Biomass is an attractive energy source, and transportation fuels made from biomass offer a number of benefits. Developing the technology to produce and use biofuels will create transportation fuel options that can positively impact the national energy security, the economy, and the environment. Biofuels include ethanol, methanol, biodiesel, biocrude, and methane.

The Wind Powering America Initiative is a regionally-based effort to increase the use of clean wind energy in the United States over the next two decades. The purpose of this brochure is to provide a brief description of the initiative, its goals, benefits, and strategy as well as a list of contacts for those interested in obtaining more information.

A fact sheet that introduces the winners of the 2001 Clean Cities coalition awards, including the Empire, Movers and Shakers, Gold Star, Few Good Fleets and Madison Avenue awards.

The solubility of gases in water and other aqueous media such as seawater and more concentrated solutions is central to the description of the uptake and reactions of these gases in aerosols, precipitation, surface water and other aqueous media such as the intracellular fluids of plants and animals. It is also pertinent to sampling of soluble atmospheric gases in aqueous medium for analytical purposes. This book presents evaluated summaries of data pertinent to the solubility of gases in aqueous media. This chapter introduces the terminology by which this solubility is described and the pertinent units and presents examples of applications pertinent to atmospheric chemistry. As is seen below, a variety of units have been and continue to be employed for gas solubility data, so some attention must be given to this subject. As this is an IUPAC publication, every effort is made to employ units that are consistent with the International System of Units (Systeme International, SI). However, in IUPAC publications of solubility data it is usual to publish data in the original units in addition to SI units. The consistency of SI makes this system of units convenient for application in atmospheric chemistry and related disciplines. However, as elaborated …

The Henry's law type constants of OH and HO{sub 2} have not been experimentally determined for obvious reasons: it is extremely difficult to measure the concentrations of these reactive species in either the gas phase or the aqueous phase, let alone simultaneously in both phases. At a more fundamental level, because these radicals react rapidly in both phases, compared with mass-transfer rates characterizing typical laboratory multi-phase systems, the gas-liquid equilibrium which is necessary for such measurements to be feasible is typically not attainable. Consequently, the Henry's law constants of these radicals are traditionally evaluated from the free energy of solution, {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup 0}(X) accompanying the process of transferring a molecule X from the gas phase, denoted g, to the aqueous phase, a, i.e. X{sub g} {rightleftharpoons} X{sub a} (9.10); using the equation {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) = -RT ln k{sub H} (9.11); {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) is defined as {Delta}{sub sol}G{sup o}(X) = {Delta}{sub f}G{sup o}(X){sub a} - {Delta}{sub f}G{sup o}(X){sub g} (9.12) where the free energies of formation of X in the gas phase and in the aqueous phase are typically evaluated using thermochemical cycles.