The AC susceptibility (X{prime}, X{double_prime}) has bee measured in a single crystal of the organic superconductor K-(ET){sub 2}Cu(NCS){sub 2} ({Tc} = 9.5 K) as a function of the DC magnetic field, for several frequencies (10 {sup 2} Hz <f <10{sup 4} Hz) and different AC fields (l{mu}T <h{sub dc} <300{mu}T) at fixed temperatures.

In device structures with dimensions comparable to carrier inelastic scattering lengths, the quantum nature of carriers will cause interference effects that cannot be modeled by conventional techniques. The basic equations that govern these ``quantum`` circuit elements present significant numerical challenges. The authors describe the block recursion method, an accurate, efficient method for solving the quantum circuit problem. They demonstrate this method by modeling dirty inversion layers.

The Tenth International Symposium on ALCOHOL FUELS ``THE ROAD TO COMMERCIALIZATION`` was held at the Broadmoor Hotel, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA November 7--10, 1993. Twenty-seven papers on the production of alcohol fuels, specifications, their use in automobiles, buses and trucks, emission control, and government policies were presented. Individual papers have been processed separately for entry into the data base.

Fast neutrons have been used to treat over 15,000 cancer patients worldwide and proton therapy is rapidly emerging as a treatment of choice for tumors around critical anatomical structures. Neutron therapy requires evaluated data to {approximately}70 MeV while proton therapy requires data to {approximately}250 MeV. Collaboration between Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and the medical physics community has revealed limitations in nuclear cross section evaluations and radiation transport capabilities that have prevented neutron and proton radiation therapy centers from using Monte Carlo calculations to accurately predict dose in patients. These evaluations require energy- and angle-dependent cross sections for secondary neutrons, charged-particles and recoil nuclei. We are expanding the LLNL nuclear databases to higher energies for biologically important elements and have developed a three-dimensional, all-particle Monte Carlo radiation transport code that uses computer-assisted-tomography (CT) images as the input mesh. This code, called PEREGRINE calculates dose distributions in the human body and can be used as a tool to determine the dependence of dose on details of the evaluated nuclear data. In this paper, we will review the status of the nuclear data required for neutron and proton therapy, describe the capabilities of the PEREGRINE package, and show the effects of tissue …

We review the development of the ultrafast scanning tunneling microscope. Experimental results on the tunneling gap response to a short voltage pulse excitation are presented.

Anti-reflective (AR) and high reflector (HR) optical coatings were made by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of Teflon AF2400, a perfluorinated amorphous polymer. The AR had the highest laser damage thresholds recorded for PVD coatings at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory damage facility. The HR was a multilayer of ZnS and AF2400. The bandwidth was 550 mn, centered at 1064 mn. Single layers of Teflon AF2400 deposited by PVD were characterized optically. The refractive index could be intentionally reduced below the bulk value by varying either deposition rate or substrate temperature. Scanning electron microscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance observations indicated that morphological changes caused the variations in the refractive index rather than compositional changes.

A major goal of the federal wind energy program is the rapid development and validation of structural models to determine loads and response for a wide variety of different wind turbine configurations operating under extreme conditions. Such codes are crucial to the successful design of future advanced wind turbines. In cooperation with R. Lynette &amp; Associates the Wind Technology Division at NREL has developed a full system dynamics model of the AWT-26 Pl machine, using the Automatic Dynamic analysis of Mechanical Systems (ADAMS) software from Mechanical Dynamics, Inc. In this paper, we show validation of sub-models by comparisons with modal test data. We describe the most important system modes involved in this structure and demonstrate how the ADAMS model can be used to tune the structure to avoid interactions. We also identify questions that remain unanswered by ADAMS in modeling this turbine and recommend future directions that DOE code development activities should take.

Pyrochemical processes used for the purification of plutonium have generated quantities of residue that contain varying amounts of reactive metals such as potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium. These residues are currently considered hazardous and are being managed under RCRA because of the reactivity characteristic. This designation is based solely on process knowledge. Currently there is no approved procedure for determining the reactivity of a solid with water. A method is being developed to rapidly evaluate the reactivity of pyrochemical salts with water by measuring the rate of hydrogen generation. The method was initially tested with a magnesium containing pyrochemical salt. A detection limit of approximately 0.004 g of magnesium was established. A surrogate molten salt extraction residue was also tested. Extrapolation of test data resulted in a hydrogen generation rate of 4.4 mg/(g min).

Procedures exist for waste characterization, but waste minimization and pollution prevention have not usually played a role in development of these procedures. The US Department of Energy (DOE) expects to require several million characterizations over a 30-year period to accomplish the Department`s goals in environmental restoration and waste management. The waste generated by the analytical procedures used for characterizations is a significant source of new DOE waste. We have begun investigating ways to reduce these secondary wastes, focusing on three areas: microanalysis using flow injection; reduction of solvent volume required for dissolution of waste samples for radiochemical analysis; and alternative samples preparation for analysis of organic constituents in waste samples. Preliminary results are reported.

Computing demands of High Energy Physics are increasing steadily due to the demands of larger datasets and increasingly sophisticated detector systems and analysis techniques. Fermilab has been meeting these demands by the use of many different computing techniques. Most of these techniques attempt to utilized the most cost-effective computing resources while providing effective solutions to the problems that are created by multi-Terabyte data samples and large collaborations. New strategies are being developed to allow improved access to the data.

The effect of thermomechanical processing on texture in Bi-2223 Ag-sheathed tapes as determined from the anisotropy of the critical current density J{sub c} in an applied magnetic field will be discussed. Model calculations for a distribution of grain orientations in the tape produce good fits to the data and allow characterization of the degree of long-range texture. There is a qualitative correlation of J{sub c} with global texture, but other factors, such as intergrain connectivity, are also important.

Antiproton measurements made by E802 have been extended to lower rapidities, while in those y-p{sub T} regions already studied the statistics have been improved by approximately an order of magnitude. The author presents the dn/dy distribution for antiproton production in central 14.6 A{center_dot}GeV/c Si+Au collisions in the rapidity range 0.8 &lt; y &lt; 1.8. In addition, antilambda production has been detected for the first time in these collisions at the AGS.

Imaging spectrometers have the potential to be very useful in remote sensing of canopy chemistry constituents such as nitrogen and lignin. In this study under the HIRIS project the question of how leaf chemical composition which is reflected in leaf spectral features in the reflectance and transmittance is affected by canopy architecture was investigated. Several plants were modeled with high fidelity and a radiosity model was used to compute the canopy spectral signature over the visible and near infrared. We found that chemical constituent specific signatures such as absorptions are preserved and in the case of low absorption are actually enhanced. For moderately dense canopies the amount of a constituent depends also on the total leaf area.

The synchrotron based coronary angiography project at the National Synchrotron Light Source obtains images of coronary arteries using the digital subtraction technique after a distal venous injection of an iodine contrast agent. It allows two areal mass densities to be calculated from these images; one of the iodine and one of the water. Analysis procedures have been developed to arrive at these areal mass densities with corrections to the values being made for detector cross-talk and beam harmonics. From the iodine mass density distribution the relative arterial cross-section area is determined by a line integration across the arterial feature. Results will be given for an iodine tube phantom showing that the relative area of a feature whose lateral dimensions are smaller than the detector pixel resolution can be determined to a few percent. Also, results will be shown from a human image, showing the relative area of the right coronary artery mapped through a region of a previous stenosis subsequently treated by balloon angioplasty. Finally, limitation of the technique and plans to validate and improve the analysis will be discussed.

In defining hypothetical accident condition thermal test requirements, 10 CFR 71.73(c)(3) states that ``any combustion of materials of construction must be allowed to proceed until it terminates naturally.`` Two examples of extended burning of packages following the regulatory fire are documented. This paper addresses extended burning after cessation of the 30-min, 1475{degrees}F regulatory fire from an analytical perspective with specific application to a package containing polyurethane insulation. Issues include identifying conditions under which materials of construction bum, estimating burn rate, and establishing criteria for cessation of burning. These data and criteria are then applied to determine package temperature profiles using a finite element model. Development of the illustrative problem demonstrates a number of difficulties that are faced when using analytical models to simulate hypothetical thermal accident conditions.

The macroscopic properties of many materials are controlled by the structure and chemistry at grain boundaries. A basic understanding of the structure-property relationship requires a technique which probes both composition and chemical bonding on an atomic scale. High-resolution Z-contrast imaging in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) forms an incoherent image in which changes in atomic structure and composition across an interface can be interpreted directly without the need for preconceived atomic structure models. Since the Z-contrast image is formed by electrons scattered through high angles, parallel detection electron energy loss spectroscopy (PEELS) can be used simultaneously to provide complementary chemical information on an atomic scale. The fine structure in the PEEL spectra can be used to investigate the local electronic structure and the nature of the bonding across the interface. In this paper we use the complimentary techniques of high resolution Z-contrast imaging and PEELS to investigate the atomic structure and chemistry of a 25{degree} symmetric tilt boundary in a bicrystal of the electroceramic SrTiO{sub 3}.

Axisymmetric magnetic (ASM) gauges are useful diagnostic tools in the study of the conversion of energy from underground explosions to distant seismic signals. Requiring no external power, they measure the strength (particle velocity) of the emerging shock wave under conditions that would destroy most instrumentation. Shock pins are included with each gauge to determine the angle of the shock front. For the Non-Proliferation Experiment, two ASM gauges were installed in the ANFO mixture to monitor the detonation wave and 10 were grouted into boreholes at various ranges in the surrounding rock (10 to 64 m from the center of explosion). These gauges were of a standard 3.8-inch-diameter design. In addition, two unique Jumbo ASM gauges (3-ft by 3-ft in cross section) were grouted to the wall of a drift at a range of 65 m. We discuss issues encountered in data analysis, present the results of our measurements, and compare these results with those of model simulations of the experiment.

The neutron has unique intrinsic properties widely used in basic and applied sciences. The neutron plays a well-known role in applied sciences and technology and is a unique probe well suited for the exploration of condensed-matter properties. But the neutron is also used for many other basic-physics studies, including nuclear physics, particle physics, fundamental physics, astrophysics, and cosmology. These last studies are briefly reviewed in this paper. Spallation-neutron sources today have unmatched neutron-beam properties for such studies and have great potential in future technological developments whereby these studies could be carried out under much improved conditions.

A method is presented of absolute energy measurement with an accuracy of {triangle}{Epsilon} {approximately} 10{sup {minus}4}{Epsilon}{sub o} by direct measurement of the bend angle in a high-precision magnetic dipole using two opposite-direction short (about 2 mm long) high-field-intensity magnets ({bar {Beta}} {sub dipole} {much_lt} {Beta}{sub short mag}) installed at each end and two K-edge absorption spectrometers. Using these spectrometers and the hard x-ray synchrotron radiation created by the short magnets, a bend angle of 4.5 arc deg for the CEBAF energy bandwidth can be measured with an accuracy of a few units of 10{sup {minus}6} rad, and the main sources of systematic errors are the absolute measurement of the field integral and the determination of the centroid of the synchrotron beam at a wavelength equal to the K-edge absorption of the chosen substance.

With the availability and maturity of several evaluated nuclear data files, it is timely to compare the results of integral tests with calculations using these different files. We discuss here our progress in making integral benchmark tests of the following nuclear data files: ENDL-94, ENDF/B-V and -VI, JENDL-3, JEF-2, and BROND-2. The methods used to process these evaluated libraries in a consistent way into applications files for use in Monte Carlo calculations is presented. Using these libraries, we are calculating and comparing to experiment k{sub eff} for 68 fast critical assemblies of {sup 233,235}U and {sup 239}Pu with reflectors of various material and thickness.

The enormity of the coal mine and extraction industries in Russia and the obvious need in both Russia and the US for cost savings and enhanced safety in those industries suggests that joint studies and research would be of mutual benefit. The author suggests that mine sites and well platforms in Russia offer an excellent opportunity for the testing of Sandia`s precise time-delay semiconductor bridge detonators, with the potential for commercialization of the detonators for Russian and other world markets by both US and Russian companies. Sandia`s semiconductor bridge is generating interest among the blasting, mining and perforation industries. The semiconductor bridge is approximately 100 microns long, 380 microns wide and 2 microns thick. The input energy required for semiconductor bridge ignition is one-tenth the energy required for conventional bridgewire devices. Because semiconductor bridge processing is compatible with other microcircuit processing, timing and logic circuits can be incorporated onto the chip with the bridge. These circuits can provide for the precise timing demanded for cast effecting blasting. Indeed tests by Martin Marietta and computer studies by Sandia have shown that such precise timing provides for more uniform rock fragmentation, less fly rock, reduce4d ground shock, fewer ground contaminants and less …

Frequency-dependent ac shielding measurements are used to elucidate the origin of magnetic irreversibility in heavy-ion irradiated Bi{sub 2}Sr{sub 2}CaCu{sub 2}O{sub 8} single crystals. Whereas at intermediate static fields B < B{Phi}, ac response is well described by Bose-glass dynamics, low field response is probably governed by a surface barrier.

This paper proposes a bracing strategy for micro/macro manipulators. The bracing micro/macro manipulator can provide advantages in accurate positioning, large work-space, and contact-task capability however, in exchange for improvement in performance one must accept the complex control problem along wit the complex dynamics. This research develops a control scheme for a bracing manipulator which makes multiple contacts with the environment. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed ideas for real world applications.

Atom-centered partial charges are calculated for the Fe-heme in cytochrome P450cam for use in molecular dynamics simulations of polar substrates bound in the active site of the enzyme. Charges are fit to the electrostatic potential produced by ab initio UHF wavefunctions for an Fe-porphine model. Basis set dependence of these charges is observed using the LANL1DZ, LANL2DZ and augmented 6-31G levels of theory. Upon geometry optimization of the enzyme, these charge sets cause varying degrees of distortion of the porphyrin from its crystallographically observed conformation. Scaling the charges calculated from the augmented 6-31G basis by 75% reduces the heme distortion while preserving reasonable interactions with a polar substrate. A comparison of the calculated charges with other published values is presented.