Computer simulation of electron and ion sources is made by using a class of computer codes known as gun design programs. In this paper, we shall first list most of the necessary and some optional capabilities of such programs. Then we will briefly note specific codes and/or authors of codes with attention to specialized applications if any. There may be many more such programs in use than are treated here; we are only trying to cover a range of examples, not perform a comprehensive survey.

This report describes a procedure for determining cerium in plutonium using an anion-exchange separation and x-ray fluorescence. We add lanthanum to the plutonium solution as an internal standard, oxidize the plutonium to Pu/sup /plus/4/, and pass the solution through an anion-exchange column with 8M HCl. The Pu/sup /plus/4/ sorbs to the resin, and the cerium and lanthanum pass through the column completely. We evaporate the solution containing the cerium and the lanthanum to 0.5 mL for pipetting onto a resin paper disc. The Pu/sup /plus/4/ is eluted off the column using 0.1M HCl. We then measure the K/sub ..cap alpha../ x-ray line for both cerium and lanthanum. The ratio of cerium to lanthanum for the sample is then compared with those from the standards. This method has a precision of 2.8% relative standard deviation for cerium over a concentration range of 0.1 to 5% cerium. 2 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

The goal of this program is the development of a molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) anode which is more tolerant of sulfur contaminants in the fuel than the current state-of-the-art nickel-based anode structures. This program addresses two different but related aspects of the sulfur contamination problem. The primary aspect is concerned with the development of a sulfur tolerant electrocatalyst for the fuel oxidation reaction. A secondary issue is the development of a sulfur tolerant water-gas-shift reaction catalyst and an investigation of potential steam reforming catalysts which also have some sulfur tolerant capabilities. These two aspects are being addressed as two separate tasks.

The recombination of free electrons and positive ions along charged particle tracks in gases has been modeled using electron tranport equations, which assume homogeneous distribution in the vicinity of the tracks. The equations include space charge terms, which have been negelected in previous models. A formula for the electron yield as a function of detector applied potential is obtained from a perturbation solution valid when the ratio of the Debye length to the charge column radius is larger then unity. When this ratio is very large, the formula reduces to that of previous models. Pulse height measurements in a /sup 3/He ionization chamber indicate 2% to 30% losses to recombination which vary with applied field, particle type, and energy. Using reasonable values for the electron transport coefficients, the calculated loss of signal to recommendation is generally in agreement with experiment, but the variation with applied bias is stronger in the experiment.

This manual is a tool for instruction to residential building tenants who are interested in enhancing energy conservation practices in their homes. (BCS)

This report is compiled by the Nuclear Waste Treatment Program and the Hanford Waste Vitrification Program at Pacific Northwest Laboratory to describe the progress in developing, testing, applying and documenting liquid-fed ceramic melter vitrification technology. Progress in the following technical subject areas during the second quarter of FY 1987 is discussed: melting process chemistry and glass development, feed preparation and transfer systems, melter systems, canister filling and handling systems, and process/product modeling. 23 refs., 14 figs., 10 tabs.

We present a compilation of total and differential cross sections for electron scattering of N/sub 2/ and O/sub 2/. Energy-dependent total cross sections and energy- and angle-dependent differential cross sections are given for elastic, rotational, vibrational, electronic excitation, and ionizing collisions. 16 refs., 46 figs., 8 tabs.

This report was prepared as an attempt to collect the information developed in the crack-growth studies at Westinghouse from 1969 to 1986. Although progress reports were issued regularly over the entire period, the program results have not previously been integrated in a single document. The effect of a pressurized-water environment in the enhancement of fatigue crack growth at low frequencies of loading was discovered by Kondo in 1971 and verified in this program shortly thereafter. To characterize plates and forgings, as well as welds and heat-affected zones, a very large number of tests were done in the program. These tests were carried out in a series of matrices structured to investigate various issues, and the results are collected in this report. This work provided a data base for development of ASME Code reference crack-growth curves, as well as insights into some of the mechanisms of environmental enhancement. Static-load crack-growth-rate tests were conducted in the program with some specimens loaded in excess of 11 years. Static-load crack growth was observed in the heat-affected zone specimens and in one base metal heat after several years of exposure.

This brief guide presents several examples of energy saving measures that can be used by public housing residents and renters. (BCS)

High-strain-rate biaxial punch tests were performed on DOP-26 (Ir-0.3 wt.% tungsten) iridium-alloy disc given annealing and aging heat treatments. Test temperatures ranged between 600 and 1440/degree/C, and punch velocity was held constant at 45 m/s. Three types of samples were evaluated: Z-batch old-process discs, B-batch old-process discs, and B-batch new-process discs. The results indicate that batch-to-batch variations in ductility are significant and that new-process iridium is slightly more ductile than old-process material. 12 refs., 43 figs., 26 tabs.

This paper presents a characterization of the Alcator C Scrape-Off Layer (SOL) plasma during ICRF hydrogen-minority fast wave heating experiments. The SOL plasma parameters were measured using a multifunctional probe, JANUS, which is capable of simultaneously measuring the ion and electron parameters both parallel and antiparallel with respect to the toroidal magnetic field. The probe data indicate, at low value of injected rf power, there is direct edge heating and density increases at radii greater than that of the antenna Faraday shield. Increasing the injected rf power spreads both the temperature and density increases throughout the edge region, flattening the radial profiles. Varying the position of the resonance layer in the main plasma does not significantly change the effect of ICRF on the SOL parameters. Given this single spatial point characterization of the SOL, a crude estimate of power flow into and through the edge plasma indicate that /approximately/20% of the ICRF power launched from the antenna is absorbed /und directly/ in the SOL plasma. Additional observation of the impurity source rates confirms the conclusions of an earlier paper, which attributed increasing central densities of high-Z impurities to the increase in physical sputtering rate at both the ICRF antenna's Faraday …

A method is presented for determining the relative favorability of geologically complex areas for isolating high-level radioactive wastes. In applying the method to the northeastern region of the United States, seismicity and tectonic activity were the screening criteria used to divide the region into three areas of increasing seismotectonic risk. Criteria were then used to subdivide the area of lowest seismotectonic risk into six geologically distinct subareas including characteristics, surface-water and groundwater hydrology, potential human intrusion, site geometry, surface characteristics, and tectonic environment. Decision analysis was then used to identify the subareas most favorable from a geologic standpoint for further investigation, with a view to selecting a site for a repository. Three subareas (parts of northeastern Vermont, northern New Hampshire, and western Maine) were found to be the most favorable, using this method and existing data. However, because this study assessed relative geologic favorability, no conclusions should be drawn concerning the absolute suitability of individual subareas for high-level radioactive waste isolation. 34 refs., 7 figs., 20 tabs.

This training manual focuses on actions which residents can take to improve energy conservation in their homes. (BCS)

This project summary includes the results of 10 innovations that were funded under the US Department's Innovative Concept Programs. The concepts address innovations that can substantially reduce the energy used in industrial separations. Each paper describes the proposed concept, and discusses the concept's potential energy savings, market applications, technical feasibility, prior work and state of the art, and future development needs.

Electroweak unification suggests that there should be WW and ZZ physics analogous to {gamma}{gamma} physics. Indeed, WW and ZZ collisions will provide an opportunity to search for the Higgs boson at future high energy colliders. Cross sections in the picobarn range are predicted for Higgs boson production at the proposed 40-TeV SSC. While other states may be produced by WW and ZZ collisions, it is the Higgs boson that looms as the most attractive objective. 31 refs., 5 figs.

The N = 1, d = 4 supergravity theories derived as the low-energy limit of four-dimensional superstrings are discussed, focusing on the properties of their effective potentials. Gauge symmetry breaking is possible along several flat directions. A class of superpotential modifications is introduced, which describes supersymmetry breaking with vanishing cosmological constant and Str M{sup 2} = 0 at any minimum of the tree level potential. Under more restrictive assumptions, there are minima with broken supersymmetry at which also Str f(M{sup 2}) = 0 for any function f, so that the whole one-loop cosmological constant vanishes. This result is interpreted in terms of a new discrete boson-fermion symmetry, relating particles whose helicities differ by 3/2, e.g., the graviton and the dilatino.' 21 refs.

Power plants which use geothermal heat to generate electric power produce a residual sludge in large quantities. This material precipitates from supersaturated brines and contains toxic metals, some of which are present in concentrations exceeding the non hazardous waste disposal regulations. Disposal of this waste as hazardous waste is costly. Work in this laboratory has shown that a biotreatment of the geothermal waste in which toxic metal resistant acidophilic organisms are used can serve as a basis for a new biotechnology for detoxification of geothermal residual brine sludges. Phase one studies have shown that an economically and technically feasible biotechnology can be developed. The efficiency of this technology depends on a number of parameters such as the bioreactor design, residence time, and the number and concentration of toxic metals to be removed. Further, the process, while rendering a detoxified material, produces a liquid phase which is enriched in toxic metals. This aqueous phase can be reinjected into the wells, or processed for the recovery of toxic metals, some of which are commercially valuable, for example, chromium. A parallel study in this laboratory has shown that a combined chemical and biochemical process for the recovery of these metals may also be …

In this paper we describe the early work carried out at LBL on the consequences of installing insertion devices (wigglers and undulators) on the beam dynamics of the ALS. This included analytical and tracking studies, and led to an insight to the reasons behind the predicted reduction in dynamic aperture. For completeness, a description of the unperturbed storage ring characteristics are also given. 3 refs., 16 figs., 2 tabs.

The two conventions for the {gamma}{gamma}* width of a spin-one resonance are discussed. It is shown that the more reasonable one is the one that gives the larger experimental value. 5 refs.

A new software trigger scheme has been developed to augment and enhance the existing charged and neutral triggers by providing sensitivity to new event topologies and some level of control over accelerator-induced backgrounds. Historically, the Mark II existed with two primary trigger components: a charged track finder based upon the central and vertex drift chambers and the time-of-flight counters; and an electromagnetic trigger based upon the total energy deposited in each of ten calorimeter modules. The trigger component of the new system is based upon the Mark II electromagnetic calorimetry but with significantly increased granularity and the inherent flexibility of software. Trigger processing also benefits from the relatively long period of time (up to 8.3 ms) between SLC beam crossings. The production of long-lived neutral particles provides an example of an event topology which would not have triggered in the old system. By decaying beyond the first few drift chamber layers, such particles avoid the charged particle trigger, yet could produce clear signals in the calorimeters. Another example is the class of events containing a single photon as the visible particle such as occur in the reaction e{sup +}e{sup -} {yields} Z{sup 0}{gamma} {yields} {nu}{nu}{gamma}. Sensitivity to this reaction is …

A study of mixing processes in doubly diffusive systems is being conducted. Continuous gradients of two diffusing components (heat and salinity) are being used as initial conditions, and forcing is introduced by lateral heating, surface shear and sloping boundaries. The goals of the proposed work include: quantification of the effects of finite amplitude disturbances on stable, double diffusive systems, particularly with respect to lateral heating, development of an improved understanding of the physical phenomena present in wind-driven shear flows in double diffusive stratified environments, increasing our knowledge-base on turbulent flow in stratified environments and how to represent it, and formulation of numerical code for such flows. The work is being carried out in a new experimental facility at Stanford and on laboratory minicomputers and CRAY computers. In particular we are focusing on the following key issues. The formation and propagation of double diffusive intrusions away from a heated wall and the effects of lateral heating on the double diffusive system; The interaction between the double diffusively influenced fluxes and the turbulence induced fluxes; The formation of gravitational intrusions; and The influence of double diffusive gradients on mixed layer deepening. The goals of the project were as follows. Physical experiments: Construct …

The Annex to the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source Conceptual Design Report updates the Conceptual Design Report of 1987 (CDR-87) to include the results of further optimization and changes of the design during the past year. The design changes can be summarized as affecting three areas: the accelerator system, conventional facilities, and experimental systems. Most of the changes in the accelerator system result from inclusion of a positron accumulator ring (PAR), which was added at the suggestion of the 1987 DOE Review Committee, to speed up the filling rate of the storage ring. The addition of the PAR necessitates many minor changes in the linac system, the injector synchrotron, and the low-energy beam transport lines. 63 figs., 18 tabs.

Summary of lectures presented in the Shell Seminar Series at the national convention of the National Science Teachers Association, April 7-10, 1988. Topics covered are: The Standard model, symmetry breaking, the superconducting supercollider, physics at the TEV scale, and the early universe.

This paper reviews the experience with first-wall materials over a 20-month period of operation spanning 1985--1987. Experience with the axisymmetric inner wall limiter, constructed of graphite tiles, will be described including the necessary conditioning procedures needed for impurity and particle control of high power ({le}20 MW) neutral injection experiments. The thermal effects in disruptions have been quantified and no significant damage to the bumper limiter has occurred as a result of disruptions. Carbon and metal impurity redeposition effects have been quantified through surface analysis of wall samples. Estimates of the tritium retention in the graphite limiter tiles and redeposited carbon films have been made based on analysis of deuterium retention in removed graphite tiles and wall samples. New limiter structures have been designed using a 2D carbon/carbon (C/C) composite material for RF antenna protection. Laboratory tests of the important thermal, mechanical and vacuum properties of C/C materials will be described. Finally, the last series of experiments in TFTR with in-situ Zr/Al surface pumps will be described. Problems with Ar/Al embrittlement have led to the removal of the getter material from the in-torus environment. 53 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.