An improved microresistance testing method to measure the thickness of copper plating in plated-through holes of double-sided printed wiring boards is presented. A new probe design, combined with a microprocessor controller, makes it possible for a direct reading tester to provide variables data. Tester design and software programs for the system are included. Results of correlation studies, comparing the improved resistance method to cross-sectional measurements are presented. Limitations on the microresistance test method are discussed.

The shower counter system of the SLAC-LBL Mark II detector is a large lead/liquid argon system of the type pioneered by Willis and Radekal; however, it differs in most details and is much larger than other such detectors currently in operation, It contains, for example, 8000 liters of liquid argon and 3000 channels of low noise electronics, which is about eight times the size of the system of Willis et al. in the CERN ISR. This paper reports, with little reference to design, on the operation and performance of the Mark II system during approximately a year and a half of operation at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center's e{sup +}-e{sup -} facility, SPEAR. The design and construction of the system have previously been described and a detailed discussion of all aspects -- design, construction, operation, and performance -- is in preparation.

We present a study of the decay properties of charmed D mesons produced near the peak of the {psi}" (3770) resonance in e{sup +}e{sup -} annihilation. Branching fractions for nine Cabibbo-favored and three Cabibbo-suppressed decay modes are presented along with upper limits on one additional Cabibbo-favored and four additional Cabibbo-suppressed decay modes. A study of K{pi}{pi} decay mode Dalitz plots reveals a large quasi-two-body pseudoscalar-vector component for the D{sup 0} decays and an apparent nonuniform population an the Dalitz plot for the D{sup +} decay into K{sup -}{pi}{sup +}{pi}{sup +}. Using tagged events, we measure the charged particle multiplicity and strange particle content of D decays. A measurement of the D{sup +} and D{sup 0} semileptonic decay fractions indicates that the D{sup +} has a significantly longer lifetime than the D{sup 0}.

The oxidation behavior of type 316 stainless steel and candidate advanced alloys for the gas-cooled fast reactor (GCFR) is being investigated at General Atomic Company. The test program consists of oxidation tests in prototypic GCFR environments. Two tests have been completed to date and a third test is under way. The first test was performed in an environment containing a hydrogen/water ratio of 10. The oxidation behavior of all the alloys was good to excellent in this environment. Preferential oxidation of chromium was responsible for this behavior. The second test was performed in an environment containing a hydrogen/water ratio of 0.25, where both chromium and iron oxides are thermodynamically stable. Some of the alloys and some of the ribbed type 316 stainless steel test specimens showed unacceptable oxidation resistance in this environment. In the third test, presently under way, two different pretreatment procedures are being used to control the poor oxidation behavior observed in the second test. Early results show some degree of success.

This report outlines the capabilities and limitations of the two centrifuges and gives other details which must be considered in preparing test specifications and designing fixtures, gives the theory and terminology of centrifuge testing, and describes the layout, operating principles, support functions, and reference material for each facility.

The impact of fossil fuel use in the US on worldwide CO/sub 2/ emissions and the impact of increased coal utilization on CO/sub 2/ emission rates are assessed. The aspects of CO/sub 2/ control are discussed as well as the available CO/sub 2/ removal sites. The primary factor affecting the practicability of a CO/sub 2/ control system is its energy requirements. Of the three potential CO/sub 2/ control points, removal from the stacks of fossil fuel power plants appears to require the least amount of energy. Estimates of the energy required to capture and recover CO/sub 2/ from coal-fired power plant stacks by various processes are presented. Although capture and recovery of CO/sub 2/ is an important consideration in the overall scheme of CO/sub 2/ control, disposal or reuse of recovered CO/sub 2/ may be the weakest link in the CO/sub 2/ control chain. Of the several options considered, deep ocean storage appears to be the most promising. Two control scenarios are evaluated, one based on the absorption of CO/sub 2/ contained in power plant flue gas by seawater; the other, based on absorption of CO/sub 2/ by monoethanolamine (MEA). Captured CO/sub 2/ is injected into the deep ocean in …

Curtailment planning at a generally rudimentary level has been undertaken by the governments of some twenty states. Many utilities have demand-curtailment plans, however, these are often incorporated in plans for meeting capacity shortages. In at least five states, there are apparently no curtailment plans either at the state-government level or at the utility level. Moreover, none of the existing electricity demand curtailment plans examined included an explicit statement of the planners' objective in arriving at a specified sharing of the burdens of curtailment among consumer classes. Yet clearly the actual allocations of such burdens will affect the cost of the shortage. Since a study of state planning failed to yield a clear-cut indication of which of many possible curtailment allocation schemes would best serve as a point of departure for the design of an optimal curtailment strategy to deal with prolonged supply deficiencies, it was then decided to use a linear-programming approach. The advantages of such an approach are examined first, after which some important conceptual and practical problems in the design of a specific linear-programming model are addressed. A mathematical statement of the model is then followed by a brief review the principal methodological shortcomings of the linear-programming approach. …

A Workshop on Program Options in Intermediate-Energy Physics sponsored by the US Department of Energy was held at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, August 20 to 31, 1979. The scope of the workshop included all laboratories in intermediate-energy physics, worldwide, and all of these sent representatives to the workshop. The workshop addressed itself to the critical questions on nuclear and particle physics and how they can best be investigated by intermediate-energy accelerators. Among the questions that the workshop members considered were: (1) what are the important physics topics which might be understood through research on these accelerators in the next 10 years. These topics include, but are not restricted to, fundamental interactions and symmetries in particle physics, and nuclear modes of motion, structure, and reaction mechanisms; (2) what experiments should be undertaken to carry out the program. What are the kinematical conditions, accuracies, resolutions, and other parameters required to obtain the desired knowledge; (3) which accelerators are best suited for each experiment. What work at other laboratories (low-, intermediate-, or high-energy) could be undertaken to complement and/or supplement the proposed LAMPF program; and (4) what new facility capabilities should be explored for the long-term future. The workshop was divided into small …

New hydride derivatives of thorium (IV) and uranium (IV), HM[N(SiMe{sub 3}){sub 2}]{sub 3}, have recently been prepared. This paper describes the crystal structure of the uranium species, though the hydride-ion was not located, and shows that the thorium analogue is isostructural. The reaction chemistry and spectroscopy leave no doubt that these derivatives are authentic examples of four-coordinate, monomeric hydride, compounds.

A preliminary study of industrial energy conservation measures initiated by states under the State Energy Conservation Program is presented. Elements, targets, and administration of state programs are briefly examined. As the results of the study indicate, the states perceive the need for Federal assistance in programs to: establish a forum for coordination of state programs and interchange of approaches and program materials; provide to state offices direct technical assistance, including specific program information, training materials and manuals directed toward specific industries, and an energy accounting methodology; promote national industrial energy conservation measures; develop methods for providing financial assistance to companies, especially small business, for incorporating energy conserving measures; devise a plan for coordinating the state energy-related regulatory activities; and disseminate information on Federal programs and regulations that may impact energy-related decisions at the state level and within private industry.

The agencies involved in geothermal development are listed and individually described. A summary of existing geothermal resource laws and their statute numbers are given followed by a discussion on the problems associated with them. The local agencies and their regulations of geothermal development are discussed. The local, state, and federal agencies directly involved in geothermal development and their permitting requirements are tabulated. Some step-by-step instructions for determining what permits are necessary for developing a specific geothermal resource are given. A list of selected references and a list of additional resources for geothermal information and referral are included. (MHR)

In order to assist in the study of instrumentation and analytical needs for reprocessing plants, a workshop addressing these needs was held at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from May 5 to 7, 1980. The purpose of the workshop was to incorporate the knowledge of chemistry and of advanced measurement techniques held by the nuclear and radiochemical community into ideas for improved and new plant designs for both process control and inventory and safeguards measurements. The workshop was athended by experts in nuclear and radiochemistry, in fuel recycle plant design, and in instrumentation and analysis. ORNL was a particularly appropriate place to hold the workshop since the Consolidated Fuel Reprocessing Program (CFRP) is centered there. Requirements for safeguarding the special nuclear materials involved in reprocessing, and for their timely measurement within the process, within the reprocessing facility, and at the facility boundaries are being studied. Because these requirements are becoming more numerous and stringent, attention is also being paid to the analytical requirements for these special nuclear materials and to methods for measuring the physical parameters of the systems containing them. In order to provide a focus for the consideration of the workshop participants, the Hot Experimental Facility (HEF) being designed …

This report summarizes the work completed during the first year of a two-year grant by NCI/HEW to investigate the feasibility of developing a D-T neutron generator for use in cancer therapy. Experiments have continued on the Target Test Facility (TTF) developed during a previous grant to investigate high-temperature metal hydrides for use as target materials. The high voltage reliability of the TTF has been improved so that 200 kV, 200 mA operation is now routine. In recent target tests, the D-D neutron production rate was measured to be > 1 x 10/sup 11//s, a rate that corresponds to a D-T neutron production rate of > 1 x 10/sup 13//s - the desired rate for use in cancer therapy. Deuterium concentration depth profiles in the target, measured during intense ion beam bombardment, show that deuterium is depleted near the surface of the target due to impurities implanted by the ion beam. Recent modifications of the duopigatron ion source to reduce secondary electron damage to the electrodes also improved the ion source efficiency by about 40%. An ultra high vacuum version of the TTF is now being constructed to determine if improved vacuum conditions will reduce ion source impurities to a sufficiently …

Parameters controlling the formation of protective and non-protective oxides on 304 stainless steel were examined by using Auger electron spectroscopy to monitor oxides formed in the vacuum chamber. Variables found to influence the oxide formation include: oxygen partial pressure, the location of the oxide over a grain or grain boundary, sample grain size, and anneal treatments.

A broad investigation was made of kinetic processes at grain boundaries and the relationship between these kinetic processes and the boundary structure. The approach was both experimental and theoretical. Extensive use was made of high resolution experimental methods of investigating grain boundaries in specimens containing boundaries of controlled geometry. Computer simulation was also employed. Elements of the following projects were completed: a study of intrinsic and extrinsic secondary grain boundary dislocation structure in (001) high angle twist boundaries in MgO; a study of grain boundary dislocations in plane matching grain boundaries; an analysis and review of high angle grain boundaries as sources or sinks for point defects; an analysis and review of grain boundary structure in metals and ceramic oxides; and simulation of the structure of vacancies in high angle grain boundaries. Progress was made: in the development of a model for diffusion induced grain boundary migration; and the determination of the mechanism for grain boundary diffusion in metals.

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Acoustic emission signals from polycrystalline Al 1100 samples during plastic deformation were analyzed with respect to the strain rate and grain size. A kinematic model is proposed to account for the observed behavior. An experimental acoustic emission parameter, equivalent to the average energy of the acoustic events, correlates satisfactorily with the computed energy of moving dislocations during the deformation process. Both energies attain a maximum value for a certain grain size and are directly dependent on the strain rate.

Low-cycle fatigue tests were conducted by tension-compression until rupture, on a 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheet. Initial crack sizes and orientations in the fatigue specimens were found to be randomly distributed. Acoustic emission was continuously monitored during the tests. Every few hundred cycles, the acoustic signal having the highest peak-amplitude, was recorded as an extremal event for the elapsed period. This high peak-amplitude is related to a fast crack propagation rate through a phenomenological relationship. The extremal peakamplitudes are shown by an ordered statistics treatment, to be extremally distributed. The statistical treatment enables the prediction of the number of cycles left until failure. Predictions performed a-posteriori based on results gained early in each fatigue test are in good agreement with actual fatigue lives. The amplitude distribution analysis of the acoustic signals emitted during cyclic stress appears to be a promising nondestructive method of predicting fatigue life.

The objective of this paper is to present experimental evidence concerning the acoustic energy evolved during the heating and cooling phase changes in Au-47.5 at.% Cd polycrystals. The results are examined from the point of view of the stored elastic strain energy during the martensite formation, and the frictional work that is dissipated by the movement of martensite interfaces in either direction, upon heating and cooling.

The pattern of radioactivity in surface soils of Area 5 of the Nevada Test Site is analyzed statistically by means of kriging. The 1962 event code-named Smallboy effected the greatest proportion of the area sampled, but some of the area was also affected by a number of other events. The data for this study were collected on a regular grid to take advantage of the efficiency of grid sampling. (ACR)

Radionuclides were identified which appear to pose the greatest potential hazard to man during long-term storage of nuclear waste in a repository mined in the Columbia Plateau basalt formation. The criteria used to select key radionuclides were as follows: quantity of radionuclide in stored waste; biological toxicity; leach rate of the wastes into groundwater; and transport rate via groundwater flow. The waste forms were assumed to be either unreprocessed spent fuel or borosilicate glass containing reprocessed high-level waste. The nuclear waste composition was assumed to be that from a light water reactor. Radionuclides were ranked according to quantity, toxicity, and release rate from the repository. These rankings were combined to obtain a single list of key radionuclides. The ten most important radionuclides in order of decreasing hazard are: /sup 99/Tc, /sup 129/I, /sup 237/Np, /sup 226/Ra, /sup 107/Pd, /sup 230/Th, /sup 210/Pb, /sup 126/Sn, /sup 79/Se, and /sup 242/Pu. Safety assessment studies and the design of engineered barriers should concentrate on containment of radionuclides in this list.

A self-consistent plasma equilibrium model is developed to study the width or ergodic regions and magnetic islands in a periodic cylindrical plasma under the influence of a localized magnetic perturbation, such as that produced by a bundle divertor or ripple coil set. It is found that localized perturbations tend to produce poloidally symmetric annular ergodic regions and poloidally elongated magnetic islands rather than simple magnetic islands. Our plasma model takes into account the flattening of the current profile across each annular ergodic region and the concommitant steepening of the current profile between ergodic regions. Using current profiles inferred from experimental data, saturated tearing mode amplitudes are computed and found to agree with the experimentally observed Mirnov oscillation amplitudes. As the applied magnetic perturbation is turned on and increased, it is observed that the steepened current profile and resulting enhancement of tearing modes produces wider ergodic regions than would be expected from the vacuum magnetic perturbation alone.

The NRC has stated its concern about the reliability of the offsite power system as the preferred emergency source and about the possible damage to a pressurized water reactor (PWR) that could result from a rapid decay of power grid frequency. ORNL contracted with NRC to provide technical assistance to establish criteria that can be used to evaluate the offsite power system for the licensing of a nuclear power plant. The results of many of the studies for this contract are recommendations to assess and control the power grid during operation. This is because most of the NRC regulations pertaining to the offsite power system are related to the design of the power grid, and we believe that additional emphasis on monitoring the power grid operation will improve the reliability of the nuclear plant offsite power supply. 46 refs., 10 figs.

International statistical tables and graphs are given for the following: (1) Iran - Crude Oil Capacity, Production and Shut-in, June 1974-April 1980; (2) Saudi Arabia - Crude Oil Capacity, Production, and Shut-in, March 1974-Apr 1980; (3) OPEC (Ex-Iran and Saudi Arabia) - Capacity, Production and Shut-in, June 1974-March 1980; (4) Non-OPEC Free World and US Production of Crude Oil, January 1973-February 1980; (5) Oil Stocks - Free World, US, Japan, and Europe (Landed, 1973-1st Quarter, 1980); (6) Petroleum Consumption by Industrial Countries, January 1973-December 1979; (7) USSR Crude Oil Production and Exports, January 1974-April 1980; and (8) Free World and US Nuclear Generation Capacity, January 1973-March 1980. Similar statistical tables and graphs included for the United States include: (1) Imports of Crude Oil and Products, January 1973-April 1980; (2) Landed Cost of Saudi Oil in Current and 1974 Dollars, April 1974-January 1980; (3) US Trade in Coal, January 1973-March 1980; (4) Summary of US Merchandise Trade, 1976-March 1980; and (5) US Energy/GNP Ratio, 1947 to 1979.