bi-modal response by using the five parameter model to quantify the effects of the level of geomagnetic activity on each of the modes of the filter individually. The authors find that at all levels of activity, the second mode, occurring at approximately one hour, is relatively unchanged. The first mode, however, has a one parameter dependence on the level of activity in the magnetosphere. The amplitude of the first mode is shown to have a significant increase with respect to activity.

A simple analytical model is presented for predicting the transport of a contaminant in both the unsaturated (vadose) and saturated (phreatic) zones following a surficial spill. The model incorporates advection, dispersion, adsorption, and first-order decay in both zones and couples the transport processes at the water table. The governing equation is solved by using the method of Laplace transforms, with numerical inversion of the Laplace space equation for concentration. Because of the complexity of the functional form for the Laplace space solution, a numerical methodology using the real and imaginary parts of a Fourier series was implemented. To reduce conservatism in the model, dilution at the water table was also included. Verification of the model is demonstrated by its ability to reproduce the source history at the surface and to replicate appropriate one-dimensional transport through either the vadose or phreatic zone. Because of its simplicity and lack of detailed input data requirements, the model is recommended for scoping calculations.