Report on the results of a survey conducted May 1984 on the effectiveness of vocational education as answered by leaders in businesses, industries, the workforce, and schools.

Batchwise fluidized bed combustion of a coal has been carried out to investigate the generation of elutriable carbon fines by attrition of the burning char. Differences between the purely mechanical attrition and the combustion assisted attrition of the char have been outlined. The time required to activate the char surface as regards attrition explains certain features of carbon elutriation curves. Attrition rate constants determined from these curves are compared with those previously found by continuous fluidized combustion of the same coal. 20 references, 13 figures, 3 tables.

Cell kinetic parameters, including population doubling-time, cell cycle time, and growth fraction, were measured in 9L gliosarcoma spheroids. These parameters were studied as the spheroids grew from 50 ..mu..m to over 900 ..mu..m in diameter. Experiments relating the cell kinetic parameters to the radiation response of 9L spheroids were also carried out. The major findings were that the average cell cycle time (T/sub c/), is considerably longer in large spheroids than in exponentially-growing monolayers, the radiosensitivity of noncycling (but still viable) cells in spheroids is not significantly different from that of cycling spheroid cells, and the radiation-induced division delay is approximately twice as long in spheroid cells as in monolayer cells given equal radiation doses. The cell loss factor for spheroids of various sizes was calculated, by using the measured kinetic parameters in the basic equations for growth of a cell population. 157 references, 6 figures, 3 tables.

A review of the phases of stellar evolution relevant to Cepheid variables of both Types I and II is presented. Type I Cepheids arise as a result of normal post-main sequence evolutionary behavior of many stars in the intermediate to massive range of stellar masses. In contrast, Type II Cepheids generally originate from low-mass stars of low metalicity which are undergoing post core helium-burning evolution. Despite great progress in the past two decades, uncertainties still remain in such areas as how to best model convective overshoot, semiconvection, stellar atmospheres, rotation, and binary evolution as well as uncertainties in important physical parameters such as the nuclear reaction rates, opacity, and mass loss rates. The potential effect of these uncertainties on stellar evolution models is discussed. Finally, comparisons between theoretical predictions and observations of Cepheid variables are presented for a number of cases. The results of these comparisons show both areas of agreement and disagreement with the latter result providing incentive for further research.

The nature and extent of industrial waste heat associated with the manufacturing sector of the US economy are identified. Industry energy information is reviewed and the energy content in waste heat streams emanating from 108 energy-intensive industrial processes is estimated. Generic types of process equipment are identified and the energy content in gaseous, liquid, and steam waste streams emanating from this equipment is evaluated. Matchups between the energy content of waste heat streams and candidate uses are identified. The resultant matrix identifies 256 source/sink (waste heat/candidate input heat) temperature combinations. (MHR)

Recent results for charge-changing collisions of interest for cyclotrons and other particle accelerators are presented. Scaling rules, where available, are emphasized. 45 references, 11 figures.

Representative process materials were obtained from the EDS pilot plant for chemical and biological analyses. These materials were characterized for biological activity and chemical composition using a microbial mutagenicity assay and chromatographic and mass spectrometric analytical techniques. The two highest boiling distillation cuts, as well as process solvent (PS) obtained from the bottoms recycle mode operation, were tested for initiation of mouse skin tumorigenicity. All three materials were active; the crude 800/sup 0 +/F cut was substantially more potent than the crude bottoms recycle PS or 750 to 800/sup 0/F distillate cut. Results from chemical analyses showed the EDS materials, in general, to be more highly alkylated and have higher hydroaromatic content than analogous SRC II process materials (no in-line process hydrogenation) used for comparison. In the microbial mutagenicity assays the N-PAC fractions showed greater activity than did the aliphatic hydrocarbon, hydroxy-PAH, or PAH fractions, although mutagenicity was detected in certain PAH fractions by a modified version of the standard microbial mutagenicity assay. Mutagenic activities for the EDS materials were lower, overall, than those for the corresponding materials from the SRC II process. The EDS materials produced under different operational modes had distinguishable differences in both their chemical constituency and …

Coal-derived liquids are characterized by the presence of a considerable concentration of oxygen-containing components. Therefore, a systematic catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) study of coal-derived liquids and related model compounds is being carried out. This study provides information not only on the mechanism of HDO as related to the subject of catalytic upgrading of coal-derived liquids, but also on the role of oxygen-containing compounds in primary coal liquefaction processes. The main objective of this research project is to develop effective catalyst systems and processing conditions for hydrodenitrogenation (HDN) of coal-derived liquids (CDL) in a wide range of nitrogen contents and structural type composition. This is of particular importance in view of the higher concentration of nitrogen-containing compounds in CDL as compared to that in petroleum feedstocks. For a better understanding of denitrogenation processes, the project includes systematic denitrogenation studies not only of CDL but also of related model N-containing compounds found in such liquids, e.g., phenanthridine, 1,10-phenanthroline, carbazoles, acridines, etc., as a function of catalysts type and experimental rate, mechanism and stereochemistry of HDN of structurally distinct N-containing aromatic systems in the presence of sulfided catalysts.

Progress is reported in the following fields: coal chemistry, aqueous chemistry at high temperatures and pressures, geochemistry, high-temperature chemistry and thermodynamics of structural materials, chemistry of transuranium elements and compounds, separations chemistry, elecrochemistry, catalysis, chemical physics, theoretical chemistry, nuclear waste chemistry, chemistry of hazardous chemicals, and thermal energy storage.

A new and potentially important method of producing large circuit boards has been developed at Fermilab. A Gerber Flat Bed Plotter with an active area of 5' x 16' has been fitted with a machining head to produce a circuit board without the use of photography or chemicals. The modifications of the Gerber Plotter do not impair its use as a photoplotter or pen plotter, the machining head is merely exchanged with the standard attachments. The modifications to the program are minimal; this will be described in another report. The machining head is fitted with an air bearing motorized spindle driven at a speed of 40,000 rpm to 90,000 rpm. The spindle also is provided with air bearings on its outside diameter, offering frictionless vertical travel guidance. Vertical travel of the spindle is driven by a spring return single acting air cylinder. An adjustable hydraulic damper slows the spindle travel near the end of its downward stroke. Two programmable stops control spindle down stroke position, and limit switches are provided for position feedback to the control system. A vacuum system collects chips at the cutter head. No lubrication or regular maintenance is required. The circuit board to be fabricated is …

Experimental work is continuing on four separate projects related to coal conversion processes. The direct digital control of exothermic multiphase reactions is being studied in an experimental adiabatic flow reactor. The existence of two stable steady states for the Fischer-Tropsch reaction network at the same temperature and feed condition has been verified and quantified. Various absorbents for SO/sub 2/ and NO/sub X/ are being studied. The absorption of NO/sub 2/ by methanol and N-cyclohexyl-2-pyrrolidone has been extensively examined. Preliminary data have been obtained with triethylene-tetraamine. Hindered amines will be studied next. Procedures for the preparation of liquid membranes have been tested and the incorporation of hindered amines in them will now be examined. Isotopic switching is being used to study the way in which promoters affect supported metal catalysts. With improved resolution from the mass spectrometer, early quantitative results give indications of three different surface species and of non-statistical ingrowth of /sup 13/C into the product molecules. A program for the study of the extraction of coal and oil shale using supercritical fluids is being carried out. The effect of the presence of piperidine on the amount of toluene solubles produced by supercritical extraction of coal with toluene/piperidine mixture has …

Secondary emission is not likely to be suppressed in thin films. Accumulated charges leak away with two time constants. The fast time constant should be short compared to the pulse duration, and the slow time constant should be short compared to the time between pulses. The Joule heating may be prohibitive in reaching adequate charge removal. The joule heating may be reduced by films which conduct little in the direction of the electric field and much better in the perpendicular direction.

Sandia National Laboratories is currently involved in a number of experimental projects to provide data that will help quantify the threat of hydrogen combustion during nuclear plant accidents. Several experimental facilities are part of the Variable Geometry Experimental System (VGES). The purpose of this report is to document the experimental results from the first round of combustion tests performed at one of these facilities: a 5-m/sup 3/ cylindrical tank. The data provided by tests at this facility can be used to guide further testing and for the development and assessment of analytical models to predict hydrogen combustion behavior.

This is a comment on reactions occurring internally to a bunch. This is a written report by G.R. Young

This is a written comment by G. R. young on Electron trapping in RHIC from a debunched proton beam.

Four distinct operating modes have been proposed for tokamaks. Our study focuses on capital costs and lifetime limitations of reactor subsystems in an attempt to quantify sensitivity to pulsed operation. Major problem areas considered include: thermal fatigue on first wall, limiter/divertor; thermal energy storage; fatigue in pulsed poloidal field coils; out-of-plant fatigue and eddy current heating in toroidal field coils; electric power supply costs; and noninductive driver costs. We assume a high availability and low cost of energy will be mandatory for a commercial fusion reactor, and we characterize improvements in physics and engineering which will help achieve these goals for different burn cycles.

The total neutral energy spectra, E/sub TOT//sup 0/ = ..sigma../sub i/ epsilon/sub i//sup 0/, have been measured in the central region of ..cap alpha cap alpha.., dd and pp interactions at ..sqrt..s/sub NN/ = 31 GeV with an electromagnetic calorimeter covering 2..pi.. in azimuth. The data were collected in the light-ion run at the CERN ISR during August 1983. The cross section ratio of the ..cap alpha cap alpha.. to the pp interactions increases rapidly with E/TOT//sup 0/ from 7 to 10/sup 5/ in the range 1.5 < E/sub TOT//sup 0/ < 19 GeV. The data are compared with a simple model of simultaneous multiple nucleon-nucleon collisions.

Calculation of absorbed dose to active marrow from photon radiation is a complex problem because electronic equilibrium may not exist in the vicinity of soft tissue-bone mineral interfaces. Snyder et al. recognized the intractable geometry of trabecular bone in their studies of photon transport in the body and formulated marrow dose estimates in a conservative manner. Other investigators have noted that this approach leads to overestimate by factors of 3 or more at low photon energy. In this paper the absorbed dose is formulated in terms of physical and anatomical parameters defining the energy deposition in the marrow space. 17 references, 2 figures, 1 table.

Unlike most of the specialities treated in this volume, control system design is still an art, not a science. These lectures are an attempt to produce a primer for prospective practitioners of this art. A large modern accelerator requires a comprehensive control system for commissioning, machine studies and day-to-day operation. Faced with the requirement to design a control system for such a machine, the control system architect has a bewildering array of technical devices and techniques at his disposal, and it is our aim in the following chapters to lead him through the characteristics of the problems he will have to face and the practical alternatives available for solving them. We emphasize good system architecture using commercially available hardware and software components, but in addition we discuss the actual control strategies which are to be implemented since it is at the point of deciding what facilities shall be available that the complexity of the control system and its cost are implicitly decided. 19 references.

A very low velocity superconducting heavy-ion linac is proposed which, at least for applications requiring modest beam current, seems to have substantial cost and performance advantages over existing low-velocity room-temperature structures. The proposed linac, together with a 350 kV positive ion source, would replace an FN tandem Van de Graaff accelerator as the injector of the Argonne superconducting heavy-ion linac. 7 references, 5 figures.

This report contains a conceptual design of the electrofluid dynamic (EFD) wind-driven generator and performance estimates used to select the electrode spacing and other parameters. Various spacings and tube sizes in different wind fields were considered to assess the effects of different parameters. Although a detailed stress analysis was not done, preliminary estimates indicate that the tower design will withstand head-on winds in excess of 100 mph (44 m/s) without damage. Many opportunities appear to exist to cut the cost of an EFD wind-driven generator. Maintenance and downtime on this wind-driven generator should be less than for a conventional system with many units having rotating parts. The EFD wind-driven generator also does not require additional power conditioning for long-line power transmission. It should be possible to produce EFD wind driven-generators that are cost competitive with other methods of producing a high-voltage dc power, once a charging system is developed.

The electron velocity distribution of rf-heated plasma may be so far from Maxwellian that Spitzer conductivity no longer holds. A new conductivity for such plasmas is derived and the result can be put in a remarkably general form. The new expression should be of great practical value in examining schemes for current ramp-up in tokamaks by means of lower-hybrid or other waves.

A detailed study of wireline logs from 11 wells in the Salton Sea and Westmorland geothermal systems was undertaken in order to determine the effects of hydrothermal alteration on the response of electrical and gamma-gamma density well logs. For the Salton Sea geothermal field, definite correspondence between log responses and hydrothermal mineralogy is evident, which in turn is related to the physical properties of the rocks. Three hydrothermal and one unaltered zone can be identified from log data on shales. These are: (1) the unaltered montmorillonite zone (<100/sup 0/ to 190/sup 0/C); (2) the illite zone (100/sup 0/ to 190/sup 0/C to 230/sup 0/ to 250/sup 0/C); (3) the chlorite zone (230/sup 0/ to 250/sup 0/C to 290/sup 0/ to 300/sup 0/C); and (4) the feldspar zone (>290/sup 0/ to 300/sup 0/C). The characteristic responses on well logs by which these zones are identified result primarily from changes in clay mineralogy of the shales and increases in density with progressive hydrothermal metamorphism. In the Westmorland geothermal field, differentiating mineral zones from log responses was only partially successful. However, analyses of both well log and petrologic data for wells Landers 1 and Kalin Farms 1 suggest that the former is heating …

Monthly newsletter of the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1, discussing the field of underground water. Topics include profiles of water conservation research, annual pre-plant soil moisture survey data, annual Winter Water Level measurement data, and information about the latest water conservation tips.